DIVERSITY OF CHRYSOPHYCEAE (HETEROCONTOPHYTA) IN THE ZASAVICA RIVER (SERBIA)

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1 Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade, 66 (3), , 2014 DOI: /ABS P DIVERSITY OF CHRYSOPHYCEAE (HETEROCONTOPHYTA) IN THE ZASAVICA RIVER (SERBIA) DRAGANA PREDOJEVIĆ 1*, ŽELJKO KLJAJIĆ 2, EMILIJA KOVAČEVIĆ 1, JOVANA MILOSAVLJEVIĆ 2, PETAR PAPIĆ 2, MILOJKO LAZIĆ 2 and GORDANA SUBAKOV SIMIĆ 1 1 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden Jevremovac, Belgrade, Serbia 2 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department of Hydrogeology, Belgrade, Serbia Corresponding author: delfin0230@yahoo.com Abstract Detailed studies of the Chrysophyceae class of algae have not been undertaken in Serbia thus far. The golden algae usually occur during the winter and spring months. Chrysophyceae of the Zasavica River in Serbia were studied at two localities from December 2012 to Jun In our research, 26 taxa were recorded and the genus with the highest diversity was Mallomonas (15 species). The most abundant species during the whole study period were Synura uvella, Dinobryon divergens and Dinobryon sociale. At the beginning of summer, Chrysophyceae disappeared from the phytoplankton community. Key words: Chrysophyceae; the Zasavica River; Mallomonas; Synura uvella INTRODUCTION The Zasavica River is part of a Special Nature Reserve Zasavica, which covers the area of north Mačva, east of the Drina River, and south of the Sava River. It is located in the municipality of Sremska Mitrovica and Bogatić. Zasavica occupies an area of 109 km 2. The river basin is 5-6 km wide and consists of the Zasavica River and its tributaries, Batara and Žurava. The river is a 33.1 km long, with a maximum width of up to 80 m. Its depth at medium water level is 2.5 m (Stanković, 2006). The river is mostly surrounded by marshes, which indicates that the Zasavica River is powered by groundwater from the Drina and Sava rivers and therefore the Zasavica can be classified as both flowing and standing waters. The Special Nature Reserve Zasavica was created in 1997 and placed under state protection as a category I natural treasure of exquisite value. The Reserve is characterized by high biodiversity. Chrysophyceae is a heterogenic group of algae. Most are free-swimming and unicellular, but there are also colonial and filamentous forms. They possess one or two chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c, and pigment fucoxanthin, which gives Chrysophyceae its golden-brown or brown-green color. Some species contain contractile vacuoles or stigma. Mobile forms have two flagella, commonly one active and one passive. Reproduction in Chrysophyceae can be sexual, which is rare, and asexual, by forming spores and by cell division. They are found in both marine and fresh waters. There are numerous floristic, taxonomic and ecological studies in Serbia with only sporadic informa- 1195

