THE FORCE PROJECT FUTURE OF REEFS IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT BARBADOS NATIONAL CONSULTATION MEETING OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT NATIONAL CONSULTATION

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1 THE FORCE PROJECT FUTURE OF REEFS IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT BARBADOS NATIONAL CONSULTATION MEETING March 15, 2011, UWI Cave Hill Campus The FORCE project, a five-year initiative funded by the European Union, commenced in 2010 and brings together a unique multidisciplinary team of researchers from 20 organisations based in 10 countries within the Caribbean, Europe, the US and Australia. The Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies (CERMES) at the University of the West Indies (UWI) is a leading Caribbean partner. Caribbean people rely heavily on coral reefs, which contribute billions of dollars each year through tourism, fisheries and the provision of coastal defence. Yet coral reefs are being damaged by activities such as unsustainable fishing and pollution, and face an uncertain future with global climate change. NATIONAL CONSULTATION The project was launched with a national consultation meeting held at UWI Barbados on the 15 th March The objectives of this meeting were to: Explore key changes in Barbados with respect to the environment, society, economy, and the policies and management systems. Talk about the relationship between these changes and people s use of reef resources and services. Discuss the formal and informal groups and organisations involved in reef governance and management. In order to address these objectives, participants at the meeting were asked to take part in two activities: a historical scan to explore changes in Barbados and a policy cycle review to facilitate a discussion on the organisations involved in reef management. This report presents the results of the national level stakeholder consultation. CONTENTS Historical Timeline 2 Timeline Reflection 3 Key Events 3 Governance 4 Policy Cycle 5 Participants 6 The project will address important questions about how changes will affect coastal communities and livelihoods such as fisheries and tourism. The project will identify ways of managing reefs that are best suited to regional and local contexts. Recommendations will be disseminated to stakeholders throughout the Caribbean on how to protect the reefs.

2 HISTORICAL SCAN Timeline showing events and change in Barbados identified by participants. 1990s Amerindian exploitation near shore Economic depression 1991 Increase in African dust First landing of British 1600s 8% pay cut 1991 Folkestone section boundaries set Disappearance of mangroves 1600s Fisheries Act 1993 Port St. Charles Land clearing 1700s VAT introduction 1994 South Coast Sewerage Project Offshore fleet development (less pressure inshore) First Fisheries Management Plan 1997 South Coast Sewerage Project 1800s Coastal Zone Management Plan 1998 OSPESCA Major hurricane 1850s Coastal Zone Management Act 1998 Convention on Biological Diversity Sea egg & turtle ban 1998 SIDS - BPOA Bellairs Research Trust began 1953 Legal consumption of turtles ends 1998 CFRAMP Hurricane Janet 1955 Marine construction (channel cutting) Fisheries (Management) Regulations 1998 CERMES Transatlantic air travel 1958 Low price air travel Marine Pollution Control Act 1998 Cartagena Convention UNEP/RCU Pre-1960s Increase in tourism arrivals Mass coral bleaching event 1998 Law of the Sea Convention High fructose corn syrup - less demand for sugar 1960s Tourism infrastructure development Agricultural change: cane to veg, hand harvest to Opening of deepwater harbour 1961 Blew a hole in fringing reef for a Harp gun mechanical Free secondary education 1961 Inappropriate practices (dynamite reefs, taking coral, etc.) Coastal infrastructure boom Largely unregulated fishing Decreasing use of dynamite (south and west coasts) Influx of regional waters transporting disease Largely unregulated coastal development Jet skis and water sport craft conflict Emigration leading to expanded international ties Barbados Hilton (impacts coast, turtles) 1966 Alternation of drainage (rivers & Graham Hall) 2000s WSSD Independence 1966 Increased use of agro-chemicals International year of the reef 2000 and 2008 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Construction of harbour (port) Physical Development Plan 2003 SPAW protocol Coastal tourism development (water quality) Hurricane Ivan in Grenada 2004 CRFM Mass coral bleaching event 2005 Caribbean Sea Commission 1970s Acropora die off CITES Act 2006 CLME Project Population and houses increase 1970 Conversion of sugar cane to other types of agriculture Natural Heritage Department 2006 CCCCC Shift from agriculture to tourism Cricket World Cup (development) Condo-mania Marine construction (groynes) Increase in commodity prices 2007 Increased use of reef as