WATER RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGETICS IN NORTHERN KOSOVO AND NORTHERN METOHIJA
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1 WATER RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGETICS IN NORTHERN KOSOVO AND NORTHERN METOHIJA Dragan V. Kalaba, Gordana Milentijević Faculty of technical sciences Kosovska Mitrovica, Knjaza Miloša 7, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia ABSTRACT From the total lignite reserves in Serbia, over 76% are situated in Kosovo and Metohija in three coal basins, Kosovo, Metohija and Drenica. The exploitation of these reserves is nowadays conducted in two surface pits, in Kosovo coal basin. The produced coal is mostly used for supply of thermo electric power plant Kosovo A and B, with total installed power of 1519 MW. In projects for the development of energetic, a construction of new thermoelectric power plants is planned, Kosovo C 2100 MW (7x 300 MW), the extension of thermoelectric power plants Kosovo B for 2x 339 MW, and also the rehabilitation of some of the units of the existing power plant Kosovo A. In the Kosovo basin, for the purpose of already built and projected thermoelectric power plants, there are used, or planned to be used the limited water resources of the river Lab and Ibar. This strategy had an impact to the total degradation of eco-systems of river Lab (especially in summer), while eco-system of Ibar river lives at the very limits of its ecological minimum. On the other side, Metohija coal basin, and its water resources are not exploited for energetic needs, although the largest river in Kosovo and Metohija, Beli drim is situated there. From all these statements mentioned above, there is a need to consider the limitations in the development of energetic in Kosovo and Metohija, from this point of view. KEYWORDS Hydrosystem, water profile, water supply system, thermoelectric power plant, water balance 1. INTRODUCTION From the total lignite reserves in Serbia, over 76% are situated in Kosovo and Metohija in three coal basins, Kosovo, Metohija and Drenica. The exploitation of these reserves is nowadays conducted in two surface pits, in Kosovo coal basin. The produced coal is mostly used for supply of thermo electric power plant Kosovo A and B, with total installed power of 1519 MW. In projects for the development of energetic, a construction of new thermoelectric power plants is planned, Kosovo C 2100 MW (7x 300 MW), the extension of thermoelectric power plants Kosovo B for 2x 339 MW, and also the rehabilitation of some of the units of the existing power plant Kosovo A. In the Kosovo basin, for the purpose of already built and projected thermoelectric power plants, there are used, or planned to be used the limited water resources of the river Lab and Ibar. This strategy had an impact to the total degradation of eco-systems of river Lab (especially in summer), while eco-system of Ibar river lives at the very limits of its ecological minimum.
2 On the other side, Metohija coal basin, and its water resources are not exploited for energetic needs, although the largest river in Kosovo and Metohija, Beli drim is situated there. From all these statements mentioned above, there is a need to consider the limitations in the development of energetic in Kosovo and Metohija, from this point of view. 2. HYDRO-GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER RESOURCES The dominant water resource existing on the north of Kosovo is river Ibar (with its tributaries), and on the north of Metohija it is river Beli drim (with its tributaries) (Fig. 1) Fig.1. Springs and confluences of rivers Ibar and Beli drim on the territory of Northern Kosovo and Metohija The largest river is Beli Drim. It is consisted by strong karsts aquifer, sourcing on the north of Ped. It flows through Metohija basin, in total length of 108,5 km, to the village Vrbnica, where it enters into territory of Albania. The significant right tributaries are: Pedka Bistrica, Dečanska Bistrica, Lodanska Bistrica and Erenik. It has also some left tributaries: Istok River, Klina, Miruša and Topluga. The Beli drim spring, i.e. spring Radavac, collects water from limestone massive of Maja Rusolja and Žljeb. It occurs in the village Radavac, near Ped, on the contact zone of limestone with diabase- horn formation on the altitude of meters above the sea level. The confluence area of Beli drim is assumed to be 120 square kilometres, which represents major part of the surface of the mountains of Maja Rusolije and Žljeb. Beli Drim spring is the largest spring in Kosovo and Metohija. Minimum spring yield is l/s. The maximum spring yield is over 1500 l/s. The average yield is 3000 l/s. For the purpose of industry and irrigation this spring was partially captured. The capacity of the capture from the spring is 350 l/s.
