15/03/ Basic concepts of tourism 2. Microeconomics 3. Macroeconomics 4. Tourism demand 5. Tourism expenditure 6. Tourism supply Mid-term

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1 1. Basic concepts of tourism 2. Microeconomics 3. Macroeconomics 4. Tourism demand 5. Tourism expenditure 6. Tourism supply Mid-term 7. Tourism and balance of payments 8. Tourism and national income 9. Tourism and employment 10. Factors affecting balance in tourism 11. Tourism development and sustainability 12. Analysis of World & Turkish tourism 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 2 Scope: a) Consumption products: Goods & services directly acquired by visitors; part of consumption expenditure Tourism related products Non-tourism related products Tourism characteristic products Tourism connected products Tourism characteristic activities b) Non-consumption products: Tourism investment & support services; valuables 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 3 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 4 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 5 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 6 1

2 i. Package travel, package holidays and package tours ii. Accommodation iii. Food and drink iv. Local transport v. International transport vi. Recreation, culture and sporting activities vii. Shopping viii. Others (non-tourism related consumption products) internationally comparable tourism characteristic products Tourism industry Using supply resources Supplies (and creates economic value) Any kind of economic & free product Or a combination of these To the visitor 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 7 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 8 1. Goods & services (commercial) approach 2. Total tourism product approach 3. Experiential approach 4. Destination approach (product mix) 1. Attractions Turns potential demand into effective demand by motivating the individual(s) 2. Facilities Facilitates the attractions: Infrastructure & establishments 3. Accessibility Transportation, economic distance, approachability & security 4. Image 5. Price 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 9 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 10 Abstract Different methods of production Perishability Different channels of production High purchasing risk Irrational purchasing decision Inseparability Seasonality Easily replicated Variable 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 11 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 12 2

3 Establishment: The unit which provides data that are suitable for analyses of production The productive activities that provide the goods and services that visitors acquire The direct provision to visitors of the goods and services that make up tourism expenditure 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 13 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 14 The grouping of all establishments With the same main activity Which serves visitors directly And is one of the tourism characteristic activities Constitutes a tourism industry Establishments are classified according to their main activity The activity that generates the most value added Total output value & output by product Total intermediate consumption Total gross value added Total compensation of employees Gross operating surplus Gross fixed capital formation Net acquisition of land and intangible assets Number of establishments classified Information on employment Relevant non-monetary indicators (e.g. occupancy rates) 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 15 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 16 a) Commercial Paid service / subsidised / non-commercial b) Non-commercial c) Timeshare Classification & cross-classification Usually national Challenges: Range of activities, invoicing, taxes etc. TURİZM YATIRIMI BELGELİ TURİZM İŞLETMESİ BELGELİ TÜRÜ SINIFI Tourism Investment Licenced Tourism Operation Licenced Type Class SAYISI ODA SAYISI YATAK SAYISI ODA SAYISI YATAK TESİS SAYISI TESİS SAYISI Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Establishments Rooms Beds Establishments Rooms Beds 5 YILDIZLI / 5 Stars YILDIZLI / 4 Stars OTELLER (Hotels) 3 YILDIZLI / 3 Stars YILDIZLI / 2 Stars YILDIZLI / 1 Star TOPLAM - Total SINIF / 1st Class MOTELLER (Motels) 2.SINIF / 2nd Class Motel / Motel TOPLAM - Total SINIF / 1st Class (5 YILDIZLI / 5 Stars) TATİL KÖYLERİ (Holiday Villages) 2.SINIF / 2nd Class (4 YILDIZLI / 4 Stars) TOPLAM - Total YILDIZLI / 5 Stars YILDIZLI / 4 Stars TERMAL OTELLER (Thermal Hotels) 3 YILDIZLI / 3 Stars YILDIZLI / 2 Stars 1 YILDIZLI / 1 Stars TOPLAM - Total :45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 17 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 18 3

