Draft for Review Leon Werdinger

Draft for Review 2017 Leon Werdinger

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW... 1.1 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PLAN... 1.2 The Planning Process... 1.2.1 PROJECT PHASES... 1.3 PUBLIC AND AGENCY INVOLVEMENT... 1.4 PLAN SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION... 1.5 2.0 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WILDLIFE... 2.1 VEGETATION... 2.2 Native Species... 2.2.1 Invasive Species... 2.2.2 SOILS... 2.3 CULTURAL... 2.4 WILDFIRE... 2.5 3.0 TRAILS & TRAILHEADS TRAILS... 3.1 Pedestrian Area... 3.1.1 Multiple-Use Area... 3.1.2 TRAILHEADS... 3.2 Trailhead Descriptions... 3.2.1 Facilities... 3.2.2 HOURS OF OPERATION... 3.4 INTERPRETATION & INFORMATION SIGNAGE... 3.5 SPECIAL USE PERMITS... 3.6 HUNTING AND TRAIL USE... 3.7 DOGS AND TRAILS... 3.8 PROPOSED TRAIL NETWORK AND CONNECTIVITY... 3.9 4.0 THREATS, ENFORCEMENT & PUBLIC SAFETY SOCIAL TRAILS AND TRAIL WIDENING... 4.1 TRESPASSING... 4.2 LITTER... 4.3 ENFORCEMENT AND PUBLIC SAFETY... 4.4 5.0 TRAILS AND TRAILHEAD MAINTENANCE MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES... 5.1 MAINTENANCE CREW... 5.2

6.0 APPENDICES APPENDIX A. A LIST OF SPECIES OCCURRING OR POTENTIALLY OCCURRING ON THE EAST MORAINE. APPENDIX B. A LIST OF COMMONLY FOUND PLANT SPECIES, BOTH NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE, OCCURRING ON THE EAST MORAINE. APPENDIX C. AN EXAMPLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROTOCOL. APPENDIX D. ANNUAL PROJECT & TIMING CHART. APPENDIX E. SAMPLE ETIQUETTE TRAILHEAD SIGN. APPENDIX F. SAMPLE RULES AND ETIQUETTE TRAILHEAD SIGN. APPENDIX G. DRAFT NATURAL RESOURCE ACTION STEPS. APPENDIX H. DRAFT RULES AND REGULATIONS. APPENDIX I. EXAMPLE MAINTENANCE FORM. APPENDIX J. EAST MORAINE TRAILS VICINITY MAP APPENDIX K. PUBLIC INPUT PROCESS (TO BE INSERTED WHEN COMPLETED) FIGURES FIGURE 1. EAST MORAINE TRAIL SYSTEM FIGURE 2. PROJECT PHASES FIGURE 3. MULE DEER WINTER RANGE AREA FIGURE 4. SPALDING S CATCHFLY POPULATIONS FIGURE 5. PEDESTRIAN ONLY TRAILS FIGURE 6. MULTIPLE-USE TRAILS FIGURE 7. TRAILHEADS FIGURE 8. EAST MORAINE TRAIL NETWORK AND CONNECTIVITY

Figure 1. PROPOSED East Moraine Trail System 1 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 OVERVIEW Nestled in the northeast corner of Oregon lies one of the world s most perfectly formed and well-preserved glacial landscapes the Wallowa Lake Moraines. This ancient yet fragile landform which surrounds Wallowa Lake is visually stunning, physically accessible and scientifically significant. This unique feature captures the essence of Wallowa County and has done so for time immemorial as these lands are a part of the homeland of the Nez Perce. The cultural resources of this area are matched only by the stunning scenic and natural resources. The panoramic views of mountains, moraines, lake and valley can also be brought into closer focus through exploring the trails, along with rocks deposited by glaciers, native/endangered plants, and rolling grassy hills. Wildlife species found here include fox, deer, elk, coyote as well as raptors and numerous other birds. In 2009 Oregon Parks and Recreation Department (OPRD) partnered with the Nez Perce Tribe, the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation and the Oregon State Parks Trust to acquire 61 acres the site commonly known as the Marr Ranch as Iwetemlaykin State Heritage Site. Prior to development of this site, recreational opportunities for residents and other visitors to the Wallowa Lake basin were limited to Wallowa Lake State Park and the Wallowa County marina. The addition of this natural area, adjacent to the City of Joseph, provides opportunities for education, interpretation, hiking and enjoying nature. It fills an important niche and helps reduce congestion at existing recreation spots. In August 2011, a Memorandum of Agreement was entered into between Wallowa County Board of Commissioners, Wallowa Resources, Wallowa Land Trust and OPRD with the purpose of forming the Wallowa Lake Moraines Partnership (the Partnership) to secure the moraines of Wallowa Lake from development, while maintaining the area as a working landscape that sustains its diverse values. In 2014 The Trust for Public Land joined the Partnership. The development of the East Moraine Trails will provide an additional system of high quality trails for the enjoyment of Wallowa County residents and visitors. The trails will positively impact individuals and improve the community by providing not only recreation opportunities, but also by influencing economic and community development. Trails provide direct economic benefits to hotels, restaurants and other businesses from increases in tourist activity. Other direct economic benefits include employment created and money spent on trails. Trails also make our communities more livable and provide opportunities for physical activity to improve fitness and mental health. 2 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PLAN This plan describes the vision and intent of the Partnership to develop and maintain a series of trails on the East Moraine. The plan must be resilient, flexible and suitable for the future. It aims to capture important, broad ideas about management and to provide high-level direction that will guide decisionmaking. Meeting the community s vision will require efficient and effective planning to provide outdoor recreational opportunities that are compatible with the natural and historical values of the property. The plan s purpose is to: Identify the East Moraine Trails management objectives recognizing the current ecological, social, economic and political environment; Provide the formal program and policy guidelines that will direct the East Moraine Trails short term and long term management and use; and Develop strategies for implementation of various management components. The Partnership developed this trail plan to identify and map trail resources and characteristics for non-motorized trails and trailheads on the East Moraine. This trail plan also identifies and encourages key trail linkages between existing local and regional trails to improve use of existing trails on adjacent public lands. Completing this plan its values and goals, strategies and actions is a shared effort with the public, community partners (including hiking groups, biking groups, equestrian groups, and landowners to name a few), other agencies, and recreation and resource advocates. Over time, the specifics of trail management and land ownership will evolve, but this plan is intended to best serve the landscape and those who visit it, ensuring a seamless experience for all. TRAIL OBJECTIVES The overall objectives for the trails are as follows: Ensure protection of the East Moraine s cultural, biological, historic, and prehistoric resources; Provide public interpretation and education about the resources of the Wallowa Lake Moraines; Provide and promote safe, diverse and enjoyable outdoor recreation opportunities while minimizing detrimental impacts upon natural, cultural and visual resources and neighboring properties; and Protect, manage and enhance natural, cultural and visual resources, including maintaining and promoting healthy ecosystems and their processes. 1.2.1 THE PLANNING PROCESS To accomplish the planning objectives, the project involves three stages with various components. The overall plan process is illustrated in the timeline below. 3 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

