Glaciers as water resource indicators of the glacial areas of the USSR
|
|
- Lucy Willis
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Snow and Ice-Symposium-Neiges et Glaces (Proceedings of the Moscow Symposium, August 1971; Actes du Colloque de Moscou, août 1971): IAHS-AISH Publ. No. 104, Glaciers as water resource indicators of the glacial areas of the USSR V. G. Khodakov Abstract. Information from direct measurement of precipitation and runoff of glacial territories is scant and not always reliable. At the same time such regions are marked as a rule by especially high water resources. The simple fact of glacier existence as well as some morphological characteristics of the glaciers enable us to calculate the estimated water resources of the regions where they occur. The following data are used: (1) Summer ablation of glacier surface A s, mean summer air temperature t and summer solar radiation balance sum B^, generalized in formula (2). (2) Altitude of nourishment limit and snow concentration coefficient K there (from the glacier inventory of the USSR). (3) Fields of air temperature and solar radiation received from meteorological stations situated in non-glacial areas. The values of t and B^ are adjusted to the nourishment limit. Value A s is calculated from f and Bfc. The value of is known to be equal to melt runoff and quality of solid precipitation for the whole glacier zone. Comparison of these calculations with the results of direct measurements in representative glacial basins of the IGY and the IHD produced good results. Macro- and mesogeographical regularities of water resources of glacial areas of the USSR are illustrated on a map of calculated values Y m averaged by districts. Résumé. Les données des mesures directes de précipitations atmosphériques et d'écoulement des régions englacées sont peu nombreuses et pas toujours sûres. En même temps les régions se caractérisent, en règle générale, par de grandes réserves en eau. L'existence des glaciers et quelques-unes de leurs caractéristiques morphologiques permettent d'évaluer les ressources en eau des régions où il y a les glaciers. Les données suivantes sont utilisées: (1) Ablation estivale de la surface du glacier A$, moyenne de la température de l'air estivale f et total estival du bilan des radiations solaires B^, généralisé par la formule (2). (2) Altitude de la ligne d'équilibre et coefficient de concentration de la neige à cette altitude (selon le Catalogue des glacier de l'urss). (3) Températures de l'air et radiation solaire au réseau des stations météorologiques non glaciaires. Les valeurs t et B/ç sont évaluées pour l'altitude de la ligne d'équilibre. Elles permettent d'évaluer la valeur dea s. On voit que Y m =A S /Kéga\e l'écoulement dû à la fusion et égale la quantité des précipitations solides pour toute la région glaciaire. La comparaison des valeurs ainsi estimées avec les résultats de mesures directes aux bassins glaciaires représentatifs de l'année Géophysique Internationale et de la Décennie Hydrologique Internationale a été satisfaisante. Les variations macro- et mésogéographiques des réserves en eau des régions glaciaires de l'urss sont illustrées par une carte des valeurs théoriques de Y m, moyennées pour chaque district. INTRODUCTION The climatological significance of the snow line was noted for the first time by Humboldt (1948). Since then, a number of scientists have tried to use its indicative role to determine the climatological and hydrological characteristics of high-latitude and high-altitude regions. Similar efforts have also been made in the field of palaeogeographic study. However, poor knowledge of the glacial areas restricted the
2 Glaciers as water resource indicators of the glacial areas of the USSR 23 possibility of working out correct quantitative correlations between water and heat characteristics of balances on the one hand, and the position of snow line and the glaciers in general on the other. The greatest success was achieved in Scandinavia (Ahlmann, 1948). In high-altitude and mountain glacier regions of the USSR the data on atmospheric precipitation and runoff were not sufficiently precise. Moreover the data available are not always reliable. This must be attributed, above all, to the totalizers in high-altitude areas where winter recordings were collected in spring. A number of causes of errors (the overgrowth of the inlet by hoar-frost and snow, the leaks in the tanks, etc.), as well as the 'error of inclination' (Khodakov, 1964) can increase the total error up to hundreds of per cent of the measured value. In some cases gross systematic errors of measurement of runoff in glacial areas are also known. In most cases they can be referred to the percolation capacity of moraine and alluvial deposits in the valleys and, consequently, lead to the underestimation of the runoff (Makarevitch et al, 1969). As high-latitude and high-altitude regions are more and more explored the information about water and snow resources is more and more needed for hydrological calculations as well as calculations of snow avalanches, snow drifts, pressure on constructions, accessibility of passes, possible use of pastures and so on. Here I attempt to estimate water and snow resources of all the glacial areas of the USSR. INITIAL INFORMATION AND METHOD OF CALCULATION Three groups of sources of mass information were used: (1) Value of summer snow and ice ablation A s and its factors. (2) The climatological data on air temperature and solar radiation in the USSR. (3) The altitude of nourishment limit (that is, snow line, zero balance line on the surface or the equilibrium line) and glacier morphology. The greatest part of the first group of initial information was received after IGY and IHD programmes had been carried out. As a rule, all the major elements of water-ice and heat balances were and are measured in selected glacial basins of the IGY (Koreisha, 1963; Krenke et ai, 1970; Makarevitch et al, 1969; Preobrazhensky, 1960; Troitsky et al, 1966; Tronov, 1968; Chizhov et al, 1968). I used these facts as a basis for further conclusions and for control of the results. Information from abroad on summer ablation of glacier surface as well as summer mean values of meteorological elements, which were generalized by Kotlyakov (1968); Krenke and Khodakov (1966); Moiseeva and Khodakov (1971) and Khodakov (1965), was also used. This enabled me to enlarge the range of values which were included in empirical formulae for further calculations. It seems that the glacial areas have the most snow and in a number of cases the greatest water production of all the territories of the USSR. Figure 1 shows the distribution of principal elements of water balance (annual precipitation X, runoff Y and spring maximum snow storage X c ) which was averaged to 10 km stretches in two essentially different regions. The section shown in Fig. 1A was worked out by mass measurements of X and X c ; the section shown in Fig. 1B was worked out by mass measurements of X and Y. The averaged scale makes it possible to compensate melt runoff surplus in the ablation area by its corresponding shortage in accumulation area of glaciers and to compare general water resources of glacial areas with those of adjoining high-altitude regions. In the Urals the maximum of all three curves is to be found in the centre of the glacial area. In the Tien-Shan the maximum of annual precipitation is displaced to the northwest of the glacial area. Near the 'water regime peaks' of both regions the XJY relation is 0.8. As the evaporation from ice and snow surfaces compared with the water resources is, generally speaking, unimportant (in the Urals condensation