turtle habitat Port extensions - flour mill Earth tremor 2007 Marine Management Authority Coral jewelry and curio trade (70s & 80s) Construction boom 2008 Harbour expansion Oil embargo: exploration & drilling Increase in food prices 2008 Increase in oil prices CITES International year of the reef 2008 Plan for extended board walks CZMU Aluminum bauxite mining Mass coral bleaching event 2008 Sandy Lane construction (smothered reefs) MARPOL Convention Construction fell, unemployment rise 2009 Barbados Marine Trust established South coast sewerage project implemented 1980s Coral jewelry and curio trade (70s & 80s) Port extensions (dredging, coast guard) Marine reserve regulation 1981 Ministry of Environment established Sea surface temperature (SST) increase Marine reserve established 1981 Diadema die off coral bleaching mortality Establishment of Folkestone Marine reserve 1981 Global climate change Increased public awareness of coral issues Fishers excluded from Folkestone 1981 Barbados coral reef monitoring programme 2010s Beaches less stable Mass coral bleaching event 2010 Increase in niche tourism markets (dive tourism) Control of sewage from hotels/other Beach creation increase 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill (& Great Barrier reef) Local awareness programme of reef care Medium-term Development Strategy Increase in amount of 'eco-friendly' tourists Sea turtle project 1987 Interpretive snorkel trail at Folkestone Hurricane Tomas 2010 Boardwalk, Beachlands development South Coast Sewerage Project 1987 This Beach Is Mine - song by Gabby Caribbean Conservation Association deceased? 2011 Marine invasive management (GLISPA) Four Seasons development 2011 LBS protocol VAT increase again 2011 NOTE: Left side of line - Given by date Right side of line - Given by decade Future West Coast Sewerage Project 2020 Alien species (Lionfish) 2011 Socio-economic Increased coral bleaching mortality 2020 Correct waste management the norm (hotels) Environment Increased storm drainage 2020 Increase in carbon offset opportunities Tourism Increased sewage treatment from households 2020 Solar power competitive 2025 Fisheries Socio-economic considered equally 2030 Altman's Palm Island 2030 Regional/International Inter-disciplinary research the norm! 2030 Kick'em Jenny erupts 2030 ACRONYMS CCCCC Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre CERMES Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies CFRAMP CARICOM Fisheries Resource Assessment and Management Program CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CLME Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem Project CRFM Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism MARPOL International Convention for the Protection of Pollution from Ships OSPESCA Central American Organization of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector SPAW Protocol Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife UNEP/RCU United Nations Environment Programme / Regional Co-ordinating Unit WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development

3 REFLECTION ON THE HISTORICAL SCAN As participants reflected on the timeline a consensus was reached about key turning points over the years. Turning points were defined as time periods when the country went from certain practices or ways of being to new or different practices. The group noted four key shifts: 1970: Agriculture to Tourism KEY EVENTS Changes identified in the historical scan that were prioritised by participants as being most significant in affecting the relationship between people and reefs. Colours reflect the theme of the table on which participants were working. A turning point in Barbados was defined as pre- and post independence, when the country changed from a rural agricultural society to a tourism based economy. It was also noted that there was a general ignorance of best practices in both time periods and one participant referred to the shift as going from ignorance to belligerence. A focus on expanding and improving the educational system was also noted in this shift. 1980: Awareness to Response Technocrats were used during this time to improve practices and exert controls on development through regulation, and additional services were created to support the new regulation. During this period there was a greater focus on technical issues rather than purely focusing on development. 2000: Local Impacts to Global Impacts There was a growing awareness that a saturation point in development had been reached and the negative impacts were becoming severe. People were beginning to see that they were facing global as well as local impacts and that forces driving the changes were far more complex than previously thought. Purely local responses would not be enough. The turning point could also be described as from local responses to global fixes. 