STAGE 1: PREPARATION B a c k g r o u n d R e s e a r c h Oct. 2016 STAGE 2: MEETINGS I n p u t & G u i d a n c e Landowners User Group Landowners Nov. Discussion and research to develop the Plan and a review of relevant plans with the end result of a Preliminary Draft Plan approved by the Partnership. Landowners presented with Preliminary Draft Plan, details discussed and revisions made. Preliminary Draft Plan is then presented to User Groups and revisions are made again. Preliminary Draft Plan is once again presented to landowners with discussion of revisions to obtain approval of an Official Draft Plan. Public Landowners User Group STAGE 3: UNVEILING F i n a l P l a n R e l e a s e Public Jan. 2017 Apr. A public meeting is held to introduce the project and the Draft Plan. This meeting will present information, ensure future grant / private funding, gather input from landowners, user groups, and the general public to legitimize the process. Meetings are held with landowners and user groups to review, revise and finalize the Plan. A public meeting is held to unveil the Final Plan. May 1.3 PROJECT PHASES The East Moraine is the largest undeveloped moraine of the Wallowa Lake assemblage and is entirely in private ownership. The majority of the East Moraine is held by the Ronald C. Yanke Family Trust, and eight adjacent smaller properties are owned by individuals and families. The Partnership is in negotiations with the Yanke Family Trust to purchase their property while also working with the remaining East Moraine landowners to secure trail easements through their property or purchase a section of their property. Given its location and size, securing the Yanke property offers a rare opportunity to link existing protected lands creating a rare opportunity to insure landscape scale protection that would benefit all Oregonians. The Partnership is currently working actively with East Moraine landowners with the following primary goals: Maintain sustainable working lands of farms, forests and rangeland to contribute to the local economy and rural ways of life; Provide public access respectful of the landscape and its scenic beauty; and Protect open space for wildlife, recreation and natural resources. 4 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Figure 2. Project Phases Currently, there are approximately 11.5 miles of unofficial trails along the crest, front and back of the East Moraine. These unofficial trails are not part of a trail system, not maintained and formed when a large number of hikers followed a similar footpath over an extended period of time. The present use of these trails has been at the forbearance of the property owners and they are not legally public trails. As discussed above, all the East Moraine is private property with about 1,800 acres owned by the Yanke Family Trust (Yanke). The Partnership is working with the Yankes to acquire this land. Once purchased, ownership would be passed to the County and it would continue to be managed for grazing and timber in addition to recreation and wildlife habitat. The development of the East Moraine Trails is intended to be implemented in two phases: Phase One: Secure legal access through trail easements or purchase of property with five private landowners on the East Moraine. This portion of the trail begins from the north end of the lake and will follow a defined trail for approximately 2.5 miles until reaching a tall elk fence. Phase Two: Purchase the Yanke property and transfer ownership to Wallowa County. This property would become the southern portion of the trail system with approximately 9 miles of logging roads that would also be used as trails. Additional trails may be developed or changes of trails may occur depending on user interest. The Phase One and Phase Two trails would be seamlessly connected. Actions identified in Phase One are deemed achievable in a shorter period of time, therefore this trail planning and implementation is intended to be accomplished before Phase Two. Achieving Phase Two actions are contingent on the availability of resources, including funding, to purchase the Yanke property. These phases are not intended to preclude additional phases that may be implemented as other needs and opportunities arise. See Figure 2 for a map of the two phases. 5 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

1.4 PUBLIC AND AGENCY INVOLVEMENT Agency involvement is being utilized to ensure full representation of various interests in the East Moraine Trails. Extensive public input will be employed as the planning process continues and results will be inserted into the Final Plan. The Wallowa Lakes Moraines Partnership and a User Group were established to provide resource expertise and diverse user input into the preparation of the management plan. These groups will meet monthly during the planning process, participate in public meetings to establish critical information regarding the property and to assist in identifying issues for management plans. Public and Agency Roles and Responsibilities: Oregon Parks and Recreation Department Provide technical support in development of trail design standards and maintenance. Provide visitor contact communication training to Area Manager and volunteer staff. Wallowa Resources Provide noxious weed and forest management on southern portion of trail (Yanke property) through existing stewardship programs. Provide trailhead maintenance, cleaning and management through existing county campsite management program. Wallowa Land Trust Continue to assume responsibility for overall coordination of the trail. Allocate funding to enable development of the trail. Allocate funding for startup Area Manager salary. Continue to work with landowners on trail issues that may arise. Designate trailheads and manages education and outreach programs and materials. Works with OPRD to guide trail development. Amend the East Moraine Trails Plan as needed. Wallowa County Property owner of southern portion of trail after transitioning into Phase Two of project (See section 1.2). Assist in noxious weed management on the trail corridors, including identification of sites and what control measures are needed. Provide law enforcement services. Wallowa Lake Moraines Partnership Provide guidance, expertise and advice, as appropriate, in response to trail planning, development and management. Participate in, review, and comment on planning documents, including this document. User Group Participate in meetings and provide input on trails, subjects of special interest, and community concerns and issues. 6 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Review and comment on planning documents, including this document. Act as trail stewards, reporting conflicts, hazards or other trail issues to the Area Manager. Area Manager Provide maintenance and management, including noxious weed control, of trails and associated facilities. Responsible for recruitment and coordination of volunteer participation. Oversee all work party participants including volunteers and hired contractors. Act as the point of contact. Work with landowners on trail issues. Issue Special Use Permits and oversees permittee activities. Consult with the Partnership, as appropriate, on matters related to trail management and other trail related issues. Pending Agency Roles and Responsibilities Wallowa Land Trust or Wallowa Resources will employ the Area Manager. Wallowa Land Trust or Wallowa County will act as the trail easement holder. The holder of liability insurance is yet to be determined. 1.5 PLAN SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION The East Moraine Trails Plan covers the following topics: 1) review of existing conditions, including natural, cultural and recreational uses; 2) identification of plans necessary for short and long term development and management; and 3) establishing procedures for trail development and future maintenance and management. 2.0 NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Before implementing a management plan, detailed documentation of existing conditions is necessary. Knowledge of what is already occurring on the ground will assist with management decisions such as when to close certain areas due to overuse, when to re-route trails to avoid erosion, and determining appropriate methods and extent of noxious weed control efforts. Also needed is a clear focus on the desired balance between ecological maintenance and recreational development. Decisions about trail development and area closures depend on such focus and associated goals. Management strategies are grouped into the following categories: Wildlife Vegetation Soils Cultural Wildfire 2.1 WILDLIFE 7 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

