NATURAL ANALOGUES IN SERBIA Snežana Komatina-Petrović
1. Geology of Serbia Complex geological structure. Satellite assemblage of Balkan and Apennines (Landsat-3 images).
1. Geology of Serbia Regional geological map of Balkan and Apennines.
1. Geology of Serbia Geological map of Serbia.
Geotectonic/geomorphological/ hydrogeological units: Dinarides (SW Serbia) and Carphatobalkanides (E. Serbia) - extremely karstified limestones; Šumadija-Kosovo belt (W.Serbia) different lithological structure; Serbian crystalline basement crystalline schists basement, covered by Tertiary formations; Pannonian basin depression filled by up to 4,500 m thick Tertiary and Quaternary formations. 1. Geology of Serbia GW in Serbian part of the Danube river basin.
1. Geology of Serbia Types of aquifers: intensively karstified Mesozoic limestones, characterized by karst springs; fractured aquifers of Šumadija- Kosovo belt; Hydrogeological map. aquifers with intergranular porosity in Pannonian basin and other depressions; alluvial aquifers.
1. Geology of Serbia Numerous gw springs and different chemical content are result of presence of various deep aquifers. Geotectonic units of Serbia and mineral water occurences. 1. Dacian basin; 2. Carpatho-balkanides; 3. Serbo-macedonian mass; 4. Vardar zone; 5. Dinarides of W.Serbia; 6. Pannoni onian basin.
1. Geology of Serbia HG unit Water bodies Groups of water bodies Total WB and GWB Quaternary Neogene Karst+fract ured Quaternary Neogene Karst+fractur ed Bačka and Banat Srem, Mačva, Pos- Tamnava Central Serbia 5 1 0 0 0 0 6 4 1 1 0 1 0 7 6 6 3 0 3 5 23 E. Serbia 3 4 14 0 0 3 24 SW Serbia 0 0 6 0 0 1 7 W. Serbia 1 0 3 0 0 4 8 Total 19 12 27 0 4 13 75 Distribution of gw bodies (58 WB and 92 GWB).
1. Geology of Serbia Catchment Status Good Bad NA Danube 5 3 1 Sava 1 1 1 Kolubara 2 2 0 Drina 5 0 2 V. Morava 7 2 0 W. Morava 6 1 0 S. Morava 10 0 0 Nišava 5 2 0 Lim 8 0 1 Ibar 6 0 0 Timok 6 1 1 Tamiš 0 1 0 Tisa 0 2 0 Total 60 16 6 Present status of gw bodies.
1. Geology of Serbia GW impact assessment on ecosystems in Serbia has been performed from the two viewpoints: Quantitative impact caused by gw tapping Gw chemical effects on surface water bodies. Conclusion: there are no gw quantitative and chemical effects on ecosystems and such situation can be expected till 2015. However, further investigation is needed.
2. Vojvodina Pannonian basin Depth to the basin bottom varies in the wide range, predominantly 800-4,000m. Early Miocene sediments formed under marine conditions (sea water salinity over 300 g/l; in Sarmatian formations within brackish facies approx. 14 g/l). Tortonian formation is the main formation for oil and gas reservoirs. Pliocene sediments are with several horizons containing thermomineral and mineral water. Numerous fault structures. Geological cross-section section Danube-Tisa-Kikinda. 1. crystalline schists, 2-6. Mesozoic sediments, 7-8. marly sandstones, 9-10. sand- clayey sediments, 11. fault, 12. borehole.
2. Vojvodina Pannonian basin Confined geological structures are present not only in Triassic limestones, but also in MioPliocene deposits. That is why gas reservoirs are numerous. Geological cross-section section of a gas reservoir.
