Cultural Geography and Tourism

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1 DATES TO REMEMBER COURSE EVALUATION PERIOD NOW OPEN. Can do it on line or on a SmartPhone Visit OR (for smartphones) Sign in with your Hunter NetID and password Complete the evaluation(s) Check your Hunter account for notice from the Dean of Students. May 11: Last day to hand in PRE-APPROVED EXTRA CREDIT research paper or discussion paper. May 14: Last class lecture. Exercise 5 - My Neighborhood is due. THURS, May 21 from 1:45-3:45 PM: Final Exam Four essays focused on the major themes of cultural geography from a choice of 7 topics, plus definitions. Last day to hand in Geography in the News extra credit option (see syllabus). GEOG 247 Cultural Geography Cultural Geography and Tourism Prof. Anthony Grande Hunter College CUNY AFG A World to See Travel vs. Tourism Travel Destination orientation Purposeful Direct Tourism Leisure pursuit Acquisition activity Meandering Who is Traveling, Spending and Profiting Destinations Examples from travel brochures. France and the United States are top two destinations of tourists. The U.S. and Spain get the most economic benefit from tourists. Chinese and Germans are the biggest tourism spenders

2 What is Tourism? TOURISM: The temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence (but not for work), the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater to their needs; involves at least one overnight stay. Tour: a visit to see and observe Touring: the act of visiting places, whether guided or not; may be direct and in-person or from afar via car, bus, train or boat. Geography of Tourism The study of: The position and appearance of tourist centers Their individual natural, cultural and historical characteristics The attractions and traditions in the context of the area where they are found, The transportation network assuring the accessibility The links with other tourist centers 7 8 Geography and Travel The connections of geography and travel can be traced to ancient times, when geographers had no other way of describing and studying the world than traveling and seeing it for themselves: Writings of the Ancient Greeks, Roman and Chinese inventories, descriptions of Arab scholars. The role of tourism in academic geography and its study has grown with the industry and usually dates from the 1970s as a subfield of economic and cultural geography. 9 The Connect Between Tourism and Geography The connections between tourism and geography are linked to specific place, location, space, accessibility, and scale as well as the movement of people. It has an integrative character, containing key elements from all fields of geography -- physical, human and regional. It is related to other areas of study as history, geology, biology, art, religion and economics. Tourist region: an area designated by a government or travel bureau as exhibiting a unique cultural or environmental characteristics; a themed area; a destination. 10 Geography Describes the Traveler s World Provides criteria as why people travel to different places. Physical Geography: Environment can either encourage or discourage tourism activities: Landscapes, seasons Accessibility (ease to get to) Human Geography: Appeal (or lack) of a culture: Dress, language, food, arts, crafts can influence the tourism experience; Economics and politics play a role. Regional Geography: Physical and human geography come together: Large population centers with good transportation systems create high levels of tourism. Climate, time of year and proximity to large bodies of water affect decisions. Lure of regions (real or mental) can play an important part in choosing a destination. 11 The Connect Between Tourism and Geography Studies include: tourist resources (natural or man-made) tourism infrastructure (transportation, accommodation, amenities) types and forms of tourism tourist circulation (statistical research) tourist markets marketing tourist regions for financial gain Interaction of tourists with tour sites Analysis of the impact tourists and their activities have on a tour site and its people. 12 2