3 24 V. G. Khodakov Precipitation X, runoff Y, and maximum snow storage,,n g/cm B ' 1 ' 1 1 =r= FIGURE 1. Average distribution of precipitation X, runoff Y and maximal snow storage X c on the profiles across the Polar Urals in the region of Vorkuta (A) and the Tien-Shan in the region of Alma-Ata (B). prevails), X c, as a matter of fact, is equal to Y m - the value of melt runoff of the glacial area and for the glacier surface is equal to summer ablation. Ablation from ice and snow surfaces (ignoring mechanical ablation) is ultimately determined by the heat balance of the melting surface. However, the solution of the heat balance equation to obtain the value of ablation requires a large amount of information which is practically impossible to obtain for most of the glacial areas. The dependence of summer ablation of the glaciers on mean summer (July-August) air temperature t at a height of two metres above the surface was investigated. Analysing 93 pairs of values by the least squares method the following formula was obtained: A s = (r + 10) 2S3 (g/cm 2 ) (1) Practically it coincides with the earlier formula using a cubic parabola derived with less data (Khodakov, 1965). Nevertheless, the increase of data caused an increase of mean square deviation of calculated values compared with values measured up to ±89 g/cm 2. That is why another variable was included in the dependence - the shortwave solar radiation balance for three summer monthsb k,k kcal/cm 2, information for which we could get for 22 points (Fig. 2). Taking into consideration the dissimilarity of the variables and the complexity of the calculation, I preferred not to use the least squares method and derived the working formula by way of selection: A s = 0.1 (t + 13^B k + 4) 3 (g/cm 2 ) (2) It seems possible using formula (2) to calculate the value of summer ablation of the whole glacier surface. However, one has to contend with some difficulties arising both
4 Glaciers as water resource indicators of the glacial areas of the USSR 25 Ablation in g/crn 2 As, Temperature (June-August) t, in C FIGURE 2. Dependence of summer glacier and fiin surface ablation A s on mean summer air temperature t and shortwave radiation balance B^. from the enormous scale of calculation and the shortage of initial information. Moreover some melt water in glacier accumulation areas freezes. The value of A s according to the stratigraphie system {Combined heat and water balances of selected basins, 1969) and information used in practice characterizes the mass decrease of the layer of the current budget year only. The volume of glacier internal nourishment has not yet been calculated, so I have calculated only A s at the glacier nourishment limit. That line is interesting for several reasons. In particular, the value of total accumulation is exactly equal to that of total ablation. A detailed equation of the ice balance is as follows: X c +D+ V+8-E w =A s (3) where X c is the annual snowfall sum, D the snowdrift balance, V the avalanche snow accumulation, S the share of current year ice which was formed owing to the freezing of liquid precipitation (these values as a whole for the current budget year), E w evaporation from snow surface for the accumulation period. In some respect 8 and E w values compensate each other, and, besides, are small compared with A s. Thus it is sufficiently accurate to write equation (3) as: X C +D+V = A S (4) So, summer ablation on the nourishment limit quantitatively characterizes snow storage of that glacial region as well. During fairly normal years the nourishment limit is, in a physical sense, the line of contact between the current year's ice and the 'old' glacier ice. But the 'new' ice zone
5 26 V. G. Khodakov in mountain glaciers is narrow, so in most cases one can identify it with the firn line without any essential correction. This firn line can be perfectly interpreted on air photographs and even on photographs taken from satellites. The altitude above sea level for each glacier is to be found in the multi-volume The glacier inventory of the USSR. I also used corresponding information from the monograph of Kalesnik (1963) and from numerous articles in the collection The data of glaciological research. Chronicle, Discussions. These data are not homogeneous, sometimes referring to certain data of a certain year and sometime to mean annual data. Generally speaking, annual variations of firn line are small. On the central Tuyuksu glacier, a typical mountain-valley glacier, their range is ± 125 m (Makarevitch et al., 1969). At the same time, space variations of that value within the USSR approach 5000 m. Mean summer air temperature from a meteorological station, the nearest one to the glacier, was adjusted to the altitude of firn line by linear extrapolation. When there were two meteorological stations with a considerable difference of altitudes the vertical temperature gradient was computed. In most cases its values was 7 ± 1 degrees/km. This figure was used for calculation when it was impossible to select a respresentative pair of meteorological stations (mainly in Siberia and the Far East). The values computed that way were decreased by the value of 'the glacier temperature jump', At, defined as the difference of mean summer temperatures in glacial and nonglacial meteorological stations and adjusted to the second altitude. The analysis of the data of both ice sheet and mountain glaciers of the world made it possible to ascertain a clear dependence of A? on their characteristic size L(km) as follows: log At = 0.28 log L (5) The characteristic size was defined as the distance between ice divides and the edge of the ice sheet glacier, and to the start of the narrow tongue in the case of a mountain glacier. In most cases the value of L for the USSR ranges from 1 km to 10 km, and At correspondingly, ranges from 0.9 to 1.6. Calculation of the second parameter B k involves more difficulties. The basis for this calculation is the annual global shortwave radiation data for summer Q (kcal/cm 2 ) for nonglacial, mainly plain-situated stations (Radiation regime of the USSR, 1961). They reflect general climatic, mainly zonal changes of summer solar radiation in a range of 32 to 62 kcal/cm 2. Besides that, a general tendency for Q to increase while going up the mountain for unshaded areas, as well as a reverse effect caused by the increase of local orographic cloudiness, is known (Borzenkova, 1970). The nourishment limit is situated, as a rule, in the flattest part of the glacier and that is why the direct influence of slope exposition is considerably weaker than orographic cloudiness influence and when the horizon is closed. Undoubtedly the the strongest factor involved in B k is albedo. The reflecting surface of the nourishment limit is snow and firn and thus the mean summer value of albedo is similar in different glacial areas and is estimated by direct measurements 0.55 ± could not consider all these factors separately, so a method of generalized calculation was chosen. On the basis of a few data of B k measurements in the area of the firn line the relation of B k to the mean value of global radiation B k /Q was calculated. It turned out to be on the average 0.3 ±0.1. This value was accepted when calculating B k of different glacier regions on the basis of the climatologie data of Q. As a result applying formula (2)A S values for glaciers in different regions were calculated. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS It appeared that the calculated value of A s varies within quite a wide range even on a comparatively small territory. On the one hand, the variations were doubtless caused by the errors in calculation due to the error in formula (2) and the errors of