The area that surrounds Wallowa Lake and the East Moraine hosts a rich diversity of wildlife species, from the high Wallowa Mountains above to the valley floor below. More than 133 species of birds use the East Moraine or the surrounding area at various times of the year. Bald eagles and ospreys roost and perch in the area near the lake, while golden eagles and other raptors hunt in the open grasslands or forested areas year-round. The ecosystem supports populations of more than 24 resident mammals, with at least 18 other mammals occasionally present on the area. The area is particularly important for wintering populations of mule deer and elk, as well as several rare or otherwise special status species including: American marten flammulated owl white-tailed jackrabbit great grey owl California myotis Lewis woodpecker fringed myotis loggerhead shrike hoary bat long-billed curlew long-legged myotis northern goshawk silver-haired bat pileated woodpecker bald eagle white-headed woodpecker ferruginous hawk A list of species occurring or potentially occurring on the East Moraine can be found in Appendix A. Protection of wildlife habitat on the East Moraine is necessary to maintain viable, healthy, and diverse numbers of wildlife species in and around the area. For example, fawning occurs in late spring / early summer along the moraine where shrubby understory exists. Mule deer that summer in the mountains travel to the lower elevations of the moraine for wintering. Mule deer winter range areas are shown on Figure 3. It is crucial that all management decisions be made with a thorough understanding of wildlife needs. Guidelines will be designed for species needing protection from recreation. The majority of wildlife/recreation issues can be addressed by educating the public. If more serious issues arise, Figure 3. Mule Deer Winter Range 8 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

the Partnership will consult with Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) to resolve those issues. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT GOAL OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS Protect, enhance, and restore wildlife habitat to sustain wildlife. 1. Manage space for wildlife habitat. 2. Minimize human disturbance. Identify and map wildlife linkage corridors. Adopt conservation management strategies for the well-being of wildlife on the East Moraine. Minimize trails in areas of highly sensitive wildlife habitat as identified by agencies. If new fencing is constructed, ensure that it is wildlife friendly. Implement seasonal closures of trails in areas of high wildlife value where appropriate. Develop and implement a strong dog policy (see Section 3.8) to minimize recreational and wildlife conflicts. Develop a network of volunteers to monitor trail guidelines. 3. Educate users about wildlife habitat and corridors. Create interpretative signage. Place informational materials at trailheads to educate the public about the impacts of dogs on wildlife and the responsibilities of pet owners while recreating on the East Moraine. Create an online guide that users can access, complete with illustrations, describing wildlife and special status species found along the East Moraine. *See a full list of action steps in Appendix G. 2.2 VEGETATION The topographic features of the East Moraine provide a variety of conditions that support different plant communities. The plant communities can be divided into four types: grasslands, savanna, pastureland, and forested. Grassland, savanna, and pastureland communities are found on the majority of the trails starting at the north end of the Moraine and continue for approximately 3 miles along the Moraine. Forested vegetation begins at the southern portion of the Moraine and continues approximately 5 miles south, linking into Wallowa-Whitman National Forest (WWNF) lands. A vegetation assessment conducted in August 2011 details the East Moraine site. A list of commonly found plant species, both native and non-native, occurring on the East Moraine can be found in Appendix B. As site use and knowledge increase, this list can be updated to ensure that management activities align with species protection needs. 9 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Native plant communities are important because they provide wildlife habitat, ecological diversity, an attractant for pollinators, erosion control, and aesthetic values. The ecological condition of the vegetation along the Moraine varies. Agricultural and forestry uses within the last 150 years have radically altered the site s natural environment through direct modification (tillage, irrigation, seeding to agricultural species, logging, road construction, skidding) and passive modification (introduction of noxious weeds, livestock grazing, and fire suppression) (Bacheller, 2014). 2.2.1 NATIVE SPECIES Native plant communities thrive across the East Moraine. Specific Figure 4. Spalding s Catchfly plants of note include the rare Spalding s catchfly, silky lupine, and mariposa lily. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has identified Wallowa Lake as a key conservation area for Spalding s catchfly (Silene spaldingii) in which a management plan has been developed for the protection of the plant species habitat. In 1995 Spalding s catchfly was listed as endangered by the State of Oregon due to the increasing potential for extinction. Spalding s catchfly was federally listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act in 2001 (USFWS 2001). Habitat loss due to human development and weedy nonnative plant invasions are the primary threats facing Spalding s catchfly. Plants found in the area are on slopes, ridges, and rolling hilly moraines with glacially tilled soils in a Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue) grassland community. The site ranges in elevation from approximately 4,400 to 5,300 feet. A map containing all known Spalding's catchfly plants within the East Moraine area is shown in Figure 4. The entire population of Spalding s catchfly has not been identified thus far. The map will be updated as further data of the plant is collected. Once a rare plant population is disturbed or destroyed, it seldom recovers. Therefore, protecting existing populations is the best method for conserving 10 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