3 Cultural tourism Ecotourism Geotourism Heritage tourism Adventure tourism Types of Tourism Agritourism Industrial tourism Pilgrimage tourism Art tourism Architecture tourism Native tourism Culinary tourism Sun and sand tourism Sport and recreation Health and medical Cruise ship tourism Cultural Tourism Cultural tourism is the movement of persons to cultural attractions away from their normal place of residence, with the intention to gather new information and experiences to satisfy their cultural needs. It is concerned with an area s culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those people, their art, architecture, religion, and other elements that helped shape their way of life. Includes place myths recreations that persuade tourists that the local culture they see represents the real thing Cultural Tourism Human Aspects of Tourism Includes tourism in urban areas, particularly historic or large cities and their cultural facilities, as museums and theatres, historic sites and specialized forms of entertainment. Includes tourism in rural areas showcasing the traditions of indigenous cultural communities (festivals, rituals), and their values and lifestyle (recreated sites), as well as niches like industrial tourism, creative tourism and heritage tourism; includes state and national parks and sightseeing from a distance over long distances. Select a theme and location to visit Use transportation to travel away from home Arrive at and journey within a new place or space Investigate things to see and do and move about the area Acquire mementos and souvenirs, including photographic images Use transportation to travel back Arrive back home Use mementos to reconstruct trip (mental recall) Types of Tourists: preferences Why Travel? Ancients traveled to get to know the world. Renaissance (1400s-1700s) Ages of Enlightenment and Discovery Grand Tour (16th century): the first study abroad program for the wealthy and their children Travel for health: spas, mountain and seaside resorts (19th century)

4 Travel Advancements Holidays (from holy days) for workers (time off granted in UK) Railway opens U.S. to speedy travel to distant places Wealthy, educated class emerges to tour; Romanticism movement (literature and painting) of the late 1700s-mid1800s Vacations for middle classes (labor wins paid vacation time for workers in early 1900s) Mass tourism after WWII; in part from soldiers exposure to different areas of the world; expendable income and time Travel democratized; anyone can do it Travel for pleasure prevails (as opposed to education and cultural enlightenment) 19 Travel Incentives Tourism flourishes when: 1. Individuals have time (leisure time) and money (expendable income) to travel. 2. Travel is easy, safe and inexpensive (package deals reduce chance and risk; includes discounted transportation) 3. Currencies are easily exchangeable (international finance: credit cards, debit cards, traveler s checks, hotel vouchers). 4. Common languages are spoken. 5. Legal systems create personal safety. 20 The Reach of Tourism The Reach of Tourism Accommodations, food, activities and souvenirs provide cash for local people in tourist regions. Interaction between tourists and local people starts the cycle of acculturation and assimilation through exposure to each other s culture and traditions as they meet, interact, adapt to, and adopt traits of the other. Dress styles Food products Customs, as bowing or hand shakes Technology Traditional methods Native crafts Income dependence Exposure to illness Tourism System A tourism experience is the sum of all the parts of the system. Combines origin, destination and travel between them Sets and joins various tourism industries into a context: accommodation, food services, attractions, souvenir, travel services, health care, security, etc. Service and tourism go hand in hand Growth rate of the services sector is faster than any other sector Tourism is the leading producer of new jobs Tourism has developed an important part of the economic foundation of many countries, becoming the leading producer of foreign currency. 23 Economic Importance Tourism as an industry represents a very important part of the world s economy, both as a generator of income and as a source of jobs. UNWTO,

5 Tourism Development IMPACT How does tourism impact the economy, society, culture and environment? It is generally agreed that cultural tourists spend substantially more than standard tourists do. This form of tourism is becoming more popular throughout the world, and can play in regional economic development in different world regions. Opportunity for growth to developing areas Invisible exports from consumer collection of items Increasing foreign exchange earnings - leakage expenditures Increasing income - visitor spending, business expenditures Increasing employment - direct/ indirect Tourism development is a complex of interacting factors Societal and Cultural Impacts Meet new people with different customs Confrontation of new values, lifestyles, languages, wealth Hosts - residents of tourist site Guests - visitors to tourist site Health issues (vaccinations; water quality; sanitation; food preparation; interaction between people) Imperialism and the complications of historical contacts Environmental Impacts To cater to tourists need more water, accommodations, roads, power, waste disposal, airports and receiving stations Environmental Impacts Sustainable Tourism ECOTOURISM: Improves quality of life for host community Provides high quality experience for visitor Sensitive to ecology and biology of region Strengthens community identity Compatible with local values Manages tourism development resources

