The Cultural Situation of National Minorities of Neighbouring Countries Living in Hungary

Transcription

1 The Cultural Situation of National Minorities of Neighbouring Countries Living in Hungary. In: The Europe of Regions: Literature, Media, Culture. Kodolányi János University College, Székesfehérvár. ISBN , pp Andrea SZÉKELY: The Cultural Situation of National Minorities of Neighbouring Countries Living in Hungary The aim of the paper is to present the cultural situation of six national minorities: Slovakian, Ukrainian, Romanian, Serbian, Croatian, and Slovenian. The legal status of the minorities in Hungary is based on the Law about the national and ethnic minorities' rights accepted in Even the rights of the 13 minorities are the same, the real possibilities move in a wide range. It is not otherwise in the field of culture, dispersed and small minorities have less chance to get at education or to receive TV and radio stations on their native language. The paper presents the connection between the availability of education institutions, press, media, cultural associations and the minorities geographic situation. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND In minority researches, the question of the definition of the minority is problematic. The present research chooses the definition of the Hungarian Law about the national and ethnic minorities' rights (1993), because the research subject is the minorities living in Hungary. By the definition of that law, national and ethnic minority is each ethnical group which: lives since (at least) one hundred years ago on the territory of the Hungarian Republic, is outnumbered by the population of the state, members are Hungarian citizens, is differing from other part of the population in its own language, culture, tradition, gives evidence of togetherness conscious, preserves their language, culture, tradition. 13 minorities correspond this definition, so officially Armenian, Bulgarian, Croatian, German, Greek, Polish, Romanian, Ruthenian, Serbian, Slovenian, Slovakian, Tsigan, Ukrainian minorities live in the territory of Hungary. One of the researchers, A-L. Sanguin divides into two groups the minorities. He identifies the national minority and the ethnics without State. "The national minority is a collectivity living in a zone in the State "A", but its ethnics, language, traditions, national sympathy are relevant to the State "B". In some cases, national 1

2 minority lives in the border zone of State "A", and State "B" is the neighbouring country. The national minority living in State "A" speaks the language of the State "B". Ethnics without State means a little isolated collectivity that is obligated to protect alone a nowhere else spoken language. This collectivity can not recline upon a mother sovereign nation or upon a linguistical hinterland." (Sanguin, 1993) Figure 1: Interference of nation and state Source: Sanguin, 1993 By this definition, in the case of Hungary two minorities belong to the Ethnics without State: the Tsigan and the Ruthenian (there is not motherland, the most important group lives in Ukraine). This analysis concentrates on national minorities for which State A is Hungary, and State B is one of the neighbouring countries of Hungary: Slovakian, Ukrainian, Romanian, Serbian, Croatian, and Slovenian. The research rules out the German minority, because among Hungary s neighbouring countries Austria is present, but the national sympathy of German minority is relevant to Germany. The paper is constructed as follows: first, I analyse the situation of the six chosen minorities, than I compare their possibilities. 2

3 SLOVAK MINORITY By the last Hungarian census (2001) persons declared themselves belonging to the Slovak minority. Among them persons indicated using Slovak language as mother tongue. (KSH, 2002) The geographical situation of Slovak minority in Hungary concerns six counties. The most populated is Békés county. Here, the presence of the Slovak minority is related to historical reasons. They are present also in Nógrád, Pest, Komárom-Esztergom, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén counties, near the borderline with Slovakia. After the disjunction of Czechoslovakia, in 1996, a treaty was contracted between the Hungarian and Slovak Republics about the understanding, the cooperation and the good neighbourship. There are Slovak minority autonomies in the country; the National Autonomy of Slovakian Minority was formed in Its centre is in Budapest. In 2001, a Consulate has been opened in Békéscsaba. (Euport, 2002) The biggest civil organisation called Association of Slovakians in Hungary formed in 1948 with around 7000 members. There are many others associations for example Association of Slovakian Youths (1990), Free Association of Slovaks (1990), Association of Slovak Writers and Artists in Hungary (1990). The cultural life of the Slovak minority is abundant. They have possibilities to satisfy their own cultural necessity. Where numerous members of the Slovak minority live, villages have community centres, libraries. One third of these villages have a Slovak association. In the frame of association, they founded several music bands, dance groups - among them the Pramen is the most famous. The most important museum of Slovak minority is in Békéscsaba where the traditional life of the minority is presented in an old house. There are four regional libraries in Szentendre (Pest county), Salgótarján (Nógrád county), in Békéscsaba (Békés county) and in Sátoraljújhely (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county). Some new cultural houses have been inaugurated during the last ten years in Bánk Slovak Educational and Cultural Centre (Szlovák Kultúrális és Oktatási Központ) and Slovak Cultural House (Szlovák Kultúra Háza) at Békéscsaba. In 1998, a regional centre of Association Vernost in Szarvas was created and a regional centre of Slovaks of Pilis mountain was inaugurated in 3