species. The plants are an important biological resource due to their rarity and uniqueness. The trail can be relocated away from populations to protect them from hiker trampling and invasive species removed before they choke out entire plant populations. 2.2.2 INVASIVE SPECIES The risk of spread and establishment of invasive plant species is of great concern to landowners and involved agencies. Trails act as vectors for the spread of invasive species. Recreational hikers may contribute to species introductions by carrying seeds or plant fragments on shoes or clothing, and trails may increase the availability of suitable habitat for invasive species. To help prevent the spread of invasive plant species, the action steps in the table below will be implemented. Control methods depend on the species being controlled and the characteristics of the site being treated. The Wallowa County Integrated Weed Management Plan is incorporated into the planning process. A list of plant species, including invasive species, known to occur on the East Moraine is included in Appendix B. If any listed noxious weeds are found along the trail corridor, a control method that is suitable for that site will be employed. Not all invasive species are considered noxious weeds. By definition, noxious weed means any plant classified by the Oregon Department of Agriculture or the Wallowa County Commissioners that is injurious to public health, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, or any public or private property. Application of any herbicide will be applied by a licensed Oregon pesticide applicator. Herbicide products used are subject to change dependent upon the licensed pesticide applicator s professional judgment and herbicide label restrictions. When the application of herbicide is planned as part of the weed control program, signage will be placed at trailheads at least 24 hours in advance of the application and will remain in place for 24 hours after the application, notifying the public of the weed control schedule. Where needed, parts of the right of way disturbed during trail construction will be reseeded with native plants to prevent erosion and establishment of noxious weeds. Advice will be sought from the OSU Extension Service and local botanists regarding ground cover appropriate for trail use. VEGETATION MANAGEMENT GOAL OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS Protect and restore native, special status, and other desirable vegetation. 1. Inventory and monitor the composition and distribution of plant communities. Develop a composite map identifying the composition and distribution of plant communities. Inventory the East Moraine to assess rare plant populations. Involve citizen scientists and volunteers in survey, research and monitoring processes. 11 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

2. Maintain biological diversity in the East Moraine. Protect special status species and native plant communities through management prescriptions, trail mitigation measures, or other management actions. Monitor the composition of vegetation and habitat across the East Moraine to ensure biological diversity. 3. Protect native and desirable plant vegetation 4. Educate trail users about special status species, native plant communities, and noxious weed invasions. 5. Manage the spread of invasive and noxious weeds throughout the East Moraine. Seed disturbed areas with native and desirable plant mix. Create seed mix and list of suppliers for desirable native plant species for landscaping and restoration projects. Create an online guide that users and landowners can access, complete with illustrations, about the protection of special status species, native plant communities, and noxious weed invasions. Develop a coordinated interagency program for weed management that includes Wallowa County Vegetation Department and private landowners. Complete biannual weeds surveys by volunteers and area managers along trail corridor. Seek opportunities to use IPM* tools to control known noxious weed populations. Remove small infestations of invasive plant species along the corridor manually. Remove larger infestations along the trail corridor through the application of herbicides. Inventory for existing biological control agents and if needed, release and monitor agents on a continual basis. *IPM (Integrated Pest Management) is the coordinated use of pest and environmental information with available pest control methods to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment. *See a full list of action steps in Appendix G. 2.3 SOILS Any disturbance of vegetation and soil surface leads to rill and gully erosion and can quickly advance from a small rill to a large gully with a heavy climatic event. This type of erosion reduces soil stability and impacts vegetation. Scars from severe erosion can also reduce the attractiveness of the area and can reduce the quality of recreational activities (often by degrading trails). In many cases, surface-disturbing activities such as unauthorized trails and maintenance activities leave soils exposed to erosion and at risk for invasion by noxious weeds. 12 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

In order to protect the soils along the East Moraine corridor, areas that are disturbed during construction activities, unauthorized trails and soil disturbance from maintenance activities will be revegetated. If any development of facilities is to occur at trailheads, these facilities will be properly designed to reduce erosion and on-site runoff. SOILS MANAGEMENT GOAL OBJECTIVES RECOMMENDATIONS Protect soils to reduce erosion and repair erosion damage. 1. Identify and control erosion and provide for active monitoring and management. 2. Protect native and desirable vegetation. 3. Use proper trail design techniques. 4. Educate users about the importance of restoring, maintaining, and protecting the proper functioning condition of the ecosystem. Identify and list erosion-control methods and tools. Avoid disturbing areas with high erosion potential. Use existing soils maps to assist in developing trails. Seed disturbed areas with a native and desirable plant mix to prevent erosion. Use IPM to control invasive plant species. Refer to OPRD for design techniques. Create an online guide that discusses and illustrates the importance of the major environmental components (including soils, vegetation, and wildlife). Use trail signs to illustrate the importance of the major environmental components. 5. Reduce the likelihood of new erosion scars. *See a full list of action steps in Appendix G. Protect or avoid erosive ridgelines that provide scenic values. 2.4 CULTURAL The goal of the Partnership is to ensure protection of cultural, biological, historic, and prehistoric resources while providing public interpretation and education about them. Cultural resources at this site include stories, traditions, the landscape, as well as the vegetation, in addition to physical artifacts. To protect physical cultural artifacts on the site, an Archaeological Protocol will be agreed upon by the Partnership that sets out protection measures for the preconstruction, construction and post-construction / maintenance phases. See example in Appendix C. Discussion with tribal entities and other partners will determine the Archeological Protocol for this site. 13 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

CULTURAL RESOURCES GOAL OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS Identify and protect existing cultural sites. 1. Inventory cultural sites. 2. Complete an Archaeological Protocol early in project planning. 3. Teach users about the importance of cultural resources and their protection. *See a full list of action steps in Appendix G. 2.5 WILDFIRE Inventory cultural sites. Identify proposed trail, trailhead, and other facilities involving ground disturbance. Consult Archaeological Protocol before building any proposed trails on the moraine. Develop cultural interpretation signs for trailhead kiosks and along trails as appropriate. Fire management within the East Moraine is critical to protecting life, property, and cultural and natural resources, as well as implementing policies for preservation of natural ecosystems. The primary reasons for protecting the East Moraine from wildland fire are to protect human health and safety, protect private property, enhance community protection, diminish risk and consequences of severe wildland fires, and to the extent possible, improve the health of the ecosystem. The Partnership and involved agencies will take measures to help reduce fire risks from recreational uses and implement measures such as law enforcement, education, signing, and mapping to minimize fire risk. Fuel reduction and controlled burn management plans will be developed for the Yanke property, once it is secured. WILDFIRE MANAGEMENT GOAL OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS Protect the East Moraine and local community from the negative impacts of wildfire. 1. Engage in local fire coordination efforts. Encourage public agencies to communicate regularly with public safety and law enforcement representatives and medical personnel serving the East Moraine Trails. Provide assistance with emergency response needs and communications as needed, such as gate keys, staging areas, and special trail equipment. Consider use of trails as potential locations for firebreaks when needed. Identify and maintain fire access routes and contacts. 14 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