4 TURİZM YATIRIMI BELGELİ TURİZM İŞLETMESİ BELGELİ TÜRÜ SINIFI Tourism Investment Licenced Tourism Operation Licenced Type Class SAYISI ODA SAYISI YATAK SAYISI ODA SAYISI YATAK TESİS SAYISI TESİS SAYISI Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Establishments Rooms Beds Establishments Rooms Beds TERMAL TATİL KÖYLERİ 5 YILDIZLI / 5 Stars (Thermal Holiday Villages) 4 YILDIZLI / 4 Stars TOPLAM - Total TERMAL MÜSTAKİL APART OTEL (Thermal Apart Hotel) PANSİYONLAR (Boarding Houses) KAMPİNGLER (Campings) OBERJLER (Inns) APART OTELLER (Apart Hotels) ÖZEL TESİS (Special Establishments) GOLF TESİSLERİ (Golf Facilities with Accommodation) EĞİTİM VE UYGULAMA TESİSLERİ (Training and Practice Establishments) TURİZM KOMPLEKSİ (Tourism Complex) BUTİK OTEL (Boutique Hotel) B TİPİ TATİL SİTESİ (B Type Holiday Site) BUTİK TATİL VİLLALARI (Boutique Holiday Villa) DAĞ EVİ (Mountain House) ÇİFTLİK EVİ / KÖY EVİ ( Ranch / Village House ) YAYLA EVİ ( Mountain Pasture House) HOSTEL ( Hostel) T O P L A M / T o t a l Accommodation statistics The number of arrivals Nights spent Occupancy rate The average length of stay 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 19 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ TESİSLERE GELİŞ SAYISI, GECELEME, ORTALAMA KALIŞ SÜRESİ VE DOLULUK ORANLARININ TESİS TÜR VE SINIFLARINA GÖRE DAĞILIMI (2015) Distribution of Number of Arrivals, Nights Spent, Average Length of Stay and Occupancy Rates in Turkey by Type And Class of Establishment TESİSE GELİŞ SAYISI GECELEME ORTALAMA KALIŞ SÜRESİ Number of Arrivals Nights Spent Average Length of Stay DOLULUK ORANI % Occupancy Rate % TESİS TÜR VE SINIFI YABANCI YERLİ TOPLAM YABANCI YERLİ TOPLAM YABANCI YERLİ TOPLAM YABANCI YERLİ TOPLAM Type and Class of Foreigner Citizen Total Foreigner Citizen Total Foreigner Citizen Total Foreigner Citizen Total Establishment Months / days operating in the year Number of rooms or accommodation units Number of bed places Occupancy rates (by rooms / by beds) Gross / net Revenue per available room OTEL HOTEL 5 YILDIZ ,4 2,2 3,6 42,64 11,73 54,37 5 Star 4 YILDIZ ,4 1,7 3,2 39,76 12,82 52,58 4 Star 3 YILDIZ ,1 1,6 2,1 20,56 22,05 42,61 3 Star 2 YILDIZ ,8 1,5 1,7 11,17 23,60 34,76 2 Star 1 YILDIZ ,2 1,6 2,2 19,21 16,39 35,59 1 Star OTEL TOPLAMI ,2 1,8 3,1 36,78 14,23 51,01 TOTAL HOTELS MOTEL ,3 1,5 1,7 6,95 16,87 23,81 MOTEL PANSİYON ,2 1,6 1,8 5,71 17,96 23,67 BOARDING HOUSE TATİL KÖYÜ ,1 3,4 5,5 54,94 7,92 62,86 HOLIDAY VILLAGE OBERJ ,2 1,5 1,5 0,45 45,66 46,11 INN KAMPİNG ,0 1,6 2,2 26,92 18,37 45,28 CAMPING GOLF TESİSİ ,5 1,1 1,5 71,00 4,85 75,85 GOLF EST. HOSTEL ,0 2,2 2,5 15,53 32,11 47,64 HOSTEL TURİZM KOMPLEKSİ ,9 2,2 3,3 29,66 17,68 47,34 TOURISM COMPLEX DAĞ EVİ ,7 1,5 1,5 1,29 24,12 25,41 MOUNTAIN HOUSE ÇİFTLİK EVİ-KÖY EVİ ,5 1,4 1,6 3,81 11,45 15,26 RANCH / V. HOUSE ÖZEL TESİS ,9 1,7 2,4 30,29 15,62 45,91 SPECIAL EST. BUTİK OTEL ,5 1,5 2,0 22,75 18,56 41,31 BOUTIQUE HOTEL APART OTEL ,3 2,0 2,9 39,07 8,62 47,69 APART HOTEL TERMAL OTEL ,5 1,9 1,8 11,11 30,77 41,88 THERMAL OTEL B TİPİ TATİL SİTESİ ,3 1,7 2,4 29,75 19,70 49,44 B TYPE OF HOLİDAY YAYLA EVİ ,3 2,9 2,9 0,07 15,12 15,20 UPLAND HOUSE