4 Pilisszentkereszt. (Jegyz könyv a Magyar-Szlovák Kisebbségi Vegyes Bizottság II. ülésér l, 1999) There are nursery schools in the whole territory of Hungary. The highest number of nurseries situated in Békés and Nógrád counties. Two types of nursery school exist: in the first type, the education is made only in Slovak as mother tongue. In the second type of nursery school is bilingual. The highest number of students chosen the Slovak language is located in Komárom- Esztergom, Békés, and Pest counties. In a primary school of Budapest, all education is made in Slovak. In the frame of bilingual education in many primary schools (Békéscsaba, Szarvas, Tótkomlós, Sátoraljaújhely) history, geography, Slovak civilization, natural sciences, music, drawing, technics, physical education are taught in Slovak. In some primary schools the literature, grammar and civilisation are educated in Slovak in four hours per week. There are some schools where the Slovak language is educated as a second language. There are secondary schools for the Slovak minority in Budapest, Békéscsaba, Balassagyarmat and Sátoraljaújhely. Among them, in Balassagyarmat and Sátoraljaújhely, the Slovak language can be chosen as a foreign language. It is possible to be Slovak language teacher in Szarvas, at the Tessedik Sámuel College, at the Teacher Training College in Esztergom, and in Szeged. The possibility to study at university level the Slovak language is open at the Eötvös Lóránd University and at the Pázmány Péter Catholic University. (Magyar Köztársaság Kormánya, 1999) L udové Noviny (weekly) appears for the Slovak minority, and there are some local newspapers, for example Pilišan, abän. These local newspapers are supported by the municipalities. Some local newspapers have supplementary pages in Slovak for example Szarvasi Hírmondó (Journal in Szarvas), Komlósi hírmondó (Journal in Komlós), Nógrád megyei hírlap (Journal of Nógrád county). The Slovaks located in the south of the Great Plain have an international newspaper titled: Dolnozemský Slovák. The Hungarian Radio ensures daily 30 minutes radio program in Slovak, and there are local radio programs from Szeged and from Miskolc, too. The studio of Szeged assure 90 minutes program per day. The Hungarian Television diffuses 25 minutes television program weekly in Slovak. Some regional and local studios broadcast programs about the Slovak minority events. (Csaba Tv Békéscsaba, Komlós Tv Tótkomlós, Zemplén Tv Sátoraljaújhely, Oroszlányi Tv Oroszlány). These programs not always speak in Slovak language. The 4