2030: Fossil Fuel Dependence to Intensification of Responsibility and Efforts It was projected that the next shift would be to move beyond dependence on fossil fuels and towards restoration and sustainability. It was suggested that there might be a renewed sense of responsibility for repairing past injurious practices. A-.U" #VW!*" /0123%+'$4'.%51.%' #VW!*" #VX!*" #VS!*" #VV!*" ()*+,-."/..0" 1.2.3,45.60" 7,8"4-9:." ;9-"0-;2.3" <,;*0;3" 96=-;*0->:0>-."?,,5" <,;*0;3"0,>-9*5" 96=-;*0->:0>-." 1.2.3,45.60" A,4>3;B,6"C" +,>*.*"96:-.;*." <;-0;D.6;" <,62.6B,6" E969*0-F",="" G629-,65.60".*0;?39*+.1" <,62.6B,6",6" H9,3,D9:;3"I92.-*90F" J9-*0"J9*+.-9.*" E;6;D.5.60"A3;6"" K,>0+"<,;*0" K.8.-;D."A-,L.:0" <MEN"A3;6"" K;61F"7;6."O,0.3" *5,0+.-*"-..=" DOT PRIORITISATION EXERCISE The increase in coastal development and the corresponding tourism boom in the 1960s were highlighted as having the most significant impacts on the relationship between people in Barbados and the coral reefs. As a result, a greater awareness of the impacts led to the establishment of the Ministry of the Environment. The dot prioritisation exercise clearly highlighted that local impacts (e.g. increased population and houses, Sandy Lane hotel construction) and mitigation measures (Coastal Zone Management Plan, Fisheries Management Plan, Marine Management Authority, and the South Coast Sewerage Project) had the most significant effects on people and the reefs. It was noted that global impacts such as coral bleaching events and measures such as the Cartagena Convention, Convention on Biological Diversity and the International Year of the Reef influenced how people use the reef in Barbados. $!!!*" $!#!*" P60.-6;B,6;3"Q.;-"",="0+."R..="!S" E;-96."E;6;D.5.60" T>0+,-90F" <,-;3"?3.;:+96D".2.60"!" #" $" %" &" '"!"#$%&'()'*#%+',&-(&-*+%.' K,:9,U.:,6,59:" J9*+.-9.*" R.D9,6;3YP60.-6;B,6;3"

4 REEF GOVERNANCE Results of a short questionnaire illustrated participant s views on reef governance in Barbados: PAST In the past, there was more influence / control by: PRESENT Currently, there is strong influence / control by: FUTURE In the future, there will be more influence / control by:!"#$%&'()%*+, -'.%*/0%/", 12+3/%++,3/"%*%+"+, #/),0#*$%",4'*5%+, Strongly Agree Participants felt that to date there had been strong central government control on decision-making about reefs, but in the future there would be greater local involvement. '*(#& '$%(%)#&!"#"$%& Made by local government, local authorities, community groups and local stakeholders Participant s perceptions of the trade-offs between the three pillars of sustainability (economic, social and environmental) in reef-related decision making in Barbados show a slight trend towards economic interests.!$:&;#$%!$<=>' "1-,/69*-.'4?/'-(476(@'/-9*61-+/-4' Made by central government, international NGOs and multinational business THE STAGES OF THE POLICY CYCLE Data and Information Various research and assessment including traditional or local ecological knowledge, participatory research, oceanography, stock assessment, resource mapping, sociology and economics at all scales. Analysis and Advice Various analyses focused on addressing reef use problems that can lead to advice that is useable by decision makers, such as local groups and national committees. Decision Making Bodies with a mandate to review advice and make decisions, preferably binding, regarding what should be implemented to achieve sustainable use of reefs: local NGOs and community based organisations, ministries or cabinet, regional/ international political bodies.!"#$#%&"' %()*+*,*-.'/01-1+*0'2/-/34,' 516'27,*-/,,/,'16'86*9(4/' *-4/6/,4,' A#"&=>' "6/(B-.',10*(@'2/-/34,'516'4?/' C/@@2/*-.'15'@10(@'01++7-*B/,' Implementation Primarily national and local agencies with a mandate to put decisions into action, e.g. capacity building, new legislation or direct enforcement. Review and Evaluation Similar bodies to those that are responsible for analysis and advice and that often oversee the policy cycle.

5 THE ACTORS IN THE POLICY CYCLE ACRONYMS The policy cycle review was designed to explore the groups and organisations involved in reef management and governance in Barbados. This process involved firstly identifying the government, nongovernment and private sector stakeholder groups involved in formal and informal governance structures that exist to support livelihoods and govern natural resource use and secondly to map out where each of the groups are involved in the governance policy cycle. This exercise highlighted that stakeholder involvement was present in the data and information stage of the policy cycle, however the information is not currently being used by decision makers. Participants noted that the decision making authority is highly centralised and mainly resides in the Prime Minister s office. It was also noted that tourism and coastal development are well represented as decision makers, and that the Fisheries Division has less influence. It was questioned