6 Glaciers as water resource indicators of the glacial areas of the USSR 27 calculation of its arguments t and B k. On the other hand, they are also conditioned by different concentrations in drift and avalanche snow on glaciers. Including the snow concentration coefficient in the analysis, dividing both parts of equation (4) by the annual solid precipitation sum X c, we find: «- l * 5 ^ - ^ (6) Assuming now that all snow from the nonglacial slopes near the nourishment limit is transported to the glacier by avalanches and blizzards, then F B K- F f B f (F is the basin area, Ff the area of the glacier, B the width of the basin, Bf the width of the glacier near the firn line). Now, K can be easily measured on a map or can be approximately estimated by using The glacier inventory of the USSR. The calculation indicated that the larger the glacier, the smaller is K. Its characteristic value for small cirque glaciers is 2-3, for average mountain-valley glaciers about 1.5, for large mountain-valley glaciers about 1. It seems that on glacier domes, flat summit glaciers and volcanic cones the snow concentration coefficient can be less than 1 because of snow drift transport (V= 0,D < 0). Nevertheless, that fact lias not been taken into consideration because of the absence of necessary information. Ignoring the value of evaporation, which is small near the nourishment limit, it is possible to say: ^A s = X c =Y m (7) (Y m is the value of melt runoff of the basin at the nourishment limit altitude). To reduce the sporadic errors of the calculation the values of Y m obtained on specific glaciers were averaged for glacier regions. Each region included a compact concentration of glaciers in orographically homogeneous territory. When the value of Y m clearly tended to 'an abrupt change in the territory (on different large-scale slopes, towards the centre of the mountains) smaller regions were chosen in order to characterize quantitatively these changes (Fig. 3). It is difficult to estimate objectively the accuracy of the data received. An experiment made to compare the calculated values of Y m with melt runoff values from representative glacier basins proved that the difference was within 20%. However, such an experimental verification is not completely independent because the data received from those basins were used in formula (2). Even expecting far less accuracy one can, however, make certain conclusions which are based on Y m calculation. In most cases the value of Y m turns out to be considerably larger (in some cases few times larger) than the quantity of solid precipitation as well as annual precipitation sums according to the data received from the meteorological stations nearest to the glaciers. This fact is to be kept in mind while using that information in different calculations. The contrast between specific water resources of glacier and the adjoining regions (especially plains) is rather great. Large-scale geographical regularity of Y m distribution in North Eurasia can be clearly traced on a map (Fig. 3). The maximum points are situated near the Iceland-Kara Sea and Aleutian low pressure areas. A large-scale geographical regularity of water resource distribution of glacial regions is clear. Within a certain mountain country of maritime or continental climate Y m diminishes rapidly from the periphery to the internal part along the direction of prevailing flow of atmospheric moisture. In conclusion I should like to point out that the indicative role of glaciers still is not used completely in the present work. Further details of water resource distribution in
7 28 V. G. Khodakov FIGURE 3. Map of calculated water resources of the glacier regions of the USSR and bordering countries (in the numerator value Y m, g/cm 2, in the denominator height of firn line, km). mountainous and high-latitude areas would be advisable if there are few or insufficient direct hydrometeorological observations of precipitation and runoff. The consideration of other elements of water balance like evaporation by 'penitent snow' distribution is apparently possible. REFERENCES A Guide of Glacier Inventory of the USSR (1966) Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad. Ahlmann, H. W. (1948) Glaciological research on the North Atlantic coasts. London. Borzenkova, I. I. (1970) On the peculiarities of radiation regime of mountain regions. Works GCO, issue 263, Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad. Chizhov, O. P. et al. (1968) The glaciation of Novaya Zemlya. Nauka, Moscow. Combined Heat and Water Balances of Selected Basins (1969) UNESCO/IAHS. Humboldt, A. F. (1948) Kosmos, P Kalesnik, S. V. (1963) Issues on glaciology. GIGL, Moscow. Khodakov, V. G. (1964) On possible error of precipitation measurement. Meteor, and hydrol, 6. Khodakov, V. G. (1965) Dependence of summed ablation of the glacier surface on air temperature. Meteor, and hydrol, 6. Koreisha, M. M. (1963) Present-day glaciation of the Suntar-khayata range. A. S. USSR, Moscow. Kotlyakov, V. M. (1968) The Earth snow cover and glaciers. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad. Krenke, A. N. and Khodakov, V. G. (1966) On relation of glacier surface melting and air temperature, MGI, 12. Krenke, A. N., Borovik, Z. S. and Rototayev, K. P. (1970) Snow accumulation on the glaciers of the Caucasus. NIGMI, 45, Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad. Makarevitch, K. G. et al. (1969) The glaciation of the Zailii Alatau. Nauka, Moscow. Moiseeva, G. P. and Khodakov, V. G. (1971) On the calculation of annual surface ablation of glaciers and firn banks. MGI, 18. Preobrazhensky, V. S. (1960) Kodar glacier region (Transbaikalj. A. S. USSR, Moscow. Radiation Regime of the USSR (1961) Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad.
8 Glaciers as water resource indicators of the glacial areas of the USSR 29 The Fedchenko Glacier (1962) A. S. Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Ttte Glaciation of Elbrus (1968) Moscow University. Troitsky, L. S. et al. (1966) The glaciation of the Urals. Nauka, Moscow. Tronov, M. V. (1968) A representative mountain glacier basin of Aktrru in the Altai. MGI, 14.