5 Slovak minority is not able to get the national television program from Slovakia in the whole territory of Hungary. (Magyar Köztársaság Kormánya, 1999) UKRAINIAN MINORITY Since 1993, the Ukrainian minority is officially declared national minority living in Hungary. Their number is officially counted from this year. In 1990, 674 peoples declared using Ukrainian and Ruthenian language as mother tongue. In 2001, persons were registered to belong to this minority. The number of persons who use Ukrainian as a mother tongue was 4885 in (KSH, 2002) There is not specificness in their geographical location in the country. They are totally dispersed in the whole territory of Hungary. The most important community can be found in Budapest, and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg, Pest counties. On international level, two agreements assure possibilities for the minorities. The first was signed in 1991; this is the Declaration of the principles of co-operation about guarantee of minority rights in the Republic of Hungary and in the Soviet Socialist Republic of Ukraine. The second agreement was contracted in 1996: Treaty between the Hungarian and Ukrainian Republics about the cooperation and the good neighbourship. The Ukrainian minority autonomies have been established by the result of the second elections of the minority municipalities in 1998 in Budapest, Szeged and Komárom. The Ukrainian Minority National Autonomy exists since A Consulate works in Nyíregyháza. (A Magyar Köztársaság Külügyminisztériuma, 2005) From 1991, the representation of Ukrainians and Ruthenians was assured by the Cultural Association of Ukrainians and Ruthenians in Hungary. After the adoption of the Law about the national and ethnic minorities' rights in 1993, the Ukrainian and Ruthenians has become two different minorities, consequently the old Cultural Association of Ukrainians and Ruthenians divided into two parts. Since 1995, the Ukrainian branch of the old association has been working under the name of: Cultural Association of Ukrainians in Hungary. (Magyar Köztársaság Kormánya, 1999) There is not any element of the educational system in Ukrainian language in Hungary. Only a language school exists at weekends in Budapest. The cultural and educational centre works since 1999 in the building of the National Autonomy of Ukrainian Minority. 5

6 The Hromada appears monthly since Any other media destined to this minority seems to be poor: There is not TV program for the Ukrainian minority in their language. The Hungarian radio ensures 30 minutes program in Ukrainian daily. (Magyar Köztársaság Kormánya, 1999) ROMANIAN MINORITY The people s number belonging to the Romanian minority in Hungary was persons in This number decreased by persons, as persons were counted in In 2001, the number of persons used Romanian language as mother tongue was (KSH, 2002) This minority is autochthon on the Hungarian territory. They do not speak the book Romanian language, but its archaic dialect. (Kurdi, 2001) Historically, the Romanian minority is present in Békés county, but they live in Csongrád and Hajdú-Bihar counties, too. The most populated county is Békés, where live around 3000 minority members. They are concentrated near the borderline with Romania in all three counties. The communication between two neighbouring countries is founded by the Agreements 1996 Treaty between the Hungarian and Romanian Republics about the understanding, the cooperation and the good neighbourship. The Embassy of Romania is located in Budapest; there is a Consulate in Szeged. (A Magyar Köztársaság Külügyminisztériuma, 2005) Between , this nationality was represented by National Autonomy of Romanian Minority. Its centre is located in Gyula. From 2000, a new institution is in function: National Association of Romanian Autonomy of Hungary. The most important community of the Romanian minority is present in Gyula. Several civil organisations (on national level) are here: the Cultural Association of Romanians in Hungary, the Collectivity of Romanian researchers. The culture protection is very important for them. Since 1947, an Association for the protection of tradition works in Elek. Two museums are destined to make well-know the Romanian traditions in Hungary in Békéscsaba and Gyula. 6

7 In Battonya and Gyula, two famous choirs are in function. In Kétegyháza the cultural life of the minority has become more and more important: they founded a choir and renewed an old house to be able to show the old minority s traditions. These are good examples for a rich cultural life especially in Békés county. The Romanian language education is done at 14 nursery schools in eleven villages, and at 11 primary schools. At seven primary schools (Battonya, Bed, Elek, Kétegyháza, Gyula, Méhkerék, Pusztaottlaka) the education is bilingual. In Hungary, there is a secondary school destined for the minority members in Gyula. A college belongs to this school, to make unnecessary the daily commutation for the students. In the secondary school Miklós Zrínyi of Budapest the Romanian language is also eligible. Two technical schools in Békés county (in Békéscsaba, in Gyula) propose this language for their students, too. Among the high schools, only the teachers colleges offer Romanian language teacher formation in Budapest, in Szeged, in Békéscsaba, and in Szarvas. (Magyar Köztársaság Kormánya, 1999) For the Romanian language teachers in Hungary a continuative education is regularly organised in Romanian territory by the support of the Romanian government. The teachers and their students are received in Romania for a 15-day visit. The Romanian language education is financed partly by the Romanian government especially in the case of textbooks, methodological handbooks. (Jegyz könyv a Magyar Köztársaság és Románia Aktív Együttm ködési és Partnerségi Kormányközi Vegyes Bizottsága Kisebbségügyi Együttm ködési Szakbizottsága II. ülésér l. 1998) This minority have a daily Foaia Romaneasca. The centre of the regional radio and television in Gyula ensure 60 minutes radio program in Romanian daily, and 30 minutes television program bi-weekly. The whole Romanian minority get the national television program from Romania in the territory of Hungary. The Romanians in Hungary Publishing publishes works of writers and artists of members of the Romanian minority, too. 7

