January 2005 Capital District Roundtable. KLONDIKE Preparation

Transcription

1 Jauary 2005 Capital District Roudtable KLONDIKE Preparatio Chris D Garvi Roudtable Commissioer

2 OUTLINE Itroductio Shelters Pioeerig Fire First Aid Questios

3 SHELTERS

4 Shelters Types Tets Quizees Sow Trech Sow Cave Sow Tree Pit Igloo

5 Shelters: Tets The key factors are: Stregth, Ability to Shed Sow, Room, ad Rai fly Stregth To withstad both wid ad sow. Use a tet specifically rated to be a 4-seaso tet. These tets typically have stroger poles to withstad sow loads. The tet must have a roof lie that allows sow to fall off. Otherwise the tet will load up ad the weight will cause it to collapse. (4-seaso tets are desiged this way) You will eed a lot of iteral space for all the bulky gear you will carry. Also you may get sowed i ad eed to stay i the tet for a exteded period of time. The tet must have a rai fly. Havig a breathable ier tet wall with a waterproof fly outside helps reduce codesatio i the tet. It also helps to provide better isulatio by icreasig the umovig air space layers. Typically a tet will be degrees warmer tha the outside air. Free stadig or dome tets are recommeded because they shed sow well ad they provide efficiet iterior space.

6 Shelters: Tets May dome tets are desiged for three seaso use oly ad the stitchig ad the poles are ot desiged to take the weight of sow Codesatio: Durig the ight your breathig pumps a great deal of of humid air ito the tet. This air rises ad hits the ier tet wall where the moisture codeses ito ice. These fie particles ca get all over you ad your gear. It is best to brush the ice particles off the tet i the morig ad sweep them outside. A frost lier, hug iside the tet, allows the moisture to pass through ad provides a layer betwee you ad the ice.

7 Shelters: Quizee

8 Shelters: Sow Trech

9 Shelters: Sow Trech

10 Shelters: Sow Trech

11 Shelters: Sow Tree Pit

12 Shelters: Igloo

13 PIONEERING

14 Pioeerig: Square Lashig

15 Pioeerig: Diagoal Lashig

16 Pioeerig: Diagoal Lashig

17 Pioeerig: Diagoal Lashig

18 Pioeerig: Tripod Lashig

19 Pioeerig: Tripod Lashig

20 Pioeerig: Roud Lashig

21 Pioeerig: Shear Lashig

22 FIRE

23 Fire: Fire Starters Matches Kitche size are best. Waterproof with paraffi, ail polish, or shellac cut with alcohol. Flit ad Steel Ay stoe cotaiig quartz is good. For steel, use back of kife blade or file with burr groud off. Fire By Frictio Cottowood, cedar, elm, or basswood for board ad spidle. Burig Glass Magifyig glass or les of bioculars or camera. Cotto Balls Dipped i petroleum jelly NO Acors, Shale (Rock), Wet Rocks, Aerosol Cas

24 Fire: Tider Grass Fie, dry up off the groud. Weed Tops Golderod, aster, etc. Dry Leaves Still o the tree Fie Twigs Squaw Wood from stadig trees. Bark Cedar or birch or palmetto picked from dead stadig trees with your figerails. Bird Nests From last seaso Fat Pie Full of pitch Fie Shavigs Of Dry wood Paper, Cadle, Paraffi ad Paper or Strig Commercial Starters Stero Meta Tablets Flares NO Mouse Nests. Ca carry Hata Virus

25 Fire: Kidlig Twigs Dead, dry squaw wood from stadig trees. Weed Stems Medium ad heavy stems. Split Wood Always good as log as it is: 1. Dry 2. Split fie eough 3. More tha you thik you eed. Squaw Wood The fie twigs ad braches that a squaw ca get from a stadig tree without usig ay tool other tha her had.

26 Fire: Fuel Wood Ay size. Better split it if your log is more tha 3 iches i diameter. Charcoal I atural sticks or pressed briquettes. Coal Soft or hard

27 FIRST AID

28 Cold Weather First Aid Dehydratio Hypothermia Frostbite Sow Blidess Loss Of Body Heat Types Of Cold Carbo Mooxide Poisoig Chilblais

29 Cold Weather First Aid Dehydratio Excessive loss of body water. Impairs the ability to reaso, so the victim may ot react properly. Prevetio: Drik at least 2 quarts of water a day. Avoid dehydratig foods (high protei) ad fluids (coffee, caffeie). Icrease fluid itake at first sigs of darker yellow urie. Symptoms: 1 to 5 % deficiecy Icreased pulse rate Nausea ad loss of appetite Dark urie or costipatio Irritability, fatigue Thirst 6 to 10 % deficiecy Headache, dizziess Labored breathig Tiglig Absece of salivatio Iability to walk Cyaosis (bluish or grayish ski color) 11 to 20 % deficiecy Swolle togue, iability to swallow Dim visio, deafess Shriveled, umb ski Paiful uriatio Delirium, ucosciousess ad death Treatmet: Mild cases - drik liquids, keep warm. More severe cases require professioal medical treatmet.