2. Vojvodina Pannonian basin Methane is predominant gas. Strong methane eruptions have been recorded in Bečej borehole, and water and gas in borehole close to Melenci. No. Borehole locality T ( 0 C) % volume Gas predomin ant in % volume He (+Ne) % volume N 2 CO 2 O 2 CH 4 N 2-64 0.0030 1. Novi Sad 24.0 64.34 1.50 2.50 30.76 CH 4-53 0.0071 2. Temerin 27.0 43.16 3.00 0.50 53.00 CH 4 82 0.0077 3. Stari Bečej 37.0 8.37 2.50 7.00 82.00 CH 4 57 0.0071 4. Ovča 18.0 40.62 0.70 1.10 57.00 N 2-96 0.0516 5. Omoljica 36.8 96.10 2.00 0.50 - Content of gas in gw of Pannonian basin.
2. Vojvodina Pannonian basin Banatski dvor gas field is the first gas storage in Serbia (Lower Pontian sandstones). Geological model of Banatski dvor gas storage.
2. Vojvodina Pannonian basin Gw bodies in Bačka and Banat (6). Gw bodies in Srem and Mačva (7).
2. Vojvodina Pannonian basin High mineralization (17.0-29.5 g/l) wells in Bavaniste, Velika Greda, Ovca, Boka, Torda, etc. and high iodine content (16-25 mg/l) - wells in Kikinda, Backo Petrovo selo, Itebej, Novosadska banja and Maglic. Methane brines have not been investigated, as well as their effects on gw, except close to the wells, but they were probably formed in bays of Miocene sea.
2. Vojvodina Pannonian basin Aquifers of Pannonian basin are without CO2, and so - effects to ecosystems are not existent. Slano Kopovo.
2. Vojvodina Pannonian basin Regarding seismic activity, Pannonian basin is not so active. That is why fluid migration to the surface can t be registered. Seismological map of Pannonian basin.
3. Central Serbia The oldest geological formations are Precambrian schists, covered by Tertiary sediments, up to 4,000m thick. Numerous regional faults are present. Geological cross-section section in the area of Krusevac town.
3. Central Serbia According to oil&gas exploration, confined structures rich in thermomineral water are known. For HC deposits, Sarmatian sandstone and limestone formations are the most important environment. Map of Tertiary formation thickness in Pomoravlje. Cross-section section for Pomoravlje region.
3. Central Serbia Oil & gas field Ostrovo and other reservoirs could be interesting for CO2 geological storage. Structural map of Ostrovo reservoir.
3. Central Serbia Content of minerals in gw of the oil field is over 16 g/l (Jugovo, near Smederevo 26 g/l). Palanacki kiseljak, Djavola varos and Tularska banja have more than 6 g/l.
3. Central Serbia Gw at 22 localities are rich in CO2 (> 1000 mg/l). No. Locality T ( 0 C) % volume Gas predominant in % volume He (+Ne) % volume N 2 CO 2 O 2 H 2 S 1. Sijerinska 67.0 30.50 62.55 7.00 - CO 2 62 - banja 2. Vranjska banja 68.5 69.04 15.55 14.00 0.45 N 2 70 0.0031 3. Tulare 19.5 5.91 88.00 6.00 Yes CO 2 88 0.0031 4. Smed. Palanka 33.0 8.87 78.90 11.00 1.10 CO 2 80 0.0010 5. Ribarska banja 33.0 91.13 5.40 1.60 1.60 N 2 91 0.0951 6. Lomnica 14.0 12.82 72.00 - CO 2-72 0.0004 Content of gas in mineral waters of Serbian crystalline basement.
3. Central Serbia As a result of deep thermometamorphic processes in rocks, high concentrations of CO2 are present at the top formations of crystalline schists. Gw migrates along faults to the surface, enriching alluvial deposits (W. Morava alluvial plain near Krusevac town, Kubrsnica near Smed. Palanka, etc.), or discharging through numerous springs or into Neogene aquifers. That is why effects of CO2 on ecosystems should be investigated more.