3 River Ibar is the second largest river by the water amount in Kosovo and Metohija. The sourcing part of the river is situated in the territory of south-eastern Montenegro. As Beli drim, it is consisted from the karst aquifer, sourcing on mountain Hajla, at 1360 m above sea level. The spring occurs on the contact of Triassic limestone in the roof, and Palaeozoic schists in the floor. Until Kosovska Mitrovica, it flows from the west to the east, and after that deflects on the north. From Ribaride to Gazivode, Ibar River is transformed to Accumulation Lake, with water used for irrigation through the system Ibar-Lepenac, than for water supply, and hydroelectric power plant. Its length in Kosovo and Metohija is 50 km. Ibar inflows into Zapadna Morava near Kraljevo after total flow of 272,25 km. The significant tributaries from the right are: Bukeljska River, Badka River, Crna River, Čečevska River, Sitnica, Bistrica, Sočanska River, Leposavska River, Drenska River and Srpska bistrica. The significant left tributaries are: Županica, Godulja, Vidrenjak, Paljevska River, Banjska River, Vučanska River and Jošanica River. Between right Ibar tributary Sitnica and Lab there are located thermoelectric power plants Kosovo A and B. The accumulation lake Gazivode, on river Ibar, with its water supply system fulfilled the needs for fresh water of thermoelectric plant Kosovo B, Kosovska Mitrovica and Prishtina water supply systems, and in the summer it provides water for irrigation systems in the agriculture of Central Kosovo. The quantities of water for these purposes were given in table 1. In the frame of water system Gazivode there are also two hydroelectric power plants 2x 17,5 MW. In full operational conditions they use 23 m 3 /s of the water. Table 1. Water distribution from the water system Gazivode No Consumer Thermoelectric power plant Kosovo B Water supply system K.M. and Prishtina Agriculture quantity 0,8 1,0 1,2 Note - - only in summer period 4 Total 3 average 3. RIVER IBAR AND BELI DRIM FLOWS MEASURED AT THE CHARACTERISTIC PROFILES Two flows for two profiles (measuring points) were chosen on river Ibar: Batrage and Leposavid (Tables 2. and 3.) There were also given the flows for river Sitnica, right tributary of Ibar at profile Nedakovac (Table 4.) and flow of the right tributary of Sitnica, river Lab at the profile Miloševo, Table 5. For the river Beli Drim, the flow is presented for profile Kpuz in the table 6. The data about the flows in the characteristic profiles were given for the observed period from 1991 to 1999.
4 Table 2. Flow of river Ibar for profile Batrage Confluence river profile Year water-level observation method start altitude (mnm) km from the mouth surface (km) Z. Morave Ibar Batrage limnigraf Months Q I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ
5 Table 3. Flow of river Ibar for profile Leposavid Confluence river profile water-level observation method start altitude (mnm) km from the mouth surface (km) Z.Morave Ibar Leposavid limnigraf Year Months Q I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ
6 Table 4. Flow of river Sitnica for profile Nedakovac Confluence river profile water-level observation method start altitude (mnm) km from the mouth surface (km) Ibra Sitnica Nedakovac limnigraf Year Months Q I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII LQ AQ , HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ
7 Table 5. Flow of river Lab for profile Miloševo Confluence river profile water-level observation method start altitude (mnm) km from the mouth surface (km) Sitnice Lab Miloševo letva Year Months Q I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ
8 Table 6. Flow of river Beli Drim for profile Kpuz Confluence river profile water-level observation method start altitude (mnm) km from the mouth surface (km) Drima Beli Drim Kpuz limnigraf Year Months Q I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ LQ AQ HQ
9 4. THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANT WATER BALANCE Considering the limited water resources, closed system of water supply with cooling towers is applied in all constructed and planned thermo electric power plants. Balance line in closed system with cooling tower ( Fig.2.) is different from the open system. The circulation pumps (5) push the cooled water toward condenser (1), coolers (2) and (3) and bearings (4). The water from the cooler and bearing ( except the certain amount of dirty water from bearings which is sent to be used in the transport of slag and ash) was pushed back and mixed with cooled water from the cooling tower (9) and added fresh water (10) from the accumulation lake Gazivode, in front of circulation pumps (5), and goes back in the system. One part of fresh water from the lake is sent in the preparation plant (7) for the mass loss compensation in the cycle. After the condenser (1), some amount of water is driven for the desalinization (11) and sometimes into slag and ash transport plant (8), while the rest of the water are pushed for cooling into cooling tower (9), in which the part of water is lost in the process of evaporization and in the air flow through the mouth of tower. Water balance in the transportation of slag and ash (8) is the same as in open water supply system. Fig.2. Scheme of water balance in condensation thermoelectric power plant for closed system of water supply with cooling tower 1. Condenser; 2. Oil coolers; 3.Gas and air coolers; 4. Bearings; 5. Circulation pump; 6. Additional pumps; 7. water preparation plant; 8. Hydraulic slag and ash transportation system; 9. Cooling tower; 10. Pump for added water; 11. Desalinization.