30 Cold Weather First Aid Hypothermia Lowerig of the ier core temperature of the body. Ca ad usually does happe above freezig. The victim may ot recogize the symptoms ad may ot be able to thik clearly eough to react. Ijury or death may result. Predisposig Coditios: Poor physical coditio. Iadequate utritio ad water itake. Thi build. No-protective clothig. Gettig wet. Iadequate protectio from wid, rai ad sow. Exhaustio. Symptoms: Loss of ability to reaso. Shiverig. Slowig, drowsiess, fatigue. Stumblig. Thickess of speech. Amesia. Irratioality, poor judgmet. Halluciatios. Cyaosis (blueess of ski). Dilatio of pupils of eyes. Decreased heart ad respiratio rate. Stupor. Treatmet: Shelter the victim from wid ad weather. Isulate the victim from the groud. Chage wet clothig. Put o widproof, waterproof gear. Icrease exercise, if possible. Put i a pre-warmed sleepig bag. Give hot driks, followed by cady or other high-sugar foods. Apply exteral heat; hot stoes, hot catees. Huddle for body heat from others. Place victim i a tub of 105º F water. Never above 110º F. Prevetio: Keep rested, maitai good utritio. Cosume plety of high-eergy food. Use proper clothig. Make camp early if tired, ijured or lost. Get plety of exercise. Do't sit aroud much. Appoit a experieced perso to watch the group for sigs. Take immediate corrective actio for ay sigs.

31 Cold Weather First Aid Frostbite Tissue ijury ivolvig the actual freezig of the ski ad uderlyig tissues. Recovery is slow, severe frostbite ca lead to gagree. Oce exposed the victim will be predisposed toward frostbite i the future. Predisposig Coditios: Prologed exposure to temperatures 32º F or below. Brief exposure at extremely low temperatures, -25º F ad below. Exposed body parts Restrictio of circulatio. Fatigue, poor utritio, low liquid itake, poor physical coditio. Previous case of frostbite or other cold ijury. Symptoms: First Degree (Frostip) Redess, pai, burig, stigig or prickly sesatio. Pai disappears ad there is a sudde blachig of the ski. The ski may look mottled. Ski is firm to the touch, but resiliet udereath. O thawig, there is achig pai or browess. The ski may peel off, ad the part may remai cold for some time. Secod Degree (Superficial Frostbite, Frostbite) No pai, the part may feel dead. Numbess, hard to move the part. Tissue ad layers udereath are hard to the touch. After thawig (takes 3 to 20 days) pai, large blisters, sweatig. Black or discolored ski sloughs off, leavig teder ew ski. Third degree (Severe Frostbite) Full thickess of the ski is ivolved. After thawig, pai cotiues for 2 to 5 weeks. Fourth degree (Severe Frostbite) Ski ad boe are froze. Swellig ad sweatig occur. Gagree may develop, amputatio may be ecessary.

32 Cold Weather First Aid Frostbite Treatmet: Do ot rub affected area with sow. Hold it over fire, or use cold water to thaw it. Exercise the affected area to promote blood circulatio. Use ay warmth available to thaw area. Do ot attempt to thaw frostbitte limbs i the field. It is less harmful for the victim to walk out o a frostbitte limb tha to thaw it i the field. Thawig oly risks additioal ijury ad the victim will be i too much pai to walk. Check for hypothermia. Prevetio: Proper clothig. Good utritio, drik water, maitai core temperature. Use buddy system to check face, ose, ad ears. Immediate treatmet of mior symptoms.

33 Cold Weather First Aid Sow Blidess Iflammatio of the eye caused by exposure to reflected ultraviolet rays whe the su is shiig brightly o a expase of sow. Symptoms: Sesatio of grit i the eyes, made worse by eye movemet, waterig, redess, headache, ad icreased pai o exposure to light. Treatmet: Blidfold the victim ad get rest. Further exposure should be avoided. If uavoidable, the eyes should be protected with dark badages or the darkest suglasses. The coditio heals i a few days without permaet damage oce exposure is stopped. Prevetio: Wear suglasses whe ay dager is preset. Do ot wait for discomfort to begi.