2 1196 DRAGANA PREDOJEVIĆ ET AL. tion about Chrysophyceae. However, none of them have dealt with this class specifically. The first paper to note the presence of Chrysophyceae in Serbia is the hydrobiology study of Daićko Lake by Košanin (1908a). MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples from the Zasavica River for physicochemical and phytoplankton analyses were taken once a month from December 2012 to June 2013 on two study sites, Molo (44º N and 19º E) and Mostić (44º N and 19º E). In the field, water temperature, ph values, water conductivity, depth of the river and transparency were measured at the time when quality and quantity samples were collected. The main physical parameters were measured applying standard analytical methods and instruments: temperature with a multi digital thermometer, electrical conductivity with ECTestr 11+ multi range and ph value with a WTW multi 3430 ph-meter. The transparency of the river was measured by Secchi disc. The samples for quality analysis were collected at the two study sites by using a plankton net (pore diameter of 22 µm). In the field, phytoplankton samples were placed in 100-ml plastic bottles. Algae were investigated directly from the non-preserved samples using a Zeiss AxioImager M1 microscope equipped with a camera system and software AxioVision 4.8, so some of the taxa were photographed. Taxonomic identifications of Chrysophyceae were made according to widely used taxonomic keys (Starmach, 1980; Starmach, 1985; John, 2002). After investigation, the samples were preserved with Lugol s solution. Phytoplankton samples for quantitative analysis were collected using a Ruttner bottle (1 l volume). Samples were preserved at once in Lugol s solution in 1-l plastic bottles. Quantitative analysis of phytoplankton was made by using the Utermöhl method (Utermöhl, 1958) with a Leica inverted microscope. Results are expressed as number of cells per ml and number of individuals per ml. All samples were analyzed and stored in the Institute of Botany and Jevremovac Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physicochemical analysis During the study period, the water level was variable, mostly low. From December 2012 to June 2013, the water level increased. The highest transparency and depth were recorded in May (170 cm) at both study sites. The lowest transparency (80 cm) was detected in December at the Mostić site where the smallest depth (90 cm) was also recorded in the same month. The lowest transparency (90 cm) was recorded in February at the Molo site, and the smallest depth (100 cm) was detected in December at the same study site. Water temperature varied from 0.6ºC in December 2012 to 22.6ºC in June 2013 at the Molo site, while the Mostić site had less temperature fluctuations during the study period (from 2.1ºC to 21.2ºC). Ice cover was detected at both study sites in December The thickness of the ice was 7 cm at the Molo site, while at the Mostić site it was 10 cm. A thicker layer of ice provides better insulation, so the number of Chrysophyceae taxa was higher at the Mostić site than at the Molo site in this month due to a higher water temperature. The water had ph values varying from 7.6 to 8.82, so the water of the Zasavica River is slightly alkaline which represents the appropriate habitat for Chrysophyceae (Starmach, 1985). The values of water conductivity of the Zasavica River can be characterized as medium-high (from 250 µs/cm to 820 µs/cm), and they rose from December 2012 to June Phytoplankton analysis In the examination of the algological samples from the Zasavica River, 26 taxa were identified from the class Chrysophyceae. The list of all identified Chrys-

3 DIVERSITY OF CHRYSOPHYCEAE (HETEROCONTOPHYTA) IN THE ZASAVICA RIVER (SERBIA) 1197 Fig. 1. Chrysophyceae taxa in the Zasavica River during the studied period: a) Dinobryon bavaricum, b) Dinobryon divergens, c) Dinobryon sociale, d) Kephyrion cordatum, e) Kephyrion rubri-claustri, f) Mallomonas akrokomos, g) Mallomonas denticulate, h) Mallomonas globosa, i) Mallomonas helvetica, j) Mallomonas monograptus, k) Mallomonas paludosa, l) Mallomonas splendens, m) Pseudokephyrion pseudospirale, n) Synura sphagnicola o) Synura uvella p) Uroglena skujae ophyceae taxa in the Zasavica River is given in Table 1 and some of photos are in Fig. 1. The genus Mallomonas had the highest number of taxa had (15 species), followed by the genus Dinobryon (3 species). From the total number of taxa there were 24 present at the Molo site and 20 taxa at the Mostić site. The highest diversity of this class per single sample was recorded at the Molo site in March 2013 with 19