2. Educate the community about wildfire concerns. 3. Fire Prevention. Create and post signage with fire-related rules and education about wildfire concerns and wildfire s role in the environment. Provide nonemergency contact information (police, fire and agencies) at designated trailheads and in a variety of media formats. Prohibition of smoking. Prohibition of open fires such as campfires, charcoal fires, and cooking fires at all times. Prohibition of fireworks. Regulate trail use when fire danger is high. *See a full list of action steps in Appendix G. 3.0 Trails and Trailheads 3.1 TRAILS The East Moraine Trails will provide non-motorized recreation opportunities for a wide variety of trail users. Non-motorized trails are defined as those trails used for hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking, backpacking, running, crosscountry skiing and snowshoeing. The trails will be divided into two areas offering different recreation opportunities: pedestrian only and multiple-use. The trails will generally be open year-round to all users, but may be closed to specific uses or all use due to fire restrictions, special events, logging activities, hunting, resource damage, wildlife concerns or wet soil conditions as determined by the Area Manager and the Partnership. 3.1.1 PEDESTRIAN AREA Pedestrian Only Trails. These trails are part of the Phase One planning (see Section 1.1.1) and will provide recreation for pedestrians only. Pedestrian only trails are intended for hiking, running, cross-country skiing, and snowshoeing. The trail begins at the north end of the lake linking in with the Iwetemlaykin trails and wanders up a low saddle before reaching the top of the Moraine. The top offers stunning 360ᵒ views of the Seven Devils to the east, Zumwalt Prairie to the north and Eagle Cap Wilderness to the south. Additionally, from here one can see the numerous moraines (advances and retreats of glaciers) that make up the East Moraine. The trail ties in with the Multiple-Use trails after 2.5 miles and can be reached through all trailheads (see Figure 5). 15 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

These trails cross multiple private ownerships through trail easements and/or trail license agreements between Wallowa Land Trust and the landowners. A corridor approximately 25 feet wide is available and open to public access to protect landowners privacy and management activities, and to provide for public safety (i.e. livestock interaction). It is the Partnerships and the public s joint responsibility to manage and use these trails appropriately as the ability to use the trails is a privilege. The trails will be signed in a manner that makes users aware they are crossing private land. Figure 5. Pedestrian Only Trails 3.1.2 MULTIPLE-USE AREA Multiple-use Trails for Non-Motorized Vehicles. The multiple-use trails are part of Phase Two planning (see Section 1.1.1) and will offer several recreational opportunities on the south end of the East Moraine. All trails will be open to non-motorized multi-use-recreation activities such as: hiking, horseback riding, mountain biking, running, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, and hunting. Exact locations of where these activities will take place will be determined as the plan moves into the Phase Two portion of the project. 16 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

The multiple-use trails consist of approximately 9 miles and will provide a connection between staging areas, be constructed as loops, provide access to WWNF land, and traverse much of the non-motorized area. From the southwest entrance, the trail follows a series of switchbacks for 1.5 miles to the crest of the Moraine and an additional 4.8 miles down the backside of the Moraine to the southeast entrance. Both the southwest and southeast entrances of the multipleuse area link to the Pedestrian-only trail. A turnstile gate at the elk fence will provide for a boundary between the Pedestrian Area and Multiple-Use Area trails to prevent the passage of bikes and horses. The multiple-use trails can be accessed through trailheads 2 and 3 (see Figure 6). Figure 6. Multiple-Use Trails All of these non-motorized trails within the Multiple-Use Area will be open to equestrian and mountain bike riders. Future conflicts, safety concerns or trail impacts may warrant the need to restrict specific trail uses from certain trails. Management techniques to heighten awareness of shared trail uses will be implemented. These management techniques may include: Signage at trailheads and along trails to heighten awareness of yield protocols and expectation of encountering other users. Signage could include: (1) yield to equestrians/trail user triangle signs, and, (2) signage indicating that horses frequent these trails to raise awareness of the likelihood of equestrians presence in these areas, and (3) identifying blind corners, where needed. If a specific section of trail proves to be a consistent and demonstrable safety issue, work with bicyclists, equestrians and other user groups to explore options to provide a solution that is sustainable and feasible. 17 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Develop etiquette messaging material centered on shared trail education as it pertains to equestrians, hikers and mountain bikers. 3.1.4 TRAIL DEVELOPMENT DESIGN PLAN The East Moraine Trails shall have a treadway that is enjoyable and reasonably safe for recreation activities. The trails designed for the Pedestrian Use Area and the Multiple-Use Area will differ on account of the different recreational uses allowed on the trails. The trails will be designed, constructed, and maintained to minimize their impact on the natural resources of the surrounding area while taking advantage of scenic, educational, and cultural opportunities. A timeline for trail development will be determined as the project progresses and the exact design for each trail will be determined during development. Basic principles to development are: Pedestrian Area: Native material is used for trail tread. Drainage structures such as turnpikes or puncheon are best avoided and installed only as a resource mitigating measure. The trail bed will be a minimum of 18 inches wide. Along any hazardous areas, it should be wider to provide greater user safety. Trail tread will vary from 12 to 18 inches wide depending on the surrounding terrain, trees, etc. Trail brushing limits for wood brush and herbaceous plants will be 8 feet high by 4 feet wide (2 feet from the trail center line). Trail structures, such as steps to prevent erosion, are to be avoided by initial layout or reroute unless absolutely necessary. Multiple-Use Area Native material is used for trail tread. Drainage structures such as turnpikes or puncheon are installed only as needed. Trail bed will the width of the current logging roads. If new trails are constructed, trail bed will be a minimum of 36 inches wide. Trail beds along a hazardous area should be wider to provide greater safety for user. Trail clearing limits for down logs and tree limbing will be 10 feet high and 8 feet wide (4 feet from trail center line). Trail brushing limits for woody brush and herbaceous plant species will be 10 feet high and 6 feet wide (3 feet from trail center line). Trail structures such as bridges, puncheon and steps will have a minimum of 48-inch tread with between posts. The above principles were obtained from OPRD trail standards. 3.2 TRAILHEADS 18 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