34 Cold Weather First Aid Loss of Body Heat The body's process for maitaiig a eve temperature is called Homeostasis. The arms ad legs are used as a radiator to remove excess heat from the body. This process dilates the blood vessels, allowig more blood to flow to the ski surfaces. Whe the body temperature drops, these blood vessels costrict, decreasig blood flow, ad thereby, heat loss. This is why hads ad feet get umb whe cold, ad why they're particularly vulerable to frostbite. Sice your brai eeds oxyge to fuctio, your body ca't cut off the flow of blood to your head i order to coserve heat. Cosequetly, much of your body head ca be lost through a ucovered head ad eck. Radiatio. (55%) A major source of heat loss. Heat is lost directly from exposed ski ad the head. The head may lose up to oehalf of the body's total heat productio at 40 degrees F, ad up to three-quarters at 5 degrees F. Coductio. (15% w/covectio) Heat is lost through ski cotact with cold objects, primarily the hads, ad wet or tight clothig. Hadlig gasolie, ad other super-cooled liquids, at low temperatures is especially dagerous. Covectio Heat is lost from the wid carryig away heat from the surface of the ski. This icludes wid-chill effects. Evaporatio (21%) Loss from evaporatio of sweat, moisture from the ski ad lugs produces substatial heat loss. There is little that ca be doe about this. We eed to allow for this by usig breathable fabrics to allow this moisture to pass out freely. Respiratio (2-9%) Heat lost from ihalig cold air ad exhalig warm air.

35 Cold Weather First Aid Types of Cold Wet cold: 50º F to 14º F The most dagerous. Wide temperature variatios from meltig durig the day to freezig at ight makes proper dressig difficult, ad importat. Damp coditios from meltig sow or rai makes keepig dry difficult. Hypothermia ad dehydratio are the biggest cocers i these coditios, although frostbite ca occur at the lower ed of the temperature rage. Dry cold: 14º F to -20º F Groud is froze ad sow is dry ad crystallized. Strog wids cause the most cocer with keepig warm. Extra clothig layers ad wid-proof outer garmets should be added. Arctic cold: below -20º F Requires the most isulatio ad wid-proofig. May materials chage physical properties, becomig brittle. Oly for the most experieced campers. Frostbite is a major cocer i these coditios.

36 Cold Weather First Aid Carbo Mooxide Poisoig Carbo mooxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, poisoous gas. It is produced by the icomplete burig of solid, liquid, ad gaseous fuels. Appliaces fueled with atural gas, liquefied petroleum (LP gas), oil, kerosee, coal, or wood may produce CO. Burig charcoal produces CO. Ruig cars produce CO. Symptoms: Headache Fatigue Shortess of breath Nausea Dizziess Disorietatio Treatmet: Get the victim fresh air immediately Cotact a doctor for a proper diagosis After carig for the victim or have someoe else remove or tur off the fuel burig source (cadle, stove, heater, etc.) from the eclosed space. Prevetio: Never have a ope flame iside a tet. Never use portable fuel-burig campig equipmet iside a tet or other eclosed space. Never bur charcoal iside a tet or other eclosed space. Never service fuel-burig campig equipmet without proper kowledge, skills, ad tools. Always refer to the ower's maual whe performig mior adjustmets or servicig fuel-burig equipmet.

37 Cold Weather First Aid Chilblais A extreme reactio to cold, i which superficial blood vessels cotract excessively causig ski to go pale ad umb, the red, swolle, ad itchy; evetually ski may break; most commo o hads ad feet. Cold causes costrictio of the small arteries ad veis i the ski ad re-warmig results i leakage of blood ito the tissues ad swellig of the ski. Each chilblai comes up over a few hours as a itchy red swellig ad subsides over the ext 7-14 days. I severe cases blisterig, scabs, ad ulceratio ca occur. Occasioally the lesios may be rig-shaped. They may become thickeed ad persist for moths. Commo sites for chilblais are: Hads Feet Lower legs Thighs Nose Ears Treatmet Ufortuately chilblais respod poorly to treatmet. The followig may be useful: Keep affected parts as warm ad as dry as possible See a doctor A topical ati-itch cream applied accurately for a few days may relieve itch ad swellig. Atibiotic oitmet or oral atibiotics may be ecessary for secodary ifectio. Prevetio Warm clothig especially gloves, thick woole socks ad comfortable protective footwear. Keep the head ad eck warm with hat ad scarf.

38 Jauary 2005 Capital District Roudtable QUESTIONS?