TERMAL APART OTEL ,2 2,1 2,1 2,33 45,01 47,35 THERMAL APART HOTEL 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 21 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 22 GENEL TOPLAM ,2 1,9 3,1 36,85 14,33 51,18 GRAND TOTAL 6 - TESİSLERE GELİŞ SAYISI, GECELEME, ORTALAMA KALIŞ SÜRESİ VE DOLULUK ORANLARININ TESİS TÜR VE SINIFLARINA GÖRE DAĞILIMI (2016) Distribution of Number of Arrivals, Nights Spent, Average Length of Stay and Occupancy Rates in Turkey by Type And Class of Establishment TÜRÜ VE SINIFI Type and Class of Facilities TURİZM YATIRIMI BELGELİ Tourism Investment Licenced TURİZM İŞLETMESİ BELGELİ Tourism Operation Licenced TESİSE GELİŞ SAYISI GECELEME ORTALAMA KALIŞ SÜRESİ DOLULUK ORANI % Number of Arrivals Nights Spent Average Length of Stay Occupancy Rate % YABANCI YERLİ TOPLAM YABANCI YERLİ TOPLAM YABANCI YERLİ TOPLAM YABANCI YERLİ TOPLAM Type and Class of TESİS TÜR VE SINIFI Foreigner Citizen Total Foreigner Citizen Total Foreigner Citizen Total Foreigner Citizen Total Establishment OTEL HOTEL 5 YILDIZ ,8 2,4 3,6 29,49 14,90 44,39 5 Star 4 YILDIZ ,6 2,0 3,0 25,16 16,75 41,91 4 Star 3 YILDIZ ,4 1,6 2,0 11,89 22,59 34,48 3 Star 2 YILDIZ ,8 1,6 1,8 6,88 25,68 32,57 2 Star 1 YILDIZ ,9 1,8 2,4 17,56 19,34 36,90 1 Star OTEL TOPLAMI ,6 2,0 3,0 24,66 17,03 41,69 TOTAL HOTELS MOTEL ,6 1,6 1,7 2,44 14,06 16,49 MOTEL PANSİYON ,1 1,8 2,0 21,15 15,54 36,69 BOARDING HOUSE TATİL KÖYÜ ,6 2,0 2,1 3,89 17,35 21,24 HOLIDAY VILLAGE OBERJ ,3 3,7 5,6 31,49 14,19 45,68 INN KAMPİNG ,8 2,0 2,0 0,04 34,64 34,68 CAMPING GOLF TESİSİ ,5 1,7 1,9 18,96 30,49 49,45 GOLF EST. HOSTEL ,6 1,6 2,7 58,75 37,46 96,21 HOSTEL TURİZM KOMPLEKSİ ,9 3,4 4,2 30,26 19,72 49,98 TOURISM COMPLEX DAĞ EVİ ,8 1,5 1,5 1,45 25,44 26,90 MOUNTAIN HOUSE ÇİFTLİK EVİ-KÖY EVİ ,7 1,5 1,6 3,11 16,78 19,89 RANCH / V. HOUSE ÖZEL TESİS ,9 1,7 2,2 18,45 15,99 34,43 SPECIAL EST. Tourism characteristic activities & catering to non-visitors or local residents Commercial & non-commercial / informal segment LOKANTALAR Restaurants KAFETERYALAR Cafeterias KAFETERYA-DÜKKAN Cafeteria-Shop ÖZEL TESİS Special Facilities TEMALI PARK Theme Park LÜKS LOKANTA Lux Restaurant GÜNÜBİRLİK TESİSLER Facility for Daily Use YÜZER TESİSLER Floating Establishments 1. SINIF LOKANTA 1 st Class Restaurant 2. SINIF LOKANTA 2 nd Class Restarurant LOKANTA - DÜKKAN Restaurant - Shop TESİS SAYISI KAPASİTE (Kişi) TESİS SAYISI KAPASİTE (Kişi) Number of Facilities Capacity (Person) Number of Facilities Capacity (Person) BUTİK OTEL ,5 1,4 1,7 11,22 18,40 29,61 BOUTIQUE HOTEL APART OTEL ,9 2,3 3,8 28,59 15,38 43,98 APART HOTEL TERMAL OTEL ,8 2,0 1,9 4,69 29,15 33,83 THERMAL OTEL B TİPİ TATİL SİTESİ ,1 1,7 1,9 10,50 9,73 20,23 B TYPE OF HOLİDAY YAYLA EVİ ,9 2,5 2,5 0,56 17,11 17,67 UPLAND HOUSE TERMAL APART OTELLER ,3 2,3 2,4 3,33 47,52 50,85 THERMAL APART HOTEL 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 23 GENEL TOPLAM ,6 2,1 3,0 24,26 17,24 41,51 GRAND TOTAL MOLA NOKTASI Service Station and Restaurants KIŞ SPORLARI VE KAYAK MERKEZLERİ MEKANİK TESİSLERİ Mechanical Facilities of Winter Sports & Skiing Centers TERMAL KÜR TESİSİ Thermal Cure Facility :45 24 T O P L A M / T o t a l

