AERIAL SURVEY OF ELEPHANTS IN NORTH EAST NAMIBIA SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 2007

Transcription

1 AERIAL SURVEY OF ELEPHANTS IN NORTH EAST NAMIBIA SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 2007 Commissioned b y C O N S E R V A T I O N I N T E R N A T I O N A L R e p ort Prepared by Michael Chase PO Box 682 Kasane Botswana Tel/Fax: er@info.bw January 2008

2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I gratefully acknowledge the long hours flown by Alan Parnass from Wings4Wildlife, and Mike Holding from Afriscreen. I would like to thank Simon Mayes for introducing the survey team to community members and to the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) staff based in the protected areas of the Caprivi. Leo Braack from Conservation International instigated this survey and has always been encouraging of this study and I am grateful for his support. I appreciate the assistance of my aerial observers, Thandazani Nkala and Kelly Landen. I am particularly indebted to Kelly who spent many hours meticulously verifying hundreds of observer photos. We wish to thank the Namibian MET for allowing us to undertake this study in the Caprivi Strip. In particular, we acknowledge the support of Toivo Uahengo and Holger Kolberg. This aerial survey was made possible with funding received from Conservation International, provided by the Gale Family. We thank Carol Murphy, Garth Owen -Smith, Richard Diggle, and John Hanks for their support. * Cover Photo: E l e p h a n t s i n K h a u d o m N a t i o n a l P a r k ( K. L a n d e n ) ii

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This repo rt presents the results of an aerial survey of elephants in North East Namibia conducted during September and October 2007 (Sept - Oct 2007). The purpose of this survey was to provide recent information on the distribution and abundance of elephants. The report compares the results of the Sept-Oct 2007 aerial survey to earlier surveys conducted in August 2004 (Aug04) by the Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET) and November 2005 (Nov05) by Conservation International. Maps and tables illustrating the distr ibution and abundance of elephants in various areas are presented. Elephant numbers were highest in conservation areas. Based upon our Sept -Oct 2007 aerial survey of the Caprivi Strip, elephant numbers (14,064) increased by nearly 20% since August 2004 (11,801) (MET 2004). The dispersal of elephants into the Caprivi from Botswana may account for this increase. Number of elephants seen, survey estimates and densities (km 2 ) by area on three aerial surveys of North East Namibia. Area Area Number Seen Survey Estimate Density ( k m 2 ) North East Khaudom Khaudom Khaudom Khaudom Khaudom Mahango Buffalo Susuwe East Caprivi N Con Mudumu NP S Con Mamili NP Mike2 a Chobe FP T o t a l b a I n c l u d e s t h e s i x c o m m u n i t y conservancies and Mudmu and Mamili NPs b E s t i m a t e a n d d e n s i t y e x c l u d e K h a u d o m N P, w h i c h w a s n o t s u r v e y e d i n iii

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi AERIAL SURVEY OF ELEPHANTS IN NORTH EAST NAMIBIA... 1 Introduction Study Area Methods Page Data Analyses Results Elephant Distribution... 9 Herd Observations and Abundance Discussion Elephant Distribution Herd Observations and Abundance Conclusion References Appendix iv

5 LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1. Survey transect lengths and spacing by area for aerial survey of elephants in North East Namibia Table 2. Elephant herds counted, mean and standard deviations (SD) by survey area Table 3. Herd number, type and mean (X) herd size and standard deviations (SD) by observer Table 4. Estimates of elephant numbers in North East Namibia, by survey area, Sept -Oct Table 5. Number of elephants seen, survey estimates and densities (km 2 ) by area on three aerial surveys of North East Namibia v

6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 1. The Caprivi Strip of Namibia and areas surveyed Figure 2. Areas surveyed, survey coverage, and recorded flight paths for the Sept-Oct 2007 aerail survey of North East Namibia Figure 3. Distribution of elephant herds on dry season aerial survey, Sept- Oct Figure 4. Estimates of elephant numbers from three aerial surveys in North East Namibia Figure 5. Seasonal movements of two elephants in the Caprivi and southern Angola Figure 6. Seasonal movements of two elephants in the Caprivi and southern Zambia vi