as to whether airlines, cruise ships and international funders should be included as stakeholders whose decisions and actions influence reefs, but it was agreed that their involvement is indirect and therefore on the periphery of the policy cycle. In conclusion, the group felt that the results of the exercise provide an inventory but not a complete picture. Participants listed the organisations and groups involved in each stage of the policy cycle: BARNUFO BHTA BTA BTII CDB CERMES CRFM CTO CZMU EIA EPD FAC GIS IDB NCC NGOs NHD PADO TCPO TDC Barbados National Union of Fisherfolk Organisations Barbados Hotel and Tourism Association Barbados Tourism Authority Barbados Tourism Investment Inc. Caribbean Development Bank Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism Caribbean Tourism Organization Coastal Zone Management Unit Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Protection Department Fisheries Advisory Committee Barbados Government Information Service Inter-American Development Bank National Conservation Commission Non-Governmental Organisations National Heritage Department Professional Association of Dive Operators Town and Country Planning Office Tourism Development Corporation Fisheries: FAC, CERMES, BARNUFO, Fisheries Division, CRFM Tourism: BHTA, TDC, TCPO, CZMU Environmental: CZMU Coastal Development: CZMU, EPD, NHD, Biodiversity Working Group, Barbados Sea Turtle Project, FAC Community Development: Bellairs Research Institute, Ministry of Community Development, Ministry of Social Transformation Fisheries: Cabinet, Fisheries Division, Judiciary Tourism: CZMU; Ministries of International Transport, Finance, Environment and Tourism; TCPO Environmental: Prime Minister s Office, Ministry of Environment, EPD Coastal Development: CZMU, TCPO, Ministry of Planning, EPD Community Development: None listed Fisheries: Reef fishers, BARNUFO, Markets Division, Fisheries Division, GIS, CERMES Tourism: Fisheries Division, Bureau of Statistics, BHTA members, CTO, BTA, Immigration Environmental: CZMU, Barbados Sea Turtle Project, Ministry of Environment, NHD, MET Office, CERMES Coastal Development: CERMES, EPD, BHTA, EIA companies, BTA, Lands and Surveys Dept., utility providers (public & private), TCPO, Drainage Unit, Barbados Port Inc., Fisheries Division, CTO, CZMU Community Development: Bellairs Research Institute ANALYSIS AND ADVICE DATA & INFORMATION REVIEW & EVALUATION DECISION MAKING IMPLEMENTATION Fisheries: FAC, Fisheries Division, CERMES Tourism: CZMU, BTA, BHTA via TDC, TCPO Environmental: None listed Coastal Development: TCPO, CZMU, consultants Community Development: Prime Minister s Office, CZMU, funders (i.e. CDB and IADB) Fisheries: Coast Guard, Folkestone Marine Rangers, Marine Police, CERMES (educational),fisheries Division, Judiciary, RBPF (police), fisher/citizen informants Tourism: BTII, BTA Marketing, BHTA members, NGOs, Ministry of Finance, TDC via private sector, Community Development Environmental: NCC, Barbados Sea Turtle Project, Barbados Marine Trust, NHD, CZMU, EPD Coastal Development: Developers, TCPO, Int. Transport, Barbados Port Authority, Drainage Unit, PADO, GIS Community Development: Parish Independence Committee, Ministry of Education, Barbados Marine Trust, Barbados Police, schools

6 The Future of... FORCE Honduras June - July 2011 Curacao September - October 2011 Jamaica January - February 2012 Belize PARTICIPANTS April - May 2012 Ms. Angelique Brathwaite Coastal Zone Management Unit Ms. Judi Clarke The CARIBSAVE Partnership Ms. Kim Downes AGARD Ms. Nicole Garofano The Future Centre Trust Professor Julia Horrocks UWI and Barbados Sea Turtle Project Ms. Joyce Leslie Fisheries Division Ms. Susan Mahon Bellairs Research Institute Dr. Patrick McConney CERMES, UWI Mr. Jonathon Morgan Morgan's Fish House Mr. John Nicholls Folkestone Marine Park Ms. Bernard Phillips Barbados Tourism Authority Mr. Chris Parker Fisheries Division Mr. Kareem Sabir Ministry of Environment, Water Resources and Drainage Ms. Kimberly Waithe Ministry of Economic, Social Affairs Mr. Michael Young Underwater Barbados FORCE Participants: Dr. Peter Schuhmann University of North Carolina Professor Robin Mahon Professor Hazel Oxenford Mr. David Gill Ms. Rachel Allen CERMES, UWI Guest Observer: Ms. Jill Parlee Bellairs Research Institute Summer/Autumn 2012 Presentations of project findings at the national level in each of our study countries C/O CERMES UWI CAVE HILL CAMPUS TEL: FAX: CONTACT: DR. RACHEL TURNER RACHEL.TURNER@ CAVEHILL.UWI.EDU TEL: FORCE SOCIAL SCIENCE TEAM MEMBERS CERMES, UWI Cave Hill University of Newcastle, UK Professor Robin Mahon Professor Hazel Oxenford Dr. Rachel Turner Professor Selina Stead Dr. Clare Fitzsimmons Dr. Johanna Forster PhD Candidates: Ms. Rachel Allen Mr. David Gill Ms. Angelie Peterson International Marine Management, UK Mr. Philip Townsley Mr. Ben Cattermoul University of North Carolina Dr. Peter Schuhmann