Hydrological role of avalanches in the Caucasus. M. Ch. Zalikhanov
now and Ice-ymposium-eiges et Glaces (Proceedings of the Moscow ymposium, August 1971; Actes du Colloque de Moscou, août 1971): IAH-AIH Publ. o. 104, 1975. Hydrological role of avalanches in the Caucasus
More informationCALCULATION OF MASS BALANCE OF GLACIERS BY REMOTE-SENSING IMAGERY USING SIMILARITY OF ACCUMULATION AND ABLATION ISOLINE PATTERNS*
Jou/"Ilal 0/ Glaciology, Vo!. 33, No. 115, 1987 CALCULATION OF MASS BALANCE OF GLACIERS BY REMOTE-SENSING IMAGERY USING SIMILARITY OF ACCUMULATION AND ABLATION ISOLINE PATTERNS* By A.N. KRENKE and V.M.
More informationChapter 7 Snow and ice
Chapter 7 Snow and ice Throughout the solar system there are different types of large ice bodies, not only water ice but also ice made up of ammonia, carbon dioxide and other substances that are gases
More informationProblems and results of studies of mountain glaciers in the Soviet Union
World Glacier Inventory - Inventaire mondial des Glaciers (Proceedings of the Riederalp Workshop, September 1978; Actes de l'atelier de Riederalp, septembre 1978): IAHS-AISH Publ. no. 126,1980. Problems
More informationThe formation of ablation moraines as a function of the climatological environment. G. E. Glazyrin
Snow and Ice-Symposium-Neiges et Glaces (Proceedings of the Moscow Symposium, August 1971; Actes du Colloque de Moscou, août 1971): IAHS-AISH Publ. No. 104, 1975. The formation of ablation moraines as
More informationJ. Oerlemans - SIMPLE GLACIER MODELS
J. Oerlemans - SIMPE GACIER MODES Figure 1. The slope of a glacier determines to a large extent its sensitivity to climate change. 1. A slab of ice on a sloping bed The really simple glacier has a uniform
More informationThe Role of Glaciers in the Hydrologic Regime of the Nepal Himalaya. Donald Alford Richard Armstrong NSIDC Adina Racoviteanu NSIDC
The Role of Glaciers in the Hydrologic Regime of the Nepal Himalaya Donald Alford Richard Armstrong NSIDC Adina Racoviteanu NSIDC Outline of the talk Study area and data bases Area altitude distributed
More informationNepal Hirnalaya and Tibetan Plateau: a case study of air
Annals of Glaciology 16 1992 International Glaciological Society Predictions of changes of glacier Inass balance in the Nepal Hirnalaya and Tibetan Plateau: a case study of air teinperature increase for
More informationRevised Draft: May 8, 2000
Revised Draft: May 8, 2000 Accepted for publication by the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Paper will be presented at the Debris-Covered Glaciers Workshop in September 2000 at the University
More informationNORTH CASCADE SLACIER CLIMATE PROJECT Director: Dr. Mauri S. Pelto Department of Environmental Science Nichols College, Dudley MA 01571
NORTH CASCADE SLACIER CLIMATE PROJECT Director: Dr. Mauri S. Pelto Department of Environmental Science Nichols College, Dudley MA 01571 INTRODUCTION The North Cascade Glacier-Climate Project was founded
More informationAssessment of glacier water resources based on the Glacier Inventory of China
104 Annals of Glaciology 50(53) 2009 Assessment of glacier water resources based on the Glacier Inventory of China KANG Ersi, LIU Chaohai, XIE Zichu, LI Xin, SHEN Yongping Cold and Arid Regions Environmental
More informationResponse of glaciers in the Suntar Khayata range, eastern Siberia, to climate change
Annals of Glaciology 52(58) 2011 185 Response of glaciers in the Suntar Khayata range, eastern Siberia, to climate change Shuhei TAKAHASHI, 1 Konosuke SUGIURA, 2 Takao KAMEDA, 1 Hiroyuki ENOMOTO, 1 Yury
More informationCRYOSPHERE ACTIVITIES IN SOUTH AMERICA. Bolivia. Summary
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GLOBAL CRYOSPHERE WATCH (GCW) CryoNet South America Workshop First Session Santiago de Chile, Chile 27-29 October 2014 GCW-CNSA-1 / Doc. 3.1.2 Date: 20 October 2014 AGENDA
More informationTEACHER PAGE Trial Version
TEACHER PAGE Trial Version * After completion of the lesson, please take a moment to fill out the feedback form on our web site (https://www.cresis.ku.edu/education/k-12/online-data-portal)* Lesson Title:
More informationGEOGRAPHY OF GLACIERS 2
GEOGRAPHY OF GLACIERS 2 Roger Braithwaite School of Environment and Development 1.069 Arthur Lewis Building University of Manchester, UK Tel: UK+161 275 3653 r.braithwaite@man.ac.uk 09/08/2012 Geography
More informationRapid decrease of mass balance observed in the Xiao (Lesser) Dongkemadi Glacier, in the central Tibetan Plateau
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol. Process. 22, 2953 2958 (2008) Published online 8 October 2007 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).6865 Rapid decrease of mass balance observed in the Xiao
More informationUsing of space technologies for glacierand snow- related hazards studies
United Nations / Germany international conference on International Cooperation Towards Low-Emission and Resilient Societies Using of space technologies for glacierand snow- related hazards studies Bonn,
More informationA high resolution glacier model with debris effects in Bhutan Himalaya. Orie SASAKI Kanae Laboratory 2018/02/08 (Thu)
A high resolution glacier model with debris effects in Bhutan Himalaya Orie SASAKI Kanae Laboratory 2018/02/08 (Thu) Research flow Multiple climate data at high elevations Precipitation, air temperature
More informationGlaciers. Reading Practice
Reading Practice A Glaciers Besides the earth s oceans, glacier ice is the largest source of water on earth. A glacier is a massive stream or sheet of ice that moves underneath itself under the influence
More information- MASS and ENERGY BUDGETS - IN THE CRYOSPHERE
PRINCIPLES OF GLACIOLOGY ESS 431 - MASS and ENERGY BUDGETS - IN THE CRYOSPHERE OCTOBER 17, 2006 Steve Warren sgw@atmos.washington.edu Sources Paterson, W.S.B. 1994. The Physics of Glaciers. 3 rd ed. Pergamon.