7 AERIAL SURVEY OF ELEPHANTS IN NORTH EAST NAMIBIA SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 2007 Introduction The elephants of the Caprivi Strip are part of a larger elephant population stretching across Botswana, Angola and Zambia (Chase, 2007). The Caprivi elephant populati o n now provides the critical link for re -colonizing the conservation areas of southeast Angola and southwest Zambia where elephant and other wildlife populations were decimated by decades-long political unrest in the region. During September and October (Sept- Oct 2007), we conducted an aerial survey over North East Namibia to determine the distribution and abundance of elephants. The first comprehensive survey of elephants in the region was conducted in 1988 with eight additional surveys over the next 17 years. We also present and compare our Sept Oct 2007 aerial survey results with the results of two earlier aerial surveys conducted by MET in August 2004 (Aug04) and Conservation International (CI) in November 2005 (Nov05). These surveys provide baseline information for evaluating elephant population estimates, trends and the impacts of conservation programmes on the elephants of the Caprivi. Study Area The Caprivi region of Namibia (~18,000 km 2 ) is surrounded by Angola, Botswana, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, lying between the Kavango River in the west, and the Zambezi and Chobe rivers in the east. The Kwando River separates the East and West Caprivi. Our survey area in the West Caprivi included the proposed Bwabwata National Park (NP) along the west side of the Kwando River (992 km 2 ); however, the eastern section of this park is referred to as Susuwe in this study to be consistent with previous surveys. Our survey area also included an area called Buffalo (554 km 2 ) along the Kavango River (Figure 1). We also included the small Mahango Game Park (244 km 2 ) on the west side of the Kavango River. In the East Caprivi, our survey area included Mudumu NP (706 km 2 ), Mamili NP (400 km 2 ), and six community concession areas (Kwandu, Mayuni, Mashi, Balyerwa, 1

8 Wuparo, Malengalenga), all of which are on the east side of the Kwando River. The first three conservancies are north of Mudumu NP and referred to as the north conservancies, while the latter three areas occur between Mamili and Mudumu NPs and are referred to as the south conservancies in this study. Collectively, these two parks and six community concessions are referred to as MIKE2 in our survey results and in the MET Aug04 survey. We excluded a ~1,500 km 2 area of the East Caprivi, where there are extensive human settlements, agriculture and an absence of elephants during the dry season (Chase & Griffin, 2004; MET, 2004). The last area we included in our survey occurred on the Chobe and Zambezi river floodplains (2,791 km 2 ), which have three conservancies, Salambala, Kasika and Impalila. This area is referred to as the Chobe Floodplains in this report. Figure 1. The Caprivi Strip of Namibia and areas surveyed. NA MIBIA ANGOLA Okavango R Mahango Khaudom 5 Khaudom 4 Khaudom 3 Khaudom 2 Khaudom 1 Buffalo Luiana Partial Reserve Sioma Ngwezi N P Susuwe N C o n Kwando R P r o p o s e d B w a b wata NP Madumu S Con M o remi Mamili Linyanti R ZAMBIA Zambezi R Chobe NP C h o b e Floodplains Chobe R BOTSWANA 2

9 Methods The survey was conducted between September and October, whi ch corresponded with the peak dry season when we expected increased visibility and elephants to be congregated near permanent water. We surveyed eight areas with four each in the West and East Caprivi, similar to those areas used on the MET (2004) survey. We excluded three strata (Kavango, West Caprivi and East Caprivi) for this survey due to funding limitations and because few elephants were observed in these areas during the MET (2004) dry season survey. The Sept- Oct 2007 survey strata which were also flown on the MET Aug04 survey include: Khaudom, Mahango, Buffalo, Susuwe, a region collectively called MIKE2, which includes six community conservancies, Mudumu and Mamili NPs, and the Chobe Floodplains, which includes three community conservancies. Transects were flown at 100 knots using a Cessna single engine plane, and altitude was maintained using a radar altimeter. Flight transects were systematically flown along generally east/west axes, corresponding to the perpendicular gradient of major watercourses. For logistical reasons, we flew the MIKE2, and Chobe Floodplain areas in a n o r t h- south orientation. Prior to flying, all transects were incorporated into a digital map of the survey area with their beginning and end point coordinates. This digital map was created using ArcView 3.2 (ESRI 2002) software and showed observable landmarks and boundaries. All transects were mapped as routes prior to flying and shown on the digital map with their beginning and end point coordinates. We used GPS receivers ( Garmin 12xl, Garmin 176c) and DNR Garmin software (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, GIS Section) to navigate along transects. Transect lengths were typically no longer than 30 km and could be flown in ~10 minutes, thereby reducing observer fatigue. Using standard methodology for strip transect sampling developed by Norton- Griffiths (1978), only elephants that were observed within the interval were counted and recorded. Observers recorded herds when elephants were as nearly perpendicular to the plane as possible. Additionally, a mark was put on the plane window to help observers keep their eyes at a consistent height to maintain the same sighting angle for each observation. This helped us to keep consistent interval widths for each observation. Any 3