8 SERBIAN MINORITY In 2001, the number of the persons who declared themselves members of the Serbian minority was 3 816, and who declared using the Serbian language as mother tongue was These numbers show increase, because of during the census of 1990 only persons declared to belong to the Serbian minority, and just used the Serbian language as mother tongue. (KSH, 2002) Their geographical situation in Hungary: The Serbian minority lives with the highest number of population in Budapest, but there are several communities in Pest county, Csongrád, Baranya and Békés counties. It is interesting to constate that among the minorities living in Hungary the most numerous which is present at Budapest is the Serbian minority. Generally, they live in the cities. If we compare the scholarisation level of the minorities living in Hungary the highest percent of graduates is present in the Serbian minority. (Magyar Köztársaság Kormánya, 1999) From 1995 the National Autonomy of Serb Minority works for the minority. Its centre is situated in Budapest. The representation of that minority was assured until 1990 by the Democratic Alliance of Southern Slavs 1. After the decomposition of Yugoslavia and after the decomposition of the Democratic Alliance of Southern Slavs one of the successor institutions was the Democratic Alliance of Serbs in Hungary, which was in function until The main goal of this civil organisation was to reorganise the educational system and the cultural independence of the Serbs. This organisation has laboured a lot for the conservation of the Serb culture and tradition. There are numerous cultural events annually organised in Deszk, Szeged, Sz reg, Pécs, Százhalombatta, Lórév, Szigetcsép, Budakalász, Csobánka, Pomáz, and Szentendre. Several cultural associations are in function in Szentendre, in Deszk and in Pomáz. A Serb Theatre called Joakim Vujity works in Hungary. Some dance groups and folklore groups protect by their representation the traditional Serb culture, for example in Pomáz, Deszk and Hercegszántó. Among them, the most famous is the Group Vujicsics, the dance group of Budapest. 1 The Southern Slavs are all Slav nations living on the territory of Yougoslavia. 8

9 The Serb orthodox church finances also the protection of Serb culture and tradition. Given that the Serb culture is founded on the Orthodox religion, the Serb tradition is present through the Orthodox church and its monuments. 42 churches et 3 chapels belong to the Serbian Orthodox Bishopric of Buda, which have an ecclesiological art collection in Szentendre. Several of its churches are classified among the historical monuments like the churches of Ráckeve, Szentendre, Grábóc, Eger, and Székesfehérvár. (Magyar Köztársaság Kormánya, 1999) Since 1992, the educational system of the Serbian language is reorganised. Before this year, between the education in the primary schools was common for all Southern Slavs. Nowadays, there are 11 nursery schools, 2 bilingual primary schools in Battonya and in Lórév. There is a Serb secondary school in Budapest. The most important is the educational centre in Budapest where nursery-, primary-, secondary school such a boarding school is in function. For the young members of the Serbian minority have not possibility to learn in Serb, which have only the Serbian language at the departments of the University of Budapest, of Szeged, and in the Teacher Training College of Budapest. For the Serbian language teachers in Hungary an ongoing education is organised by the support of the National Autonomy of Serb Minority. (Magyar Köztársaság Kormánya, 1999) This minority has a daily Srpske narodne novine in Serb; this newspaper is present on the web since Some information about the media situation: The centre of the regional radio and television in Pécs ensures daily 60 minutes radio program in Serbian, and 25 minutes television program bi-weekly. The Serbian minority does not get the national television program from Serbia and Montenegro in the whole territory of Hungary. CROATIAN MINORITY This minority counted persons in In the questionnaire of the census 2001, there was a question about the usage of the Croatian language as mother tongue, so this way persons considered the Croat as their mother tongue. (KSH, 2002) Their geographical situation concern Baranya county, near to the Croatian borderline and in Zala, Vas counties. In Baranya county live the highest number of them: persons. (KSH, 2002) Their presence here is linked to historical reasons. 9