The trailheads will provide safe designated parking for accessing the East Moraine Trail system and will have kiosks with educational information on proper trail use and updated trail maps for reference. There will be three trailheads with kiosks. Trailheads are shown on Figure 7. 3.2.1 TRAILHEAD DESCRIPTIONS Trailhead 1. This will be the main entrance for the pedestrian only trails. It will be located along the highway across from the northeast entrance to Iwetemlaykin State Heritage Site. Trailhead 2. This will be one of two entrances for the multiple-use trails. It will be located along the highway before entering Wallowa Lake State Park near the south end of the lake. 19 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Trailhead 3. This is the second entrance for the multiple-use trail. It will be the main entrance for equestrian use and will be located on the east side of the moraine, off Turner Lane. Figure 7. Trailheads 3.2.2 FACILITIES Trail Infrastructure. Given the low level of development desired across the East Moraine, emphasis is on maintenance and improvements of existing trails and viewpoints. There may also be isolated new construction should the need and necessary resources arise (e.g. signs, erosion control, traffic control). All construction will be designed for minimal visual impact to the Moraine. 20 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Gates. Walk through stile gates will be installed at property boundaries and at the elk fence to allow the passage of pedestrian users and to prevent equestrians and bicyclists from entering the pedestrian-only use trails. Stile gates will also prevent the risk of improper closure, therefore preventing the passage of livestock. Restrooms. Restrooms are currently not planned for any of the trailheads. Development of facilitates at Trailhead 3 for equestrian use may encourage the installation of vault toilets in the future. Vault toilets are desirable due to their low maintenance needs and lack of sewer access nearby. Site Furnishings. Trash receptacles and dog waste bag stations will be placed at all trailheads. Potential Projects. Potential projects will vary over time based on demonstrated need and available resources. The following is a list of several potential projects that may be completed as trail development occurs and demands are known. See Appendix D for the project planning tool. o Trails. Adding trail material to maintain the desired width and consistency may be needed as the trails are more closely monitored and they receive additional use. Informal trails created by visitors will be monitored and managed to limit damage to resources and private property. This may include installing natural traffic barriers (for ex: rocks, downed trees/brush). New connections to parking areas and trailheads may be considered for future trail additions. o ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) Accessible Trails. ADA accessible trails may be possible from trailhead 1 to the first viewpoint of the trail, consisting of approximately 0.5 miles. These trails would be open to users of all abilities. o Fences. Existing fences may be removed or replaced with wildlife friendly fences in places to improve aesthetics and eliminate hazards. Temporary fencing may be needed for safety, plant protection, or projects. o Utilities. Water for bottle fill stations at trailheads may be considered if demand, resources and potential exists. Water troughs for horses may be installed if development of equestrian facilities on the east side occurs. o Roads and Parking. Existing access roads on the east side may be maintained or improved for equestrian access. Associated gravel parking may be developed. Development of a parking area at Trailhead 1 will be pursued after highway realignment is complete in coordination with Oregon Department of Transportation and adjacent property owners. 21 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

o Buildings. No current buildings exist. If development of facilities at Trailhead 3 occur, some built structures may be desirable (e.g. vault toilet, corrals). o Site Furnishings. Bicycle racks may be needed depending on demand at trailheads. Limited benches at natural viewpoints or resting spots may be desired, but should not detract from the natural surroundings. 3.2.3 TRAILHEAD DEVELOPMENT DESIGN PLAN Each trailhead will have unique qualities and issues that must be specifically resolved to fit that particular site. At the same time, trailheads will have uniform design elements so visitors recognize that they are entering the East Moraine Trail System and starting a very special experience. A timeline for trailhead development will be determined as the project progresses and the exact design of each trailhead will be determined during development. For each trailhead, the following factors will be evaluated in the site analysis. Public Safety Natural resources Cultural resources Access, circulation and parking issues Land use and ownership Utilities Interpretation and education Surrounding land uses Accessibility 3.4 HOURS OF OPERATION The East Moraine Trails will be open for use from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m., with exceptions or without any planned restrictions as noted below: 1. Walking/hiking/jogging are unrestricted year around use, except as noted below. 2. Bicycles, on multiple-use trails, may be restricted to lessen trail damage when the surface is soft because of weather. 3. Horses, on multiple-use trails, may be restricted to lessen trail damage when the surface is soft because of weather. 4. Snowshoeing and cross country skiing are unrestricted uses when snow conditions permit. 5. If necessary, trails may be closed in their entirety or certain sections may be closed due to fire danger and other natural events. Trails may also be closed at certain times during the year to ensure the integrity of the trail 22 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