10 animals outside of the area delineated by these wands were not counted. For each elephant seen within the transect interval, the observer called out the numbers of elephants, herd type (bull or family group). With each herd observation, a data recorder entered a waypoint on the GPS. The recorder also kept a written data log for each observation including: the waypoint number and time, altitude from the radar altimeter, and number of elephants observed. The start and end times for each transect wer e also recorded. A cassette recorder was used as a backup to observations. The cassette recorder was connected to the speaker - headphone system used by the two observers and data recorder. The same two observers were used throughout the survey, one on each side of the plane. Both of the observers had extensive previous aerial survey experience (> 350 hrs) prior to this project. For this survey we used the methodology of the MET (2004) and Chase (2005) survey. We attached two wands to each of the wing struts to delineate a 250-m interval for recording elephant observations at an altitude of 90 m. We used four levels of sampling intensity (Table 1). In Mamili NP we flew a total count and spaced transects 500m apart. In areas designated for high intensity sampling, we spaced transects 1.25 km apart, providing a ~ 40% sampling coverage. Transects were spaced 2 km apart in areas that we designated for moderate sampling intensity, providing a sampling coverage of ~20%. We used a transect spacing of 2.5 km for low intensity sampling areas, providing ~14% sampling coverage (Figure 2). We typically flew transects during morning hours (~ ~1130 hrs); however, Mahango NP was flown between ~ ~1730 hrs due to logistical constraints. 4

11 Table 1. Survey transect lengths and spacing by area for aerial survey of elephants in North East Namibia. Area Area (km 2 ) October 2007 Transect length (km) Transect s p a c i n g (km) North East Khaudom NP Mahango NP Buffalo NP Susuwe East Caprivi North Conservancies Mudumu NP South Conservancies Mamili NP Mike2 a Chobe/Zambezi Floodplain Total a Includes the north and south conservancies, Mudumu and Mamili NPs. 5

12 Figure 2. Areas surveyed, survey coverage, and recorded flight paths for the Sept - Oct 2007 aerail survey of North East Namibia. W E S T C A P R I V I EAST CAPRIVI 6

13 Interval widths on each side of the plane were calibrated and confirmed prior to initiating each survey by placing markers at measured distances on the ground and conducting flyover tests. After repeated flyovers and photo verification, wands were adjusted to p rovide the designated interval widths at appropriate flight altitude. The aluminum wands were semi -permanently attached to the struts for the duration of each survey. To verify herd size and the sighting of herds within the interval defined by the wands, two cameras were used. The components of the camera system consisted of the two cameras with 20-m m w i d e-angle lenses, camera backs with time code generators, and two window camera mounts. A camera was mounted on each side of the plane and the center of the lenses corresponded with the marks on the plane window that were used to help observers keep their eyes at a consistent height for each observation. The cameras provided high -resolution photos so that animals could be more accurately counted during sub sequent a n a l yses. Typically, observers took a picture with each elephant observation. A GPS time code and date were recorded to the second for every frame exposed. Data Analyses Photo- Interpretation. The digital photos of each herd photographed were interpreted and compared to the observers counts. This method verified and/or corrected observers herd counts and whether elephants occurred within the strip interval. This method was especially helpful in counting large herds that are difficult to cou nt accurately. Strip Transect Sampling. Following the guidelines developed by Norton- Griffiths (1978), we adjusted for altitude and calculated abundance estimates for each stratum and summed these estimates to obtain a total for our entire survey area. We used the traditional Jolly s Method II for unequal sized sampling units (Jolly, 1969) to calculate variance for each stratum. If the lower limit of the confidence interval was less than the actual number of elephants counted within the strip, the latter was used as the lower limit of the 95% range. 7