10 The Croatian minority does not constitute a homogeneous unit. According to their origin, it can be distinguished numerous (according to some specialist 7-12) different groups who are connected with the same religion: the Catholicism. These different groups have their own dialects, special costumes. 1) The Croats of the Mura river ( Muramenti horvátok ) or káj Croats who are present by the river Mura, in Zala county, in the area around Nagykanizsa and Letenye. 2) The Croats of the Dráva river Drávamenti horvátok, who live in the area of Barcs city, seven villages next to each other. 3) The Sokác of Baranya county, who live in the centre and in the south of the county in Pécs, Siklós, Mohács and in their area in the villages. 4) The Bunyevác who live in Bács-Kiskun county, in the south. It concerns 15 villages, their centre is in Baja. 5) The Croats of Gradistye situated in Vas and in Gy r-moson-sopron county, along the Austrian Hungarian borderline on the both side. Their name is originated from the word Burgenland in Croat. (Gradistye) Croats live by the Danube river in Bátya, Dusnok, Tököl, Ercsi, as well. (Kurdi, 2001) In 1995 a Bilateral convention about the Croatian minority rights in Hungary and the Hungarian minority rights in Croatia was undersigned by the Government of Hungary and the Government of Croatia. From this year the consultations of the two partners are regular and fruitful. (A Magyar Köztársaság Külügyminisztériuma, 2003) Nowadays, the number of the Croatian minority autonomies is around 75 on the whole territory of Hungary. Since 1995 the National Autonomy of Croatian Minority works in Budapest. (Magyar Köztársaság Kormánya, 1999) Next to the Embassy of Budapest, there were two Consulates opened: the first in Pécs due to the war events in 1996, the second in Nagykanizsa in In the first case this step was necessary because of the Serb-Croat civil war between in Croatia, the thousands of refugees needed official certificates. In the second case, the Consulate is very useful with its geographical situation. (HTMH, 2001b) The oldest civil organisation that works since 1990 is the Association of Croats in Hungary (Magyarországi Horvátok Szövetsége). Their aim is to represent the right and interest of the Croatian minority. 10

11 The cultural life of the Croatian minority is organised by local, regional and national associations. In a lot of villages a dance group, a musical ensemble or a choir were created. The financial support of these associations put occasionally problem for the local autonomies, which are not in favourable financial situation. However, their activity is very important, especially the preservation of the national specificity. We can name as examples: Fáklya and Tamburica group of Budapest, Zora group of Mohács, Dola group of Kásád, Baranya and Tanac group of Pécs, Morica group of Murakeresztúr, and the Gradistye Association of Szentpéterfa. Based on the cultural life, the twinning contact with the villages of motherland are very efficient. The unique theatre apart from Croatia works in Hungary, in Pécs. From 1994 the Croat Theatre is independent. The town of Pécs and the Hungarian government participate in its costs. In the libraries, destined for the minority members, basic books and newspapers in Croatian language are missing, too. (HTMH, 2001b) The Croat language educational system is complete from the nursery school to the university degree. Generally, in the primary schools the education is in Hungarian, the Croat is taught in 3-5 hours per week. There are seven bilingual primary schools. Since 1996 new educational centres in Budapest and in Hercegszántó work with a nursery school, primary- and secondary school. In Hungary it is not possible to learn in Croat on tertiary level, only the Croat language at the departments of the Eötvös Lóránd University of Budapest, of the University of Pécs, at Berzsenyi Dániel College (Szombathely), at Benedek Elek Pedagogical College (Sopron), Eötvös József College (Baja). (Magyar Köztársaság Kormánya, 1999) A daily is published titled Hrvatski Glasnik in Croat for the minority in Hungary, financed partly by the National Autonomy of Croatian Minority, by the Association of Croats and by the Hungarian government. A literary periodical named Rijec and a religious press titled Zornica are published in Croat, too. The centre of the regional radio and television in Pécs ensures daily 30 minutes radio program in Croat, and a bi-weekly 25 minutes television program titled Hrvatska kronika. By the Croatian minority s opinion the television program is on screen at nonconformable time. The Croatian minority not living near the Croatian border does not get the national television program from Croatia. 11