More informationCHANGES IN GLACIATION OF THE BALKHASH-ALAKOL BASIN OVER THE PAST 60 YEARS
CHANGES IN GLACIATION OF THE BALKHASH-ALAKOL BASIN OVER THE PAST 60 YEARS I. Severskiy Слайд 1 Glacier Systems of the Balkhash-Alakol basin Research Results Monitoring the Mass Balance of the Tuyuksu Glacier
More informationSimulation of runoff processes of a continental mountain glacier in the Tian Shan, China
Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow-Covered Catchments (Proceedings of a Boulder Symposium, July 1995). IAHS Publ. no. 228, 1995. 455 Simulation of runoff processes of a continental mountain glacier in
More informationRecent Changes in Glacier Tongues in the Langtang Khola Basin, Nepal, Determined by Terrestrial Photogrammetry
Snow and Glacier Hydrology (Proceedings of the Kathmandu Symposium, November 1992). IAHSPubl. no. 218,1993. 95 Recent Changes in Glacier Tongues in the Langtang Khola Basin, Nepal, Determined by Terrestrial
More informationUC Berkeley Working Papers
UC Berkeley Working Papers Title The Value Of Runway Time Slots For Airlines Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/69t9v6qb Authors Cao, Jia-ming Kanafani, Adib Publication Date 1997-05-01 escholarship.org
More informationGeomorphology. Glacial Flow and Reconstruction
Geomorphology Glacial Flow and Reconstruction We will use simple mathematical models to understand ice dynamics, recreate a profile of the Laurentide ice sheet, and determine the climate change of the
More informationField Report Snow and Ice Processes AGF212
Field Report 2013 Snow and Ice Processes AGF212 (picture) Names... Contents 1 Mass Balance and Positive degree day approach on Spitzbergen Glaciers 1 1.1 Introduction............................................
More informationGLACIER STUDIES OF THE McCALL GLACIER, ALASKA
GLACIER STUDIES OF THE McCALL GLACIER, ALASKA T John E. Sater* HE McCall Glacier is a long thin body of ice shaped roughly like a crescent. Its overall length is approximately 8 km. and its average width
More informationCommunity resources management implications of HKH hydrological response to climate variability
Community resources management implications of HKH hydrological response to climate variability -- presented by N. Forsythe on behalf of: H.J. Fowler, C.G. Kilsby, S. Blenkinsop, G.M. O Donnell (Newcastle
More informationHOW TO IMPROVE HIGH-FREQUENCY BUS SERVICE RELIABILITY THROUGH SCHEDULING
HOW TO IMPROVE HIGH-FREQUENCY BUS SERVICE RELIABILITY THROUGH SCHEDULING Ms. Grace Fattouche Abstract This paper outlines a scheduling process for improving high-frequency bus service reliability based
More informationHydrological study for the operation of Aposelemis reservoir Extended abstract
Hydrological study for the operation of Aposelemis Extended abstract Scope and contents of the study The scope of the study was the analytic and systematic approach of the Aposelemis operation, based on
More informationSingle and mass avalanching. Similarity of avalanching in space.
Single and mass avalanching. Similarity of avalanching in space. Pavel Chernous* Center for Avalanche Safety, "Apatit" JSC, Kirovsk, Russia ABSTRACT: Sometimes it is possible to observe only single avalanche
More informationVOLUME CHANGES OF THE GLACIERS IN SCANDINAVIA AND ICELAND IN THE 21st CENTURY
VOLUME CHANGES OF THE GLACIERS IN SCANDINAVIA AND ICELAND IN THE 21st CENTURY Valentina Radić 1,3 and Regine Hock 2,3 1 Depart. of Earth & Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
More informationESS Glaciers and Global Change
ESS 203 - Glaciers and Global Change Friday January 5, 2018 Outline for today Please turn in writing assignment and questionnaires. (Folders going around) Questions about class outline and objectives?
More informationChapter 16 Glaciers and Glaciations
Chapter 16 Glaciers and Glaciations Name: Page 419-454 (2nd Ed.) ; Page 406-439 (1st Ed.) Part A: Anticipation Guide: Please read through these statements before reading and mark them as true or false.
More informationCan the linear balance model be extended to the whole Alps? L. Reynaud
World Glacier Inventory Inventaire mondial des Glaciers (Proceedings of the Riederalp Workshop, September 1978: Actes de l'atelier de Riederalp, septembre 1978): IAHS-AISH Publ. no. 126, 1980. Can the
More informationGlaciers. Clicker Question. Glaciers and Glaciation. How familiar are you with glaciers? West Greenland. Types of Glaciers.
Chapter 21 Glaciers A glacier is a large, permanent (nonseasonal) mass of ice that is formed on land and moves under the force of gravity. Glaciers may form anywhere that snow accumulation exceeds seasonal
More informationOn the effect of topographie orientation on the variations of glacier length
World Glacier Inventory - Inventaire mondial des Glaciers (Proceedings of the Riederalp Workshop, eptember 978: Actes de l'atelier de Riederalp, septembre 978): IAH-AIH Publ. no. 6, 980. On the effect
More informationFifty-Year Record of Glacier Change Reveals Shifting Climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA
Fact Sheet 2009 3046 >> Pubs Warehouse > FS 2009 3046 USGS Home Contact USGS Search USGS Fifty-Year Record of Glacier Change Reveals Shifting Climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA Fifty years
More informationAlbedo of Glacier AX 010 during the Summer Season in Shorong Himal, East Nepal*
48 Albedo of Glacier AX 010 in Shorong Himal Albedo of Glacier AX 010 during the Summer Season in Shorong Himal, East Nepal* Tetsuo Ohata,** Koichi Ikegami** and Keiji Higuchi** Abstract Variations of
More informationFRANCE : HOW TO IMPROVE THE AVALANCHE KNOWLEDGE OF MOUNTAIN GUIDES? THE ANSWER OF THE FRENCH MOUNTAIN GUIDES ASSOCIATION. Alain Duclos 1 TRANSMONTAGNE