surface is maintained and to prevent erosion when trails are wet. Closure notices will be posted at trailheads and the public will be notified. 6. The trails hours may change or trails may be closed due to special events, such as races. 7. Motorized uses on the trails are restricted at all times except for emergency and maintenance by authorized personnel. *See a full list of action steps, rules and regulations in Appendices G and H. 3.5 INTERPRETATION AND INFORMATION SIGNAGE Informational signage at the site will be kept to the minimum needed to adequately communicate safety, area use, interpretation, and orientation messages. Trail signs will be low profile and supports made from natural materials as appropriate. Interpretation will begin at the trailheads and will continue, with a lesser level of development, at the viewpoints and/or trail stops. The exact locations, types and sizes of interpretative media will be determined during trail development. Consideration must be given to the Wallowa County scenic view area requirements. Other printed materials, presentations, guided hikes and new media (such as a trail app) may be used to deliver interpretive information at the site. New interpretive media may be added over time. As visitors use at the site increases, additional directional and/or safety information signs may be needed. A clear and consistent sign program will: direct users to appropriate trails and away from closed trails reduce trespassing help disperse use and avert overuse of certain areas and potential conflicts provide a clear message of the appropriate use of the trails be modest, simple and fit into natural surroundings be made of inexpensive material such as Carsonite markers Information kiosks will be installed at each trailhead for posting of trail rules, maps, notices and etiquette. Sample Rule and Etiquette kiosk signs can be seen in Appendices E and F. 3.6 SPECIAL USE PERMITS A Special Use Permit is required for any organized group or non-traditional use activities (see examples below). Permits must be reviewed, signed and closely monitored by the Area Manager. Small group activities that do not disturb the natural setting or peacefulness of the site may be considered with close supervision (e.g. small wedding ceremony). Small youth activities (particularly property improvement projects) may be approved on a case by case basis by the Area Manager. The Partnership will be given the opportunity to comment on proposed atypical activities that the Area Manager feels could be detrimental to the nature of the site prior to issuance of the permit. 23 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Special Use Permits will be issued for a wide variety of special events, such as those listed below. A special use permit is not required for regular recreation activities. Any activity attracting 20 or more people. Organized athletic events or competitive recreational events. Example: trail race or ski event. Other organized events. Example: weddings. Commercial Filming. Example: motion pictures, television filming. Commercial Photography. Example: Photography that is performed for profit or may be sold for profit at a later date. Guided Tours. Example: guided hunting and hiking trips. Conducting scientific research. Example: collecting plants for scientific study, collection, or educational purposes. Liability. All special use permit holders must agree in writing to indemnify and hold harmless the Partnership and landowners for injury or damage in any way caused by the activity, and provide insurance coverage that is sufficient enough for such use or event. 3.7 HUNTING AND TRAIL USE The areas which the trials wander through provide access to hunting for recreational and subsistence use. Hunting in Oregon is regulated by ODFW. Hunters must possess the appropriate license, tags, stamps, and permits and must abide by state hunting regulations. Information about the amount and types of hunting usage within these areas varies from one owner to the next. In past years, hunting has occurred and may continue to occur within the Pedestrian Area of the project, only at the discretion of the private landowner. In the Multiple-Use Area, hunting by permission will be allowed as the project moves into Phase Two (see section 1.1.1). Increased outdoor recreational activity can create the potential for conflicts with hunters and hunting opportunities. These conflicts can result in unsafe conditions where hunting occurs fairly close to other recreationists. To help manage for safe and sustainable hunting opportunities, the following will be implemented: Acknowledge hunting as an activity to be maintained within the area. Create different methods to educate the public of the type, season, and scope of hunting opportunities. Provide links to ODFW s hunting information. Work with Wallowa County and ODFW to improve public safety by restricting discharge of firearms within proximity to recreational use. Advocate brightly colored clothing by trail users and hunters during hunting season for public safety. 24 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Establish contacts with key representatives of hunting groups using the area. Close sections of trails during hunting season if safety concerns exist. 3.8 DOGS AND TRAILS These trails allow for users to recreate with their dogs off-leash and under voice control. Trash receptacles and Mutt Mitt stations will be placed at trailheads along with informational signs to educate the public about the impacts of dogs on wildlife and the responsibilities of pet owners while recreating on the East Moraine. To make trails enjoyable for everyone, users should be courteous and abide by the following guidelines: Carry a leash at all times for each dog. Off-leash dogs must be under voice control. o Dogs are considered under control when they are within 25 feet of the owner/handler and when they will quickly return when called. Dogs that annoy, harass, or attack people, wildlife, livestock or other dogs, leashed or unleashed, are presumed to be out of control. Friendly dog play is fine with owner s permission. Owners/handlers should prohibit dogs from running at or jumping on people or other dogs. Many people are afraid of dogs. Owners/handlers must prohibit dogs from chasing wildlife or other animals. Remove all dog waste and carry it out to dispose. DO NOT LEAVE DOG WASTE IN PLASTIC BAGS ALONG THE TRAILS. This is considered littering. Plastic bags are provided at trailheads, but as a precaution, extras should be carried along. Dogs may not be left unattended. Users must prevent their dogs from digging or damaging park resources. Some areas along the East Moraine are considered to be sensitive wildlife habitat. To protect the health and diversity of wildlife, observe posted signs, and do not allow dogs to enter sensitive areas. o If these sensitive areas are harmed by dog use, they will either be designated as dog on-leash areas or closed seasonally. If cattle are encountered, dogs must be leashed and walked around (not through) cattle. Dogs on multiple-use trails: o Use extra caution when approaching equestrians. Horseback riders have the right-of-way on all trails. Step to the side of the trail as horses pass. o When bicyclists are present, keep dogs close to your side. *See a full list rules and regulations in Appendix H. 25 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

3.9 PROPOSED TRAIL NETWORK AND CONNECTIVITY The East Moraine Trails network will include connectivity to existing trails, recreation areas, and key locations within the area. The trails will connect to the following areas and can be seen below in Figure 8. WWNF trails Iwetemlaykin State Heritage Site trails Wallowa Lake Bicycle / Pedestrian trail development underway in 2017. Wallowa Lake State Park Wallowa County Park and Boat Ramp Additional trail connections will be considered over time based on need, demand and existing resources. Figure8. East Moraine Trail Network and Connectivity 4.0 Threats and Enforcement 4.1 SOCIAL TRAILS AND TRAIL WIDENING Social trails are unofficial trails created by recreationists wandering off established trails. The cumulative effects of this type of trail can be extensive and can cause management concerns when located on steep slopes or within sensitive vegetation zones. When these trails are identified within the area, the Area Manager will work with landowners to close and/or reroute the trail. In many cases, social trails are the result of users seeking access to the managed trail system or deviating from designated trails for new recreational experiences. 26 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Redirecting users and closing social trails will be completed using signage, natural barriers, fencing, and education. With more recreational users comes trail widening as users want to walk, run, or bike side-by-side in the same direction, pass one another by going off trail, and by allowing dogs off leash to wander. Techniques to reduce trail widening include: posting closure signs, creating trail etiquette messages that speak to these concerns, and placing rocks or other natural barriers in key locations. 4.2 TRESPASSING Although experience with other recreational trails shows that a travel corridor with extensive public use deters illegal trespassing, educating the user public about the need to respect the rights of private landowners is important to prevent trespassing on private lands. Signs will be posted indicating the property is private and not only is trespassing prohibited but recreating on the trails is a privilege granted by the landowners. Oregon s trespassing definition and penalties are found in ORS Section 164 under Burglary and Criminal Trespass. Trespassing occurs when someone enters unlawfully on a property or premise when they do not have permission to do so. Trespassers can be found guilty of crimes of varying degrees based on the type of property and situation. 4.3 LITTER Trail users will be educated to use the trash receptacles at trailheads and to practice leave no trace techniques. Litter management will include trash receptacles at trailheads with regular trash removal. It is envisioned that youth and trail user support groups will be organized to adopt trail segments and periodically patrol the right of way for trash pickup and other light maintenance activities. 4.4 ENFORCEMENT AND PUBLIC SAFETY The following public safety agencies shall be the primary sources for law enforcement and emergency response for the East Moraine Trails: Wallowa County Sheriff Sheriff Steve Rogers Wallowa County Justice Center 104 West Greenwood Street Enterprise, Oregon 97828 541-426-3131 or 911 for any emergency wcsheriff@co.wallowa.or.us Oregon State Police Sergeant Kyle Hove 65495 Alder Slope Road Enterprise, OR 97828 (541) 426-3049 kyle.hove@state.or.us 27 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