14 Results For the entire 7,357 - k m 2 survey area, 283 transects were flown, totaling 5,717 km. (Table 1). Flight altitude averaged 92 m (range m) for herd observations. We observed 684 elephant herds (Figure 3). Figure 3. Distribution of elephant herds on dry season aerial survey, Sept-Oct Okavango R B u f f a l o N P N A M I B I A M a h a n g o N P Khaudom Omuramba K h a u d o m N P B O T S W A N A A N G O L A S u s u w e N o r t h C o n s e r v a n c i e s E A S T C A P R I V I M u d u m u N P B O T S W A N A Kwando R S o u t h C o n s e r v a n c i e s Z A M B I A Zambezi R E A S T C A P R I V I S a l a m b a l a Chobe R Linyanti R B O T S W A N A 8

15 Elephant Distribution During the survey, most of the elephant herds occurred in Mamili NP (n = 226), Mudumu NP (n = 129) and Buffalo NP (n = 104) (Figure 2, Table 2). The majority of elephant herds occurred within 30 km of the perennial Kwando, Linyanti and Okavango rivers (Figure 2). However, few elephants (n = 15) occurred within the conservancies north and south of Mudumu NP. Susuwe along the west side of the Kwando River also had fewer elephants than on previous aerial surveys in Aug04 and Nov05. However, in contrast to previous surveys flown by MET (2004) and Chase (2005), numerous herds occurred in Mamili NP (Figure 2, Table 2). In the West Caprivi along the Kavango River, large numbers of elephants occurred within Buffalo on the east side of the river, but relatively few elephants occurred in Mahango on the west side of the river. The few herds that occurred away from riv ers in the Khaudum NP and the Salambala conservancy were associated with artificial water sources. Table 2. Elephant herds counted, mean and standard deviations (SD) by survey area. Survey Area Herds Counted Sum Average M a x Min SD Buffalo Chobe FP Khaudum Khaudum Khaudum Khaudum Khaudom MadumuNP Mahango MamiliNP Ncons Scons Susuwe T o t a l Herd Observations and Abundance We observed 684 herds including 351 bull and 333 family groups. Bull herd size averaged 2.8 elephants (range 1-35), while family group size averaged 13.5 (range 2-72). There were no differences between the two observers in total numbers of herds, numbers of b u l l herds and numbers of family groups (Table 3). 9

16 Table 3. Herd number, type and mean (X) herd size and standard deviations (SD) by observer. Observer No. herds observed No. bull herds No. of breeding herds X bull herd size (SD) X family group size (SD) L (2.2) 13.5 (12.6) R (2.6) 13.5 (13.1) Total (3.1) 13.5 (10.9) Combining herd observations for both observers and accounting for average flight altitudes, strip transect sampling provided an estimated total of 14,064 elephants for the 10,329 km 2 survey area (1.36 elephants/km 2 ) (Table 4). Table 4. Estimates of elephant numbers in North East Namibia, by survey area, Sept -Oct Size Number Seen Statistics Area (Km 2 ) Family Bull Total Lower N Upper Variance SE 95% CI CI as % N North East Khaudom % Khaudom % Khaudom % Khaudom % Khaudom % Mahango % Buffalo % Susuwe % 2207 East Caprivi N Con % Mudumu NP % S Con % Mamili NP Mike2 a % Chobe FP % Total % a Includes the six community conservancies and Mudmu and Mamili NPs 1 0

17 For the areas flown on earlier dry season surveys by MET (2004) and Chase (2005) there were significant differences in estimated elephant numbers between the Sept- Oct 2007 aerial survey (Figure 4, Table 5). Figure 4. Estimates of elephant numbers from three aerial surveys in North East Namibia Elephants Elephants Estimate Mahango Buffalo Susuwe Estimate N Con Mudumu NP S Con Mamili NP Mike2 Chobe FP Elephants Estimate Khaudom1 Khaudom2 Khaudom3 Khaudom4 Khaudom5 Compared to the MET dry season survey in 2004, estimated elephant numbers from our Sept-Oct 2007 aerial survey was about 3 times higher for Mamili NP and the Chobe Floodplains. In contrast to previous dry season aerial surveys (2004 and 2005) estimated elephant numbers nearly doubled for Buffalo and Mudumu NP. Elephant populations declined in the Susuwe area and in the conservancies along the Kwando River. There was little difference in estimates for Mahango NP (Table 5). 1 1