12 SLOVENIAN MINORITY Hungarian citizens declared themselves belonging to the Slovenian minority in (KSH, 2002) In Hungary the Slovenian minority is concentrated in Vas county. They live near to the Slovenian borderline and the triple point of Austria Hungary - Slovenia. The Slovenians live traditionally in Rábaland (Porabje in Slovenian). The Rábaland situated in Vas county, it is the South-West part of the river Rába, its surface is 94 km 2. In this territory there are 6 villages populated mostly by the Slovenian minority. Its economic and cultural centre is the city of Szentgotthárd. The Rábaland is part of the Muraland (territory by the river Mura) from geographic, linguistic, cultural and ethnic point of view. (Munda Hírnök, 2002) In 1992, a bilateral convention was contracted about the Slovenian minority rights in Hungary and the Hungarian minority rights in Slovenia. (Official Journal of the Slovene Republic 6/93) Next year another bilateral convention about cultural-, scientific cooperation was also undersigned. (Official Journal of the Slovene Republic volume 6, ) In 1998, after the autonomy elections, the National Autonomy of Slovenian Minority was formed in Fels szölnök. Similarly to the previous organisation, the National Autonomy of this minority seems to be very active. In 1998 a Cultural and Information Centre was inaugurated in Szentgotthárd. In 2000 the Slovenian Consulate was open in Szentgotthárd. In 1990, the Association of Slovenes was grounded in Hungary. The high activity of this civil organisation can be recognised in financing folklore groups, and publishing several documents, organising meetings of sport clubs. (Following the interview with the president of the Association of Slovenes, Márton Ropos, 2002) The education in Slovenian language is not completely assured for the minority. At nursery and primary schools it is quite good. Due to the minority s presence in the tri-border zone (Hungary, Slovenia, Austria) in the nursery and primary schools the education is bilingual or trilingual. However, on the secondary level there is only one school in Szentgotthárd, where the education is bilingual. Many pupils have to choose to learn in Slovenia on the secondary level if they wish really use the Slovene language. If we analyse the possibilities at university level, the situation is worse: It is impossible to learn any formation in Slovenian. The students can choose only the Slovenian language at the Department of Slovenian Language at the Berzsenyi Dániel College, in Szombathely. For resolving these problems, in 1999, the two 12

13 neighbouring states were contracted about the recognition of diplomas/certificates. (HTMH, 2003) A newsletter titled Porabje appears twice a month in Slovenian by the support of the Association of Slovenes. (Munda Hírnök, 2002) The centre of the regional radio and television is in Szentgotthárd. It ensures one hour a day radio program in Slovenian, and 25 minutes television program bi-weekly. The problems of the Slovenian language press and media seems to be unlooked. (Székely, 2000) CONCLUSION As the table shows the dispersed and small minorities, (for example the Serbian and Ukrainian) have not the same possibilities like the other minorities. The Ukrainian minority is in the worst situation among all minorities living in Hungary. Its complete education system is missing, and they do not have a TV program in their mother tongue. The Croatian, Slovakian, Romanian minorities have the largest possibilities to preserve their culture. Each of three minorities counts numerous members, and they live not only in the border area with their motherland (except the case of the Croatian minority). They have quite good constructed educational systems in Hungary, and the media in their mother tongue is available. In the case of high education, one insufficiency is present: the minority members cannot learn any speciality in their mother tongue, only in Hungarian. Thatsway, lot of young are under the necessity of going back to the homeland to continue their studies. In many cases, the homeland ensures scholarships for their members living abroad. Table 1: General characteristics of the cultural situation of the minorities Number Geographical Primary Secondary Radio Minority University in 2001 situation school school (daily) mixed, not only 30 minutes Slovakian many 4 6 in the border area +local radio Television (biweekly) 50 minutes Ukrainian dispersed minutes -- Romanian mixed, not only in the border area many minutes 30 minutes Serbian dispersed many minutes 25 minutes Croatian along the border many minutes 25 minutes Slovenian along the border several minutes 25 minutes 13

