Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute

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1 Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute To view CASI WEB TALKS with featured guest John Maris, visit the CASI YouTube page (CASI IASC)

2 CASI WEB TALKS A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors Dr. John Maris FCASI, FRAeS To view the webinar visit the CASI YouTube page (CASI IASC) or click on this link:

3 Dr. JOHN MARIS Founder and President of Marinvent Corporation CASI Fellow Past Chair of AIAC Will require extensive technical and operational development Almost certainly to be part of FAA s NextGen A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 3

4 Outline A brief history of analog displays in aviation The evolution of cockpits Synthetic Vision Systems Enhanced Vision Systems Combined Vision Systems Summary timeline of radio navigation systems A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 4

5 A Brief History of Analog (fuel) Displays A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 5

6 A Brief History of Analog (airspeed) Displays A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 6

7 Cockpits gradually became more complex.. Piper Cub DC-3 A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 7

8 And the pace accelerated A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 8

9 and kept accelerating A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 9

10 The lack of space led to some creative gauge evolution Tens of knots / M.P.H. and twice around the clock A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 10

11 Altimeters were also in difficulties A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 11

12 Commonwealth cockpits kept their own unique style (Bristol Freighter) A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 12

13 Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS) finally arrived (but looked exactly the same as their predecessors!) Before: Boeing 727 After: Boeing 737 A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 13

14 We eventually saw some light Gulfstream PlaneView A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 14

15 Airbus A 380 A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 15

16 CSeries Prototype A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 16

17 Global 7000 A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 17

18 S/A GPS for the Masses On May 1, 2000, President Clinton signed an order ending SA as part of an on-going effort to make GPS more attractive to civil and commercial users worldwide More than any other development, this opened the door to Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS), Enhanced Vision Systems (EVS), and even Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs). A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 18

19 Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) FAA definition: an electronic means to display a synthetic vision image of the external scene topography to the flight crew Head-up or head-down formats supported SVS systems can include Terrain, Obstacle, and Airport databases Class A EGPWS/TAWS displays were a precursor to SVS A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 19

20 Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) SVS can help situational awareness on the ground too: Controller: Cessna ###, what is your purpose here on the field? Pilot: I'm here for my check ride. (pause) Controller: Are you a bit nervous? Pilot: A bit... Controller: Because you landed on the taxiway instead of the assigned runway. Thanks to AVflash 10.22a A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 20

21 Garmin SVS A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 21

22 Collins SVS A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 22

23 Honeywell SVS A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 23

24 Universal SVS A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 24

25 2003 NASA Reno SVS Flight Trials A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 25

26 Enhanced Vision Systems (EVS) FAA defines EFVS as: an electronic means to provide a display of the forward external scene topography (the natural or manmade features of a place or region especially in a way to show their relative positions and elevation) through the use of imaging sensors, such as: forward-looking infrared (FLIR) millimeter-wave radiometry millimeter-wave radar low-light-level image intensifying Military head-up displays (HUD) with FLIR were the precursors of EVS. A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 26

27 Why EVS? October 30, 2000: a Boeing 747 attempts to take-off at Taiwan s Taipei airport, on a closed runway, at night, in torrential rain. The aircraft strikes construction equipment and disintegrates, killing 83. October 8, 2001: an MD-87 and a Cessna CJ2 collide on the ground at Italy s Milan airport, killing 118. Probable cause: runway incursion in early morning fog. A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 27

28 CMC Electronics SureSight EVS A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 28

29 EVS Technical Tidbits Ref: SAE ARD50019, Human Engineering Issues for Enhanced Vision Systems, EVS training Thermal crossover Thermal imprinting Eye vs. camera reference position Compelling displays A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 29

30 Key EVS Milestones June 18, 2001: FAA publishes final Special Conditions: Enhanced Vision System (EVS) for Gulfstream Model G-V Airplanes. October 16, 2001: Gulfstream announces first commercial EVS STC on its G-V business jet. January 5, 2004: FAA amends the definition of flight visibility and FARs Part 1, 91, 121, 125, and 135, to allow descent to 100 feet above touchdown zone elevation relying solely on EFVS references. February 2017: FAA about to permit EVS-only landings. A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 30

31 Enhanced Flight Visibility FAA definition: Enhanced flight visibility (EFV) means the average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent topographical objects may be clearly distinguished and identified by day or night by a pilot using an enhanced flight vision system. A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 31