5 Long distance passenger transport activities are to be considered as tourism characteristic activities Transportation to or from the destination / transportation at the destination Residence of the carrier(s) Informal providers / the visitors own resources / rental / provided free of charge by a third party Number of available seats; Number of passengers transported; Capacity utilisation; Number of passenger-kilometres/miles produced Information on alternatives and bookings Selling the right to use a certain service provided by others (at a certain moment in time and within certain conditions) Income is earned by the travel agency as a fee or commission on the sale that is established by the provider of the service 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 25 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 26 Tour operators are businesses that combine two or more travel services For example, transport, accommodation, meals, entertainment, sightseeing And sell them through Travel agencies Or directly to final consumers As a single product Called a package tour For a single price The operator Initially acquires from the tourism industries different services, Often a long time ahead And at specially negotiated prices, That are combined And offered as a single, complex product to customers Either directly or through travel agencies. 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 27 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 28 A package tour should not be viewed as a product per se, but rather as the sum of its components Including the value of the service of the tour operator and of the travel agency: gross margin 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 29 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 30 5

6 Facilities (Tourism Industries) Infrastructure Attraction Superstructure of tourism supply Compulsory (but not enough) for travel Motivates the visitor to travel Creates economic value Physical & institutional Natural & man made local tourist attractions 1. Within the boundaries of services sector Also input from agricultural & industrial sector 2. Complicated industrial structure Web of interconnected service providers 3. Fits in a mixed economy 4. Basic inputs of production include natural & social values 5. Labour and knowledge intensive 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 31 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ Consumed where and when it is produced & perishable Includes high producer risk Reverse channel of distribution 7. High social efficiency 8. Caters to non-compulsory, luxury needs of visitors Disrupts market equilibrium 9. Dynamic 10. Highly important for the national economy 11. Requires high investment capital Longer return on investment 12. Inelastic (especially in the immediate run) Fixed capacity Increase in demand results in increase in prices 13. Includes high producer risk 14. Vulnerable to competition, substitute & complementary product prices, changes in preferences 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 33 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 34 The indicator of supply Max number of visitors to be served at once Accommodation: Rooms / beds & nights spent Transportation: Seats Unused capacity is loss 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 36 6

7 P IR SR LR Q 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 37 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 38 The places & organisations that enable the meeting of: The tourism supply resources available to be served to visitors The visitors travelling there TOURISM SUPPLY TOURISM DEMAND Varying attractions / supply resources Seasonality & capacity use Distance Competition & substitutability Elastic demand & luxury consumption TOURISM MARKET ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 39 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 40 ORIGIN t o u r i s m DESTINATION Residences of (potential) visitors The distant extremes of tourism service providers Local / regional / national / international ORIGIN t o u r i s m DESTINATION Geographical size Population density Natural factors Urbanisation Travel frequency Social, economical & cultural factors D I S T A N C E Geographical size Natural factors Type of attraction(s) Socio-cultural factors Economical factors Infra & superstructure 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 41 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 42 7

8 The visitor s Age Gender Education Income Occupation Family status Etc. The visitor s Hobbies Preferences Response to advertisements Purposes 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 43 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 44 To define the criteria of tourism development: The changes in number of visitors Purchasing power & social structure of visitors Type and purpose of travel Receiving capacity Prioritisation of investments Transportation requirements & investment Infrastructure investments Ease of congestion 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 45 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ Seasonal Congestion Tourism activity occurs more intense in certain periods General holiday periods (summer) Transportation: Visitor traffic Accommodation: Occupancy rates Loss of capacity, market equilibrium Prices Seasonal employment (underemployment) 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 47 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 48 8

9 2. Regional Congestion Based on regional attraction Coastal regions, cultural / natural attraction sites Imbalance of public investment Environmental issues 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 49 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ Developmental Congestion (Unplanned) Tourism development may favour one type of tourism product Basic attractions Demand One-sided tourism development Loss of demand due to one-sided product type Marketing issues Loss of attraction 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 51 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 52 Product diversification New destinations Seasonal allocation of demand Market diversification (geographical / demographical) Visitor / congestion management in sites 12:45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 53 9

10 Dilts, D. A., Introduction to Macroeconomics, Department of Economics Doermer School of Business and Management Sciences, Indiana-Purdue University-Fort Wayne, 2006 Timur, A., Turizm Ekonomisi ders notları Goeldner, Charles R., J.R. Brent Ritchie, Tourism, Principles, Practices, Philosophies, 11 th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, NY, 2009 Lickorish, Leonard & Carson L. Jenkins, An Introduction to Tourism, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008, UNWTO Toskay, T. Turizm Olayına Genel Yaklaşım, 2. Baskı, Der Yayınları, İstanbul, 1983 Olalı, H. ve Timur, A. Turizm Ekonomisi, Ofis Ticaret Matbaacılık, İzmir, 1988 Kozak, N. vd, Genel Turizm (7. Baskı) İlkeler Kavramlar, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2008 İçöz, O. (ed), Genel Turizm Turizmde Temel Kavramlar ve İlkeler, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, :45 TUR 1018 TOURISM ECONOMICS - ÖZAY YILDIZ 55 10