10 In Table 7. there were presented the records about the water loss in the water supply system. The relative losses are given for Δt cw = 10 o C. For other values of the temperature differences of cooling water Δt cw, the listed losses should be multiplied by Δt cw / Δt cw. The water losses are increased because of evaporisation or decreased for 0,2 for each 10 o C of temperature change for water or air. Table 7. Water loss in water supply system Title flow loss through condensation (%) Evaporization in pools of the spraying devices and cooling towers for t cw = 20 o 1,4 C Additional evaporization in accumulation for t cw = 20 o C 1,1 Outlet with air and wind from the cooling tower - with droplets separator 0,05 - without droplets separator 0,5 Outlet with air from the pool for the spraying device 1,5 2,0 Desalinization of the circulation system 0,5 1,0 5. DETERMINATION OF THE WATER QUANTITIES FOR THE LOSS COMPENSATION IN THE SYSTEM OF WATER SUPPLY AND PLANNED THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANT - Total needs for cooling water D cw 10 m dc Pt m 77,8 s d c 2 kg/kwh - specific vapour consumption through condenser (this value was determined by reduction of 30% for regeneration heating of condensate and inflow water from the specific vapour consumption of modern turbine d = 3 kg/kwh) m = kg/kg - cooling number. The ration of the cooling water flow and vapour flow, m = 50 kg/kg is assumed P t = 2778 MW - total power entering of the planned thermoelectric power plants Water quantity requested for loss compensation in the water supply system D cw D cw m 0,04 3,12 s 3
11 6. CONCLUSION Based on the available water resources in this area, for the planned development of energetic it can be concluded: 1. Water resource of the river Ibar with accumulation Gazivode enables limited development of energetic in Northern Kosovo. The estimation showed that this water system has reserves only for future expansion of thermoelectric power plant Kosovo B. 2. The construction of new thermoelectric plants is possible only if they are going to be located on the very north of Kosovo (Zvecan, Leposavic). 3. The realistic development of energetic should be expected in Northern Metohija because its coal and water resources are not yet exploited. REFERENCES [1] Андрющенко А. И.: Основы термодинамики циклов тепло энергетические установок, Москва, Высшая школа, [2] Brkid Lj., Živanovid., Tucakovid D.: Termoelektrane, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Mašinski fakultet Beograd, [3] Елизаров Д. П.: Тепло-энергетические установки электростанций, Моска, Энергоиздат, [4] Jakovljevid I., Petrovid Lj.: Ograničenja i konflikti razvoja eksploatacije lignita na Kosovu i Metohiji sa aspekta zaštite životne sredine, Univerzitet u Prištini, Fakultet tehničkih nauku Kosovska Mitrovica, I okrugli sto zaštita životne sredine u industrijskim područjima, Kosovska Mitrovica [5] Kalaba D.: Prilog metodi određivanja raspoloživosti postrojenja parne turbine vede snage koja se ne nalazi u eksploataciji u zavisnosti od tehničkih rešenja, Vojno-tehnički glasnik, Beograd, br [6] Milentijevid, G.: Podzemne vode severnog dela Kosova i Metohije iskorišdavanje i zaštita, Doktorska disertacija, Rudarsko-geološki fakultet, Beograd, pp 160 [7] Milentijevid, G., Nedeljkovid, B., Djokid, J.: Assessement of the mining practices effects on the water quality in the Ibar river withen the Leposavid municipality, Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijid SASA; No 1; (2010), pp , ISSN:
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