32 Combined Vision Systems (Dassault FalconEye ) A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 32

33 A Timeline of Radio Navigation 1928 Four-course radio-range introduced 1944 New VOR system tested 1957 LORAN-C introduced by U.S. Navy 1961 FAA introduces DME Mid-1960s INS debuts in combat aircraft 1967 first public demonstration of satellite nav. capability 1969 first 16 Area Navigation (RNAV) routes established A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 33

34 A Timeline of Radio Navigation (cont d) 1973 last airway light beacon in the USA decommissioned 1980s first aircraft GPS units fielded 1983 Omega achieves full eight-station configuration 1994 FAA requests Free Flight concept study 2000 GPS S/A removed 2003 GPS WAAS IOC Today: Enhanced Vision Systems have received operational credit Synthetic Vision Systems have been deployed, but none with operational credit A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 34

35 Conclusion Aviation human factors have come a long way! Trends include: display integration, automation, simplification and reduction in crew size. Extrapolating: single- and zero-pilot passenger aircraft operations. Distributed command and control between aircraft, ground station, and automation. A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 35

36 A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 36

37 EVS and the FARs Type of Operation Part 91 Part 135 Part 121 Dispatch aircraft Begin instrument approach Begin final approach segment Continue past FAF to DH/MDA with weather reported below minimums Descend below Standard DH/MDA to 100 ft above TDZ elevation using EF VS No restrictions or credit No credit No credit 1. OK to 100 ft if the Enhanced Fl ight Visibility observed by use of a certified Enhanced Fl ight Vision System is not less than the visibility prescribed in the standard instrument approach procedure being used {91.175(1)} 2. The specified visual references are distinctly visible and identifiable to the pilot using the enhanced flight vision systemé and Land No credit Note: ŅEnhanced flight visibility (EFV) means the average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent topographical objects may be clearly distinguished and identified by day or night by a p ilot using an enhanced flight vision system.ó Flight Visibility is defined as: the average forward horizontal distance, from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at which prominent unlighted objects may be seen and identified by day and prominent lighted objects may be seen and identified by night (14 CFR Chapter 1, Subchapter A, Part 1, section 1.1) A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 37

38 EVS Training Training is required for EVS operational approval. Gulfstream G-V Part 91 EVS training program: Approximately four hours of ground school covering infra-red theory, pilot decision-making, etc. One simulator and/or flight-training session FlightSafety International provides EVS visual capability on one single simulator at its Savannah facility A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 38

39 EVS Tidbits: Thermal Cross-over The runway environment and surrounding terrain absorb and radiate heat at significantly different rates. Twice-daily, for several minutes, the runway and terrain thermal signatures match exactly. This is the EVS equivalent of white out in snow. All EVS contrast is lost. Crossover is somewhat predictable and can be forecast or reported. A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 39

40 EVS Tidbits: Thermal Imprinting Runways and ramps absorb heat from, or are shadowed by, nearby objects such as aircraft. This thermal imprint can persist for some time, even after the aircraft moves away. End result is that your EVS might see the signature of a departed 747 still on the threshold as you come in to land.!!! A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 40

41 EVS Tidbits: effects of camera position The EVS sensor and the pilot s eye may not be colocated or co-planar. Displacement can be a few inches to tens of meters for fin-mounted sensors. Resulting parallax can be disorientating and can cause misjudged obstacle clearance estimation, particularly during taxiing. A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 41

42 EVS Tidbits: compelling displays EVS head-up displays are conformal with the real-world view, and hence can obscure it. EVS displays become relatively more compelling as realworld cues diminish. Discipline is required to rely on faint real-world cues below 100 ft above TDZE. One procedure is to deactivate EVS when committing to the visual descent. This eliminates the potential for hazardously misleading information. Crew-coordination is essential to ensure that the correct set of cues are being followed at the correct time. A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 42

43 The Next Generation: Blended Vision Sensor-fused SVS/EVS/Millimeter Radar Imagery Attempts to blend the best of each sensor while eliminating their shortcomings Will require extensive technical and operational development Almost certainly to be part of FAA s NextGen A Brief History of Aviation Human Factors 43

44 Meet JOHN MARIS at

45 THANK YOU!

Operational Benefits, Affordability and Availability

Synthetic ti & Enhanced Vision i Operational Benefits, Affordability and Availability Tom Horne Experimental Test Pilot Mike Mena Director, Advanced Cockpit Programs Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation Gulfstream