18 Table 5. Number of elephants seen, survey estimates and densities (km 2 ) by area on three aerial surveys of North East Namibia. Area Area Number Seen Survey Estimate Density ( k m 2 ) North East Khaudom Khaudom Khaudom Khaudom Khaudom Mahango Buffalo Susuwe East Caprivi N Con Mudumu NP S Con Mamili NP Mike2 a Chobe FP T o t a l b a Includes the six community conservancies and Mudmu and Mamili NPs b Estimate and density exclude Khaudom NP, which was not surveyed in 2005 Discussion Elephant Distribution The distribution of elephants was highly affected by the availability of water and human settlements. Most herds occurred within 30 km of perennial rivers (Okavango, Kwando, Linyanti) and primarily within protected areas (Figure 3). Elephants tended to avoid human settlements along the east side of the Kwando River where few elephants were observed outside protected areas. However, elephants occurred in large numbers along the Chobe and Zambezi Rivers (Chobe Floodplain area) despite the high density of human settlements and extensive small-scale agricultural fields (Figu re 3). The decline in elephants observed in the southern and northern conservancies between the 2005 and 2007 surveys is unknown (Table 5). Elephant numbers have increased considerably from 953 in 2004 to 2,542 in the Chobe Floodplain areas, which include s the recently established Impalila and Kasika conservancies, which adjoin the Chobe and Zambezi Rivers. These 1 2

19 community conservation programs may contribute to increased tolerance of elephants in these communities (Barnes, 1998). A similar pattern of elep hant distribution and human settlements also occurred along the Kavango River where elephants avoided community areas on the west side of the river north of Mahango NP. Thus, elephants were restricted to the two protected areas along the river. The distribution of elephants on the Sept - Oct 2007 dry season survey was very similar to that reported by Rodwell et al., (1994), Craig (1998), MET (2004) and Chase (2005) on their dry season surveys. Most elephants were concentrated along the Kavango Kwando and Chobe rivers for these three surveys. Herd Observations and Abundance Our Sept - Oct 2007 survey methodology and transects duplicated those flown for the MET survey (MET, 2004). Our Sept-Oct 2007 estimate of elephant numbers (14,064) was 2,263 elephants higher than that reported for the MET survey (11,801) for the same survey area (Table 5). The total area surveyed was similar in size (~ 10,329 km 2 ) for the two surveys, and elephant densities between the two surveys were similar (1.14 vs elephants/k m 2 ). The decrease in elephant numbers in Susuwe between the three aerial surveys is unknown. However, the decline may be attributed to the disturbance associated with the recent introduction of sport hunting in the area. Further, the absence of large i n creases in elephant numbers in Susuwe during the dry season may also be attributed to the movements of elephants into southeast Angola. This is supported by Conservation International s telemetry studies of elephants in the region. Four elephants we originally collared in northern Botswana, Susuwe and Sioma Ngwezi NP in Zambia between (Chase & Griffin, 2006) had dry season movements into southeast Angola (Figure 5). 1 3

20 Figure 5. Seasonal movements of two elephants in the Caprivi and southern Angola. Elephant CH 16 Elephant CH 10 Wet ZAMBIA Dry ZAMBIA Kwando R Zambezi R Kwando R Wet Dry Zambezi R Jamba ANGOLA ANGOLA Jamba EAST Caprivi EAST Caprivi Fence Fence BOTSWANA BOTSWANA In Mamili and Mudumu NP elephant numbers increased greatly between our 2005 and 2007 dry season surveys. The large elephant population in these protected areas in the dry season coincided with collared elephants in Sioma Ngwezi moving south into Mudumu NP for the dry season. Chase and Griffin (2006) reported that elephants disperse from Sioma Ngwezi NP during the dry season due to limited water in seasonal pans, extensive bush fires and human disturbance (Figure 6). Fi gure 6. Seasonal movements of two elephants in the Caprivi and southern Zambia. Elephant CH 2B Elephant CH 13 Sioma Ngwezi N P Zambezi R Wet D r y Sioma Ngwezi N P Zambezi R Wet D r y ZAMBIA ZAMBIA Kwando R Road EAST Caprivi Kwando R Fence Mudumu NP Linyanti R BOTSWANA Fence EAST Caprivi Linyanti R C h o b e N P BOTSWANA 1 4