4 1198 DRAGANA PREDOJEVIĆ ET AL. Table 1. The list of all identified Chrysophyceae taxa from present (at two study sites from December 2012 to Jun 2013) and previous studies in the Zasavica River. All new Chrysophyceae taxa for the algal flora of Serbia are marked with asterisk. Taxa Study sites Molo Mostić Previous studies Chromulina Cienkowski sp. + + Dinobryon bavaricum Imhof + Dinobryon divergens Imhof Dinobryon sertularia Ehrenberg + Dinobryon sociale Ehrenberg + + *Kephyrion cordatum (Hill.) Starmach + Kephyrion rubri-claustri Conrad + + Mallomonas acaroides Perty *Mallomonas akrokomos Ruttner + *Mallomonas bacterium Conrad + Mallomonas caudata Ivanov + Mallomonas denticulata Matvienko + + Mallomonas globosa Schiller + + *Mallomonas helvetica Pasher + + *Mallomonas minima Rehfous + *Mallomonas monograptus Harris & Bradley + + *Mallomonas paludosa Fott + + *Mallomonas papillosa var. ellipsoidea Harris + *Mallomonas pascheri Rehfous + + *Mallomonas pediculus Teiling + + *Mallomonas pulchella (Kiss.) Cronberg & Kristiansen *Mallomonas schwemmlei Glenk + *Mallomonas splendens (G.S.West) Playfair + + *Ochromonas margaritata Skuja + + *Pseudokephyrion pseudospirale Bourrelly + + Synura petersenii Korshikov + Synura sphagnicola Korshikov + Synura uvella Ehrenberg *Uroglena skujae Matvienko + + taxa, from which the highest percent (47%) belonged to the genus Mallomonas. From the total number of taxa found in the Zasavica River, 16 are new to the algal flora of Serbia (they are marked with an asterisk in Table 1). The most frequently found species were Synura uvella (during the whole study period) and Dinobryon sociale (during the whole study period except June). It was noted that Synura uvella was not present at the Molo site in December when the water temperature was 0.6º C. In Serbia, 49 taxa from this class have been recorded in previous studies (Ađanski-Spasić et al., 2001; Branković, 1993; Branković and Budakov, 2001; Branković et al., 1994, 1996a; Cvijan and Laušević, 1990/91, 1994; Čađo et al., 2003, 2005a, 2005b,

5 DIVERSITY OF CHRYSOPHYCEAE (HETEROCONTOPHYTA) IN THE ZASAVICA RIVER (SERBIA) 1199 Fig. 2. Percentage of class Chrysophyceae present in the phytoplankton of the Zasavica River from December 2012 to June a, 2006b; Čomić and Ranković, 1989; Đukić et al., 1987, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1994; Đurković et al., 2005a, 2005b, 2006; Fužinato et al., 2007; Guelmino, 1973; Janković, 1966, 1976; Kalafatić and Martinović- Vitanović, 1990; Kalafatić and Obušković, 1983; Kalafatić et al., 1997; Karadžić, 2011; Karadžić et al., 2006, 2008; Karadžić and Subakov-Simić, 2002; Košanin, 1908a, 1908b, 1910; Krizmanić et al., 2008; Laušević and Cvijan, 1994a, 1994b; Laušević and Nikitović, 1993/94, 1998, 1999; Mandić et al., 1996; Marinović, 1957; Marković and Obušković, 1987; Martinović-Vitanović, 1984, 1985a, 1985b, 1994; Milovanović, 1949, 1965, 1971, 1973a, 1973b; Milovanović and Živković, 1950, 1956; Milovanović and Obušković, 1978; Miljanović et al., 1998, 2007; Nakić and Božović, 1994; Nemaš et al., 2007; Nemeth et al., 2002; Nikitović, 1993; Nikitović and Laušević, 1995, 1999; Obušković, 1978, 1983, 1986, 1992, 1996; Obušković and Obušković, 1997, 1998; Protić, 1933, 1935, 1936, 1939; Pujin, 1998; Pujin et al., 1995; Ranković et al., 1992, 1994a, 1994b, 1999; Ranković and Simić, 2005; Ratajac et al., 1998; Ržaničanin et al., 2003, 2005; Ržaničanin, 2004; Seleši, 1975, 1981; Simić, 1996, 2004; Simić et al., 2004; Subakov, 2001; Szemes, 1967; Tripković, 2001; Urošević, 1987a, 1987b, 1990a, 1990b, /93, 1998a, 1998b; Urošević and Gucunski, 1983; Urošević et al., 1996; Vučković and Mirjačić-Živković, 2008), but in the Zasavica River only 6 taxa have been recorded earlier: Dinobryon divergens (Ratajac et al., 1998), Dinobryon sertularia, Mallomonas acaroides, Mallomonas caudata, Synura petersenii and Synura uvella (Branković et al., 1996b). In this investigation, 3 of these 6 taxa recorded earlier were found. The number of new taxa for Serbia in this investigation raises the total number of Chrysophyceae taxa recorded in Serbia to 65. It can be said that 23 taxa of the 26 found in this investigation are new for the Zasavica River. Therefore, the total number of Chrysophyceae taxa recorded in the Zasavica River ever is 29. The class Chrysophyceae is quantitatively very important in the Zasavica phytoplankton community. This class was the most abundant in December 2012 at the Mostić site, contributing to 58.3% (Fig. 2) from the total number of cells per liter of phytoplankton. The highest abundance of taxa belonging to this class was in winter and spring months due to the physicochemical conditions, which coincides with their ecology (Starmach, 1985). The maximal abundance ( cells/l) in the Zasavica River was recorded in March 2013 at the Molo site. The abundance of Chrysophyceae (Fig. 3) ranged from a minimal 0 cell/l in June 2013 (at both sites) to a maximal cells/l in March