FRANCE : HOW TO IMPROVE THE AVALANCHE KNOWLEDGE OF MOUNTAIN GUIDES? THE ANSWER OF THE FRENCH MOUNTAIN GUIDES ASSOCIATION ABSTRACT : Alain Duclos 1 TRANSMONTAGNE Claude Rey 2 SNGM The French Mountain Guides
More informationglacier Little Ice Age continental glacier valley glacier ice cap glaciation firn glacial ice plastic flow basal slip Chapter 14
Little Ice Age glacier valley glacier continental glacier ice cap glaciation firn glacial ice plastic flow basal slip glacial budget zone of accumulation zone of wastage glacial surge abrasion glacial
More informationThe Potentially Dangerous Glacial Lakes
Chapter 11 The Potentially Dangerous Glacial Lakes On the basis of actively retreating glaciers and other criteria, the potentially dangerous glacial lakes were identified using the spatial and attribute
More informationGlaciers. Glacier Dynamics. Glaciers and Glaciation. East Greenland. Types of Glaciers. Chapter 16
Chapter 16 Glaciers A glacier is a large, permanent (nonseasonal) mass of ice that is formed on land and moves under the force of gravity. Glaciers may form anywhere that snow accumulation exceeds seasonal
More informationA One Century Record of Changes at Nenskra and Nakra River Basins Glaciers, Causasus Mountains, Georgia
Natural Science, 2015, 7, 151-157 Published Online March 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ns http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2015.73017 A One Century Record of Changes at Nenskra and Nakra River
More informationSeasonal variations of deuterium concentration in runoff from a giacierized basin
Hydrological Sciences -Journal - des Sciences Hydrologiques, 27,1, 3/1982 Seasonal variations of deuterium concentration in runoff from a giacierized basin W, AMBACH,..P, KIRCHLECHNER Institut fur Medizinische
More informationClimate Change and State of Himalayan Glaciers: Issues, Challenges and Facts
Climate Change and State of Himalayan Glaciers: Issues, Challenges and Facts D.P. Dobhal dpdobhal@wihg.res.in Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology Dehra Dun Major Issues Are the Himalayan glaciers receding
More informationLong term Forecast of Glaciation and Evaluation of Glacial Resources of the Central Asia with the Use of Isotopic Methods
Long term Forecast of Glaciation and Evaluation of Glacial Resources of the Central Asia with the Use of Isotopic Methods Vladimir I. SHATRAVIN, Tamara V. TUZOVA, Institute of Water Problems and Hydropower
More informationRegional Glacier Mass Balance Variation in the North Cascades
1 STUDY PLAN NATURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION PROGRAM Regional Glacier Mass Balance Variation in the North Cascades PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATORS JON L. RIEDEL NORTH CASCADES NATIONAL PARK ANDREW FOUNTAIN AND BOB
More informationBiotic Acceleration of Glacier Melting in Yala Glacier 9 Langtang Region, Nepal Himalaya
Snow and Glacier Hydrology (Proceedings of the Kathmandu Symposium, November 992). IAHS Publ. no. 28,993. 309 Biotic Acceleration of Glacier Melting in Yala Glacier 9 Langtang Region, Nepal Himalaya SHIRO
More informationGRANDE News Letter Volume1, No.3, December 2012
GRANDE News Letter Volume1, No.3, December 2012 Building a water management system in La Paz, Bolivia Climate change is a phenomenon that affects the entire world, but its impact on people differs depending
More informationTHE YIELD OF AVALANCHE SNOW AT ROGERS PASS, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA
Journal / Glaciology, Vol. 34, No. 117, 1988 THE YIELD OF AVALANCHE SNOW AT ROGERS PASS, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA By PETER SCHAERER (Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of
More informationWATER, ICE, AND METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS AT SOUTH CASCADE GLACIER, WASHINGTON, BALANCE YEARS
WATER, ICE, AND METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS AT SOUTH CASCADE GLACIER, WASHINGTON, 2-1 BALANCE YEARS U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 2-4165 South Cascade Glacier, looking approximately
More informationGlaciers. Glacier Dynamics. Glacier Dynamics. Glaciers and Glaciation. Types of Glaciers. Chapter 15
Chapter 15 Glaciers and Glaciation Glaciers A glacier is a large, permanent (nonseasonal) mass of ice that is formed on land and moves under the force of gravity. Glaciers may form anywhere that snow accumulation
More informationGlacier snow line variations in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. T. J. Chinn and I. E. Whitehouse
World Glacier Inventory - Inventaire mondial des Glaciers (Proceedings of the Riederalp Workshop, September 1978; Actes de l'atelier de Riederalp, septembre 1978): IAHS-AISH Publ. no. 126, 1980. Glacier
More informationRainfall Appendix. Summary Statistics of Rainfall Data for Sites in the West-Central Florida. A Simple Conceptualized Rainfall/Discharge Relationship
Rainfall Appendix Summary Statistics of Rainfall Data for Sites in the West-Central Florida A Simple Conceptualized Rainfall/Discharge Relationship Stream or river flows are, of course, integrally associated
More informationActual Climatic Conditions in ERB. Online Resource 1 corresponding to:
Actual Climatic Conditions in ERB. Online Resource 1 corresponding to: Article Title: Climatic Trends and Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture in an Arid Andean Valley. Journal Name: CLIMATIC CHANGE
More informationEXPERIENCES WITH THE NEW HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL
EXPERIENCES WITH THE NEW HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL STATION VERNAGTBACH LUDWIG N. BRAUN, HEIDI ESCHER-VETTER, ERICH HEUCKE, MATTHIAS SIEBERS AND MARKUS WEBER Commission for Glaciology, Bavarian Academy of Sciences
More information2. (1pt) From an aircraft, how can you tell the difference between a snowfield and a snow-covered glacier?