21 The increase in elephant numbers in Mamili NP may be attributed to elephants moving from northern Botswana. The Sept- Oct 2007 survey estimate for Mahango NP on the west side of the Okavango River was about 60% lower compared to the MET (2004) survey and previous surveys of the park since 1990 (Appendix 1). The large decline since the Aug04 (MET 2004) survey may be related to the dispersal of elephants east into the Buffalo area were elephant numbers have increased significantly since the Nov05 aerial surveys (1,116 vs 3,008). Conclusion Our Sept - Oct 2007 survey estimates are higher than previous aerial surveys flown in Aug04 and Nov05 over the Caprivi region and North East Namibia. The dispersal of elephants from Botswana, may account for greater elephant numbers in the East Caprivi. Telemetry studies indicate that elephants are dispersing into Angola and Zambia from the Caprivi and Botswana, especial l y along the Kwando River and East Caprivi (Chase 2007). Further, elephant distribution along the Kwando River was greatly affected by human settlements. However, substantial numbers of elephants occurred within the conservancies of the Chobe Floodplain area. These conservancies together with the Kwando River provide critical habitats for elephants and facilitate the dispersal of elephants from Botswana, through the Caprivi into SW Zambia. 1 5

22 References Chase, M.J., & Griffin, C.R. (2004) Elephant distribution and abundance in the Caprivi Strip: Results of an aerial survey in Draft Final Report, January 20, 2004, submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Namibia. pp. 11. Chase, M.J. & Griffin, C.R. (2006) Elephant distribution and ab undance in the Lower Kwando River Basin and Caprivi Strip, November Report to USFWS. pp. 18. Chase, M.J. (2007) Home ranges, transboundary movements and harvest of elephants in northern Botswana, and factors affecting elephant distribution and abundance in the Lower Kwando River Basin. Phd, Dissertation. Dept. of Wildlife and Fisheries Conservation. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. DNR Garmin Extension. (2002) Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, GIS Section. Available from: extensions/dnrgarmin/dnrgarmin.html (accessed June 2002). Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). (2002) ArcView GIS version 3.2. ESRI, Redlands, California. Jolly, G.M. (1969) Sampling methods for aerial census of wildlife populations. East African Agriculture and Forestry Journal 34, Martin, R.B. (2005) Transboundary species project, background study, Elephants. Ministr y of Environment and Tourism, and the Namibian Nature Foundation. Namibia. Martin, R.B. (2006) The Mudumu North Complex. Wildlife co - management in the Kwando Area of the Caprivi. Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Windhoek. Mendelsohn, J., & Roberts, R Environmental profile of the Caprivi Strip. Windhoek, Namibia. Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MET). (2004) Aerial survey of north east Namibia, 11 August 19 September Technical reports of scientific services. Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Windhoek, Namibia. Norton- Griffiths, M. (1978) Counting animals. African Wildlife Leadership Foundation. Nairobi, Kenya. pp Rodwell, T.C. (1995) Caprivi Elephant Monitoring Project, Final Report. Division of Environmental Studies. University of California, Davis. 1 6

23 Appendix Appendix 1. Elephant population estimates for the Caprivi Strip, Namibia. West Caprivi East Caprivi Year Mahango NP Buffalo NP WCGR Susuwe Sub Total Mudumu NP Mamili NP Forest Sub Total Total Source ,509 1,541 1,541 Rodwell Rodwell ,936 2,264 Rodwell ,550 2,189 Rodwell ,768 1,974 Rodwell ,353 1,735 Rodwell Rodwell ,037 Rodwell ,075 1,387 2,271 Rodwell ,468 Rodwell ,085 1, ,025 2,429 Rodwell Martin , ,825 4, ,924 Rodwell , ,953 4, ,071 5,804 Rodwell ,457 2,278 Martin , ,549 3, , ,508 4,576 Craig Martin Martin , ,754 4, ,182 5,318 Chase & Griffin , ,563 4, ,803 7,671 MET , ,984 3,456 1, ,242 Chase & Griffin ,008 1,187 4,332 2,113 1,935 4,048 8,380 Chase