3. Central Serbia Influence of salty springs and brines to the ecosystems of Central Serbia has not be registered yet. However, water from the Djavolja varos well is very aggressive for plants and animals (ph=3.5). Đavolja varoš.
3. Central Serbia Fluid migration to the surface caused by seismic activity has not been investigated yet. Such occurences have been registered during earthquakes at Kopaonik mt. and in Krusevac.
4. E. and W. Serbia (Carphato-balkanides and Dinarides) Tara and Zvijezda mts. aquifers. Major part of groundwater of Tara and Zvijezda flows through karst collectors toward drainage basis in the northern part of the area, and the most important sink is Perućac spring, occuring at the limestone/werfenian sediments contact (Qmax is approx. 5,200 l/s, Qav 2,300 l/s, Qmin 500 l/s). Complex geological structure and HG relations - the further investigation is necessary. Main aquifers are karstified limestones.
4. E. and W. Serbia (Carphato-Balkanides alkanides and Dinarides) No. Locality T ( 0 C) % volume Gas predominant in % volume He (+Ne) % volume N 2 CO 2 O 2 H 2 S 1. Brestovačka banja 34.9 96.48 0.50 1.50 - N 2 96 0.1740 2. Gamzigradska banja, spring 39.5 95.48 3.00 0.00 - N 2 95 0.1880 3. Grlište, spring 21.5 90.24 4.00 4.50 - N 2 90 0.0039 4. Zvonačka banja, spring 28.5 80.98 1.00 17.00 - N 2 81 0.0078 5. Jošanica, spring 26.0 94.86 1.50 2.00 - N 2 95 0.0031 6. Nikoličevo, well 34.0 92.20 1.00 5.50 - N 2 92 0.0129 7. Nikoličevo, spring 33.0 97.62 1.00 0.00 - N 2 98 0.0155 8. Niška banja, spring 38.0 84.29 1.00 13.50 - N 2 84 0.0340 9. Rgoška banja, spring 25.5 90.23 2.00 6.50 - N 2 90 0.0039 10. Soko Banja, spring 42.5 99.10 3.50 6.00 - N 2 89 0.1500 11. Šarbanovačka banja, spring 28.5 98.11 0.005 0.50 - N 2 98 0.0232 12. Sisevac, spring 29.0 91.72 3.00 4.00 - N 2 92 0.0032 Content of gas in mineral waters of Carphato-Balkanides.
4. E. and W. Serbia (Carphato-balkanides and Dinarides) Among presented gas contretations, N is predominant. CO2 is characteristic for Vrnjacka banja, Veluce, Kursumlijska banja and Luzani near Pristina. No. Locality T ( 0 C) % volume Gas predominant in % volume He (+Ne) % volume N 2 CO 2 O 2 H 2 S 1. Kupinovo, well 37.2 91.67 4.50 2.50 - N 2 92 0.1523 2. Slankamen, spring 18.5 33.53 2.50 1.50 62.0 CH 4 62 0.0025 3. Jakovo, well 18.5 96.64 0.50 1.50 - N 2 97 0.0124 4. Vrujci, Mionica 26.0 86.29 2.00 10.50 - N 2 86 0.0071 5. Ovčar banja 37.0 88.26 6.00 4.00 0.50 N 2 88 0.0156 6. Roška banja 23.5 92.89 1.50 4.00 - N 2 93 0.0065 7. Visočka banja 23.0 86.29 0.50 12.00 - N 2 86 0.0039 8. Banja Koviljača 29.0 77.85 16.00 0.00 5.00 N 2 78 0.0065 Content of gas in mineral waters of Dinarides.
4. E. and W. Serbia (Carphato-balkanides and Dinarides) Rajko cave, E. Serbia. Samar stone bridge.
4. E. and W. Serbia (Carphato-balkanides and Dinarides) Krupajsko spring (E.Serbia).
4. E. and W. Serbia (Carphato-balkanides and Dinarides) Sjenica karst spring. Karst of W.Serbia.