1 GLACIERS 1. (2pts) Define a glacier: 2. (1pt) From an aircraft, how can you tell the difference between a snowfield and a snow-covered glacier? 3. (2pts) What is the relative size of Antarctica, Greenland,
More informationTable 1.1 Distribution and size of glaciers in the Canadian Arctic and Northern Alaska (after: Heberli et al., 1989)
Table 1.1 Distribution and size of glaciers in the Canadian Arctic and Northern Alaska (after: Heberli et al., 1989) Geographical region Area of glaciers (km 2 ) Ellesmere Island 80 500 Axel Heiberg Island
More informationDe luchtvaart in het EU-emissiehandelssysteem. Summary
Summary On 1 January 2012 the aviation industry was brought within the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and must now purchase emission allowances for some of its CO 2 emissions. At a price of
More informationEA-12 Coupled Harmonic Oscillators
Introduction EA-12 Coupled Harmonic Oscillators Owing to its very low friction, an Air Track provides an ideal vehicle for the study of Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM). A simple oscillator assembles with
More informationVladimir M. Kotlyakov Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
ICE SLIDES AND GLACIER SURGES Vladimir M. Kotlyakov Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Keywords: degradation zone, evacuation zone, front of growing activity, glacierdammed
More informationSeasonal variation of ice melting on varying layers of debris of Lirung Glacier, Langtang Valley, Nepal
Remote Sensing and GIS for Hydrology and Water Resources (IAHS Publ. 368, 2015) (Proceedings RSHS14 and ICGRHWE14, Guangzhou, China, August 2014). 21 Seasonal variation of ice melting on varying layers
More informationThe impact of climate change on glaciers and glacial runoff in Iceland
The impact of climate change on glaciers and glacial runoff in Iceland Bergur Einarsson 1, Tómas Jóhannesson 1, Guðfinna Aðalgeirsdóttir 2, Helgi Björnsson 2, Philippe Crochet 1, Sverrir Guðmundsson 2,
More informationPHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY EARTH SYSTEMS COASTAL SYSTEMS FLUVIAL SYSTEMS
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY EARTH SYSTEMS FLUVIAL SYSTEMS COASTAL SYSTEMS PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY CORRIES / CIRQUES A Corrie or Cirque is the armchair shaped hollow that was the birthplace of a glacier. It has steep,
More informationTHE DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER STUDIES FIFTH YEAR
THE DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER STUDIES FIFTH YEAR (B.C.Sc./B.C.Tech.) RE- EXAMINATION SEPTEMBER 2018 Answer all questions. ENGLISH Time allowed: 3 hours QUESTION I Glaciers A
More informationCan the mass balance of the entire glacier area of the Tien. Shan be estidlated?
Annals of Glaciology 16 1992 International Glaciological Society Can the mass balance of the entire glacier area of the Tien Shan be estilated? M. B. YURGEROV, M. G. KUNAKHOVITCH, v. N. MIKHALENKO, A.
More informationGlaciers. Chapter 17
Glaciers Chapter 17 Vocabulary 1. Glacier 2. Snowfield 3. Firn 4. Alpine glacier 5. Continental glacier 6. Basal slip 7. Internal plastic flow 8. Crevasses 9. Glacial grooves 10. Ice shelves 11. Icebergs
More informationThe dynamic response of Kolohai Glacier to climate change
Article The dynamic response of Kolohai Glacier to climate change Asifa Rashid 1, M. R. G. Sayyed 2, Fayaz. A. Bhat 3 1 Department of Geology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India 2 Department
More informationObservation of cryosphere
Observation of cryosphere By Sagar Ratna Bajracharya (email: sagar.bajracharya@icimod.org) Samjwal Ratna Bajracharya Arun Bhakta Shrestha International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu,
More informationQ: What is a period of time whereby the average global temperature has decreased? Q: What is a glacier?
Q: What is a glacier? A: A large sheet of ice which lasts all year round. Q: What is a period of time whereby the average global temperature has decreased? A: A glacial. Q: What is an interglacial? Q:
More informationThe influence of a debris cover on the midsummer discharge of Dome Glacier, Canadian Rocky Mountains
Debris-Covered Glaciers (Proceedings of a workshop held at Seattle, Washington, USA, September 2000). IAHS Publ. no. 264, 2000. 25 The influence of a debris cover on the midsummer discharge of Dome Glacier,
More informationGlaciers and Glaciation Earth - Chapter 18 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College
Glaciers and Glaciation Earth - Chapter 18 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Glaciers Glaciers are parts of two basic cycles: 1. Hydrologic cycle 2. Rock cycle A glacier is a thick mass of ice
More informationTypical avalanche problems
Typical avalanche problems The European Avalanche Warning Services (EAWS) describes five typical avalanche problems or situations as they occur in avalanche terrain. The Utah Avalanche Center (UAC) has
More informationMighty Glaciers. Mighty Glaciers. Visit for thousands of books and materials.
Mighty Glaciers A Reading A Z Level M Leveled Reader Word Count: 684 LEVELED READER M Mighty Glaciers Written by Ned Jensen Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials. www.readinga-z.com
More informationClimate Change Impacts on Water Resources of Nepal with Reference to the Glaciers in the Langtang Himalayas
58 N. P. Chaulagain August 2009 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of Nepal with Reference to the Glaciers in the Langtang Himalayas Narayan Prasad Chaulagain Alternative Energy Promotion Centre,
More informationDevelopment of Sea Surface Temperature in the Baltic Sea in 2010
HELCOM Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 2011 1 Development of Sea Surface Temperature in the Baltic Sea in 2010 Authors: Herbert Siegel and Monika Gerth Baltic Sea Research Institute Warnemünde (IOW)
More informationTHE DISEQUILBRIUM OF NORTH CASCADE, WASHINGTON GLACIERS
THE DISEQUILBRIUM OF NORTH CASCADE, WASHINGTON GLACIERS CIRMOUNT 2006, Mount Hood, OR Mauri S. Pelto, North Cascade Glacier Climate Project, Nichols College Dudley, MA 01571 peltoms@nichols.edu NORTH CASCADE
More informationTransfer Scheduling and Control to Reduce Passenger Waiting Time
Transfer Scheduling and Control to Reduce Passenger Waiting Time Theo H. J. Muller and Peter G. Furth Transfers cost effort and take time. They reduce the attractiveness and the competitiveness of public
More informationEvolution of Ossoue glacier, French Pyrenees: Tools and methods to generate a regional climate-proxy
Evolution of Ossoue glacier, French Pyrenees: Tools and methods to generate a regional climate-proxy Renaud MARTI ab, Simon GASCOIN a, Thomas HOUET b, Dominique LAFFLY b, Pierre RENE c a CESBIO b GEODE,
More informationBLASTING GLACIAL ICE AND SNOW ABSTRACT
BLASTING GLACIAL ICE AND SNOW HERB BLEUER ABSTRACT This presentation, with the aid of slides, is about methods of blasting large quantities of glacial ice and snow. The project illustrated here involved
More informationGeography 120, Instructor: Chaddock In Class 13: Glaciers and Icecaps Name: Fill in the correct terms for these descriptions: Ablation zone: n zne:
Geography 120, Instructor: Chaddock In Class 13: Glaciers and Icecaps Name: Fill in the correct terms for these descriptions: Ablation zone: The area of a glacier where mass is lost through melting or
More informationCharacteristics of an avalanche-feeding and partially debris-covered. glacier and its response to atmospheric warming in Mt.