6 1200 DRAGANA PREDOJEVIĆ ET AL. Fig. 3. Quantitative presence of class Chrysophyceae in the phytoplankton of the Zasavica River from December 2012 to June (at the Molo site) and cells/l in February 2013 (at the Mostić site). The presence of a significant number of zygotes of the genera Dinobryon and Kephyrion in winter months indicates that it is the period of their intensive reproduction. With higher water temperatures, the diversity of this class declines, so only one taxon (Synura uvella) was recorded in June in a very low abundance. The most abundant species was Synura uvella ( cells/l) in March 2013 at the Molo site and it was quantitatively dominant in all the investigated samples from this site. It was noted that Synura uvella was also dominant at the Mostić site during the whole study period, except February 2013, when Uroglena skujae, with an abundance of cells/l, was dominant. In addition, Dinobryon sociale and Dinobryon divergens were quantitatively significant during this study. Golden algae are quantitatively dominant in the colder months of year, when the low water temperature is suitable for their growth and development. In this period, they can be the primary source of food for zooplankton. Acknowledgments - This research was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia, Projects on and III REFERENCES Ađanski-Spasić, Lj., Gavrić, M., Kalafatić, V., Martinović- Vitanović, V., Tanasković, M., Tripković, O., Jakšić, P., Milošević, J. and N. Sekulić (2001). Izveštaj o posledicama zagađivanja Tise cijanidima i teškim metalima. Zavod za zaštitu prirode Srbije, 1-17, Branković, D. (1993). Preliminary data of phytoplankton community and saprobiological characteristic of river Stari Begej. Tiscia, 27, 57-60, Novi Sad. Branković, D., Obušković, Lj. and Lj. Budakov (1994). Praliminare angaben über die phytoplanktongemei nschaft und über die saprobiologischen wassereignschaften im Dubrovački rit. 30. Arbeitstagung der IAD ZUOZ- Schweiz 1994, Wissenschaftüche Kurzeterate 33 Limnologische Berichte Donau 1994, , Bondl, Dübendort. Branković, D., Budakov, Lj. and N. Sekulić (1996a). Fitoplankton kao indikator saprobioloških karakteristika vode nekih zaštićenih vodenih ekosistema. Zaštita prirode, 50, , Branković, D., Budakov, Lj. and N. Sekulić (1996b). Preliminarna istraživanja fitoplanktona i naselja riba u zaštićenom vodenom ekosistemu Zasavica. 5. Kongres ekologa Jugoslavije- Zbornik sažetaka, 24, Branković, D. and Lj. Budakov (2001). Fitoplankton kao pokazatelj zagađenja reke Tise. Konferencija o aktuelnim problemima zaštite voda Zaštita voda 01, Aranđelovac, Cvijan, M. and R. Laušević (1990/91). Floristical study of algae of Vlasinsko lake (Yugoslavia). Glasnik prirodnjačkog muzeja u Beogradu, B 46, 57-67,

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