6 Tourism s Challenges and Opportunities Tourism is dependent on a healthy world economy and the safety of the travelers. Encourage growth of tourism as it creates jobs and brings money into the community or country. May change local social structure. Successful tourist industry can change the focus of an area s economy: in bad times this is disastrous. Unplanned tourism can lead to excessive demands of transportation, public services and degrade the environment. Can cause interpersonal conflicts between local residents and tourists. Tourism s Challenges and Opportunities How to avoid a variety of environmental problems? As we move toward a world economy will tourism increase? Will tourism have positive effects on the culture of host communities and countries or will tourism have negative effects on their culture? Safety of travelers in the age of actions of terrorists and groups meant to disrupt status quo. Protecting tourist sites from overuse and also from those wishing to destroy them Steps in a Promotional Program Development 1. Select target market and market segments 2. Set objectives based on consumer research and a results orientation 3. Establish a task-objective based budget 4. Determine a message to support product/service position 5. Create message format and appeal 6. Select promotional mix elements that adhere to budget for entire market 7. Determine appropriate media to reach each target segment 8. Measure and evaluate promotional effectiveness EGYPT An impossibly ancient civilization, Egypt offers legendary pyramids, monumental statuary, temples unearthed from the dry desert sands and pharaonic treasures as you sail along the Nile River. EUROPE Travel the great European rivers to experience its long history and its flourishing contemporary culture. RUSSIA Cruise between Moscow and St. Petersburg along the Volga and Svir. ASIA Asia is a fascinating juxtaposition of the past, present and future. See China's highlights and take a deluxe Yangtze River cruise or visit colorful Southeast Asia along the Mekong or Irrawaddy River Rich history and mystical wonders await you in Thailand and Myanmar. There s natural and spiritual beauty everywhere, from Bangkok s glittering Grand Palace to the countless ancient stupas and pagodas of Bagan to breathtaking Inle Lake, where waterside villages harbor floating gardens and a timeless tradition of silk weaving. Discover Burma of old, celebrated in Kipling s poem Mandalay, during an 8-day cruise along the verdant Irrawaddy River. And take in the colonial architecture and ornate palaces and pagodas of Yangon and Mandalay, fascinating melting pots of Asian cultures. Join Viking and witness this corner of Asia frozen in time. LEGENDS OF THE RHINE This journey provides a window into some of the historic eras and events that have shaped northern Europe. Cruise through the Middle Rhine Valley, lined with dozens of medieval castles, and take walking tours of castles and cobbled streets. Marvel at the soaring carved interiors and stained-glass windows of Cologne s iconic Gothic cathedral, and sample the local beers. Spend a full day enjoying the delightful Golden Age city of Amsterdam, including a canal boat tour. Hear the echoes of history on this 8-day itinerary

7 11 days cruising Antarctica takes you over the Drake Passage to discover incredible wildlife and landscapes at the foot of the world. Board your vessel in Ushuaia, the world's southernmost city, and cross the infamous Drake Passage on your way to the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. Keep a lookout for whales, penguins, and fur, elephant and leopard seals as you explore. Zodiac cruises take you in for a closer look, allowing you to see the wildlife, glaciers and other natural wonders up close. Visit a penguin colony in Orne Harbour. If you re feeling energetic, opt for a mountain hike, or even a Polar Plunge swim, for a frigid experience you will never forget! Canadian RR packages Romantic Rockies by Rail 7 Days / 6 Nights The beauty of the Canadian Rockies is best described as pastoral in summer and dazzling in winter. The color and mood of the mountains change with the sun s every nuance. The panoramic views offered by your VIA Rail dome car is bound to make for special and lasting memories. Romantic Rockies by rail is for everyone! Magic Africa Safaris Untouched Natural Beauty Africa's renowned wildlife attracts people from across the globe. The charm of spending time in the lap of nature is something you will cherish for the rest of your life. Africa offers so much to the adventurer in you. Magic Africa Safaris will take you into the heart of Africa and deliver breath taking scenes of natural beauty. Our Africa tours and safari packages feature some of the best locations. Whether it is family-friendly holidays or honeymoon packages, we deliver custom packages that suit your budget and requirement. Africa really does charm you! 39 7