1 2 3 4 Characteristics of an avalanche-feeding and partially debris-covered glacier and its response to atmospheric warming in Mt. Tomor, Tian Shan, China Puyu Wang 1, Zhongqin Li 1,2, Huilin Li 1 5 6
More informationUsing LiDAR to study alpine watersheds. Chris Hopkinson, Mike Demuth, Laura Chasmer, Scott Munro, Masaki Hayashi, Karen Miller, Derek Peddle
Using LiDAR to study alpine watersheds Chris Hopkinson, Mike Demuth, Laura Chasmer, Scott Munro, Masaki Hayashi, Karen Miller, Derek Peddle Light Detection And Ranging r t LASER pulse emitted and reflection
More informationGlacial lakes as sentinels of climate change in Central Himalaya, Nepal
Glacial lakes as sentinels of climate change in Central Himalaya, Nepal Sudeep Thakuri 1,2,3, Franco Salerno 1,3, Claudio Smiraglia 2,3, Carlo D Agata 2,3, Gaetano Viviano 1,3, Emanuela C. Manfredi 1,3,
More informationGlaciers. Valley or Alpine glaciers. Ice sheets. Piedmont - foot of the mountain glaciers. Form in mountainous areas Move downslope in valleys
Glaciers & Ice Ages Glaciers Valley or Alpine glaciers Form in mountainous areas Move downslope in valleys Ice sheets Move outward from center Continental glaciers - large scale, ice age type. Presently
More informationMapping the Snout. Subjects. Skills. Materials
Subjects Mapping the Snout science math physical education Skills measuring cooperative action inferring map reading data interpretation questioning Materials - rulers - Mapping the Snout outline map and
More informationENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS OF AVALANCHES: PRELIMINARY RESEARCH IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS OF AVALANCHES: PRELIMINARY RESEARCH IN GLACIER NATIONAL PARK Site Focus: Balu Pass, Glacier National Park, B.C. Avalanche path near Balu Pass. (Photo Courtesy of: www.leelau.net/2007/rogerspass/day1/1)
More informationVARIATIONS IN THE GLACIER MASS OF JOSTEDALSBREEN VARIATIONS IN THE GLACIER MASS OF JOSTEDALSBREEN
VARIATIONS IN THE GLACIER MASS OF JOSTEDALSBREEN 55 1 VARIATIONS IN THE GLACIER MASS OF JOSTEDALSBREEN By OLAF ROGSTAD, Director General, Norges Vassdrags- og Elektrisitetsvesen (retired) ABSTRACT. By
More informationGlaciers Earth 9th Edition Chapter 18 Mass wasting: summary in haiku form Glaciers Glaciers Glaciers Glaciers Formation of glacial ice
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Earth 9 th Edition Chapter 18 Mass wasting: summary in haiku form Ten thousand years thence big glaciers began to melt - called "global warming." are parts of two basic
More informationRelation between recent glacier variations and clitnate in the Tien Shan tnountains, central Asia
Annals of Glaciology 16 1992 nternational Glaciological Society Relation between recent glacier variations and clitnate in the Tien Shan tnountains, central Asia Lw CHAOHA AND RAN TANDNG Lanzhou nstitute
More informationNivoTest : a personal assistant for avalanche risk assessment
NivoTest : a personal assistant for avalanche risk assessment R.Bolognesi METEISK, CP 993, CH-1951 SION. www.meteorisk.com Introduction About avalanche risk Every mountaineer knows that avalanche hazard
More informationEnvironmental Impact Assessment in Chile, its application in the case of glaciers. Carlos Salazar Hydro21 Consultores Ltda.
Environmental Impact Assessment in Chile, its application in the case of glaciers Carlos Salazar Hydro21 Consultores Ltda. carlos.salazar@hydro21.cl Introduction Changes in the environmental law in Chile
More informationNew measurements techniques
2 nd Asia CryoNetWorkshop New measurements techniques Xiao Cunde (SKLCS/CAS and CAMS/CMA) Feb.5, 2016, Salekhard, Russia Outline Definition of New Some relative newly-used techniques in China -- Eddy covariance
More information宇宙から見た中央アジア, パミールのフェドチェンコ氷河の特徴
Geographical Studies 宇宙から見た中央アジア, パミールのフェドチェンコ氷河の特徴 * 岩田修二 キーワード 要旨 FG Shan, where precipitation is greatest in summer. 3 General configuration of Fedchenko Glacier (1) Plan form of the glacial basin Fedchenko
More informationREADING QUESTIONS: Glaciers GEOL /WI 60 pts. a. Alpine Ice from larger ice masses flowing through a valley to the ocean
READING QUESTIONS: Glaciers GEOL 131 18/WI 60 pts NAME DUE: Tuesday, March 13 Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles (p. 192-195) 1. Match each type of glacier to its description: (2 pts) a. Alpine Ice from
More informationTHE NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION (NAO) AND THE WATER TEMPERATURE OF THE SAVA RIVER IN SERBIA
www.ebscohost.com www.gi.sanu.ac.rs, www.doiserbia.nb.rs, J. Geogr. Inst. Cvijic. 67(2) (135 144) Original scientific paper UDC:911.2:551.482(497.11) DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/ijgi1702135m THE NORTH
More informationExemplar for Internal Achievement Standard Geography Level 1. Conduct geographic research, with direction
Exemplar for internal assessment resource Geography for Achievement Standard 91011 Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard Geography Level 1 This exemplar supports assessment against: Achievement Standard
More informationAnnual Glacier Volumes in New Zealand
Annual Glacier Volumes in New Zealand 1993-2001 NIWA REPORT AK02087 Prepared for the Ministry of Environment June 28 2004 Annual Glacier Volumes in New Zealand, 1993-2001 Clive Heydenrych, Dr Jim Salinger,
More informationShaping of North America. Physical Geography II of the United States and Canada. The Last Ice Age. The Ice Age. Pleistocene Polar Ice Cap 2/14/2013
Physical Geography II of the United States and Canada Prof. Anthony Grande AFG 2012 Shaping of North America The chief shaper of the landscape of North America is and has been running water. Glaciation
More information