14 Other general problem related to the education is the lack of the good textbooks in the minority languages. This problem concerns the teachers educating minority languages in Hungary, the schools and indirectly the motherland s government. To tide over these types of obstacle/difficulty the two concerned States in some cases create a Mixed Committee on minority rights that try resolve all type of minority problems. Despite of the lowest number of their members, the Slovenian minority does a lot to make stronger their culture preservation. They have an enormous chance to live so near to their motherland. To summarize, I think the geographical situation of the minorities is one of the determinant element in their cultural situation. If they are near to the motherland, they have more possibilities to get the motherland s Tv and radio programs, and they must not be content only with the TV and radio programs destined for the minorities in Hungary. Without the minority efforts, one State alone can never do enough for the minorities living in its territory. References 1. A nemzeti és etnikai kisebbségek jogairól szóló évi LXXVII. törvény Law about the national and ethnic minorities' rights (1993) 2. Euport (2002): 17/07/ HTMH (2001a): A horvátországi magyarság történeti krónikája. 06/02/ HTMH (2001b): A Magyar-Horvát Kisebbségi Vegyes Bizottság január án, Eszéken megtartott V. ülésének ajánlásai. 5. HTMH (2001c): A Magyar Köztársaság Kormányának és románia Kormányának egyetértési nyilatkozata december Jegyz könyv a Horvát-Magyar Kisebbségi Vegyes Bizottság IV. ülésér l december Jegyz könyv a Horvát-Magyar Kisebbségi Vegyes Bizottság VI. ülésér l december

15 8. Jegyz könyv a Magyar Köztársaság és Románia Aktív Együttm ködési és Partnerségi Kormányközi Vegyes Bizottsága Kisebbségügyi Együttm ködési Szakbizottsága II. ülésér l október Jegyz könyv a Magyar-Szlovák Vegyes Bizottság II. ülésér l, szeptember 29. Pozsony 10. Jegyz könyv a nemzeti kisebbségek jogainak biztosításával foglalkozó magyar-ukrán vegyes bizottság VIII. ülésér l, december Jegyz könyv a nemzeti kisebbségek jogainak biztosításával foglalkozó magyar-ukrán vegyes bizottság X. ülésér l, december KSH (2002): Népszámlálás 2001, 4. Nemzetiségi köt dés. KSH, Budapest. 13. Kurdi, K. (2001): A magyarországi nemzeti és etnikai kisebbségek kultúrális helyzete. József Attila Alapítvány, Budapest. 14. Leclerc, J. (2005): L aménagement linguistique dans le monde. Québec, TLFQ, Université Laval, 18/02/ Magyar Köztársaság Kormánya (1999): A Magyar Köztársaság Kormányának J/1397. számú beszámolója a Magyar Köztársaság területén él nemzeti és etnikai kisebbségek helyzetér l, június. Budapest. 16. Munda Hírnök, K. (2002): Magyarországi szlovének. 08/09/ Official Journal of the Slovene Republic volume 6, Sanguin, A-L. (1993): Quelles minorités pour quels territoires? In: Sanguin, A-L. (ed): Les minorités ethniques en Europe. L Harmattan, Paris. 19. Székely, A. (2000): The role of Slovenian minorities in the Hungary-Slovenia-Austria cooperation. In: Region and Regionalism, No 6. Vol 2. Eds: Krystian Heffner and Marek Sobczy ski. Lodz-Opole, Poland, pp