This site is part of the Wallowa Lake Rural Fire Protection District. Fire protection is currently provided by the City of Joseph Fire Department and the Oregon Department of Forestry. Enterprise Paramedics and Joseph Fire Department are the lead agencies charged with responding to emergency calls involving injury accidents that occur along the East Moraine Trails. All of the above regional emergency responders will be furnished with trail maps, emergency access points, trail uses and rules, and key contact personnel. If vehicular access is required, they are instructed to cut the lock, or fence. In addition to professional law enforcement staff, the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department (OPRD) and the Partnership have entered into an agreement to provide of visitor contact training to the Area Manager. A uniform public information and signage plan for trailheads will be implemented to help trail users better report the location of fires, accidents, and activities requiring rapid law enforcement or emergency response. This will include a completed map of the trails that is shared with all agency partners as well as the Fire Department, Paramedics, and Law Enforcement. Public education and signage will be developed to reduce violation of laws and regulations and to ensure rules are properly and adequately enforced. The Partnership will strive to educate trail users of the laws, rules, and regulations that govern the use of the East Moraine Trails. The Area Manager will create a volunteer group to monitor the trails and assist trail users. This will allow for periodic monitoring of trail use and serve to curtail possible illegal actions. National research shows that recreational trails experience few reported incidents requiring police intervention. Specific enforcement patrols will be conducted only on an as-needed basis for problematic activities, to follow up on complaints, and during high use periods. Otherwise, enforcement activities will be incidental to other maintenance, inspection, or project activities. The Wallowa County Sherriff s Department, Oregon State Police are vested with authority to enforce County ordinances or State violations and issue citations to any person who violates any provision of the East Moraine Trails rules and regulations that relate to the county or state laws. *See a full list of rules and regulations in Appendix H. 5.0 Maintenance 5.1 MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES A complete trail maintenance activity plan will be prepared as trail development commences and will be guided by design standards as provided by OPRD for 28 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

various types of uses. These standards will be used as a starting point and modified as necessary to address the natural characteristics of the resources and specific needs. Maintenance activities will include: Promptly investigate and correct reported or noted maintenance concerns provided by trail users. Depending on season and activity level, empty trash receptacles at trailheads on a daily or weekly basis. Weekly patrol trails, pick up litter and report maintenance issues. Could be assigned to volunteers who regularly use trail segments or Adopt-a- Trail program participants. Annually: o Complete trail condition maintenance inspections. o Inspect all trail structures (installed fences and gates) for deficiencies and repair as needed. o Clear areas along trails of brush, fallen trees and branches. o Repair and revegetate eroded slope surfaces. Biannually: o Remove noxious weeds along the corridor through manual or herbicide control. o Perform sign maintenance duties, such as repair or replacement. 5.2 MAINTENANCE CREW The most efficient way to manage the trails will be to have one key person, referred to as the Area Manager, responsible for completing various maintenance tasks, manage crews and complete other administrative duties as necessary. This person will be hired through Wallowa Resources or Wallowa Land Trust and will perform the tasks involved on a part-time year-round basis. The crews could include adopt-a-trail programs, volunteers and hired contractors. Grant funding for staff and/or cooperative agreements with other organizations for staff sharing may be necessary. It is anticipated that much of the routine maintenance will be performed by the Area Manager, local user groups and volunteers. Outside contractors may be used for expediency. As better knowledge of the trail s needs develop, the ability to determine how many persons to recruit for maintenance will become more evident. The Area Manager will be responsible for recruitment, training and oversight of volunteers on an as needed basis. The following are potential sources of volunteers for this site: Wallowa Lake Moraines Partnership, user groups, neighbors, community service groups, youth groups / schools, interested individuals, and paid youth conservation corps (OYCC, tribal Salmon Corps). The Area Manager will also explore availability and appropriateness of volunteers for needed tasks, complete required administrative functions and provide adequate oversight to protect both the volunteers and the resources. Routine maintenance inspections can be noted by volunteers and staff on a Trail Maintenance and Inspection form. An example form is included in Appendix I. 29 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

6.0 Appendices Appendix A. A list of species occurring or potentially occurring on the East Moraine. List of Mammals List of Birds Common Name Scientific Name Status Common Name Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name American Badger Taxidea taxus Resident American crow Corvus brachyrhynchos Gray partridge Perdix perdix Ring-necked pheasant Phasianus colchicus American Black Bear Ursus americanus Occasional American dusky flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri Gray-crowned rosy-finch Leucosticte tephrocotis Rock dove Columba livia American Marten Martes americana Occasional American goldfinch Spinus tristis Great gray owl Strix nebulosa Rock wren Salpinctes obsoletus Belding's Ground Squirrel Spermophilus beldingi Resident American kestrel Falco sparverius Great horned owl Bubo virginianus Rough-legged hawk Buteo lagopus Big Brown Bat Eptesicus fuscus Occasional American robin Turdus migratorius Green-tailed towhee Pipilo chlorurus Ruby-crowned kinglet Regulus calendula Bobcat Lynx rufus Resident American tree sparrow Spizelloides arborea Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus Ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus Bushy-tailed Woodrat Neotoma cinerea Resident Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Hairy woodpecker Picoides villosus Rufous hummingbird Selasphorus rufus California Myotis Myotis californicus Occasional Barn owl Tyto alba Hermit thrush Catharus guttatus Savannah sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis Columbian Ground Squirrel Spermophilus columbianus Resident Bell's vireo Vireo bellii Horned lark Eremophila alpestris Say's phoebe Sayornis saya Cougar Puma concolor Occasional Belted kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon House finch Haemorhous mexicanus Sharp-shinned hawk Accipiter striatus Coyote Canis latrans Resident Black swift Cypseloides niger House wren Troglodytes aedon Short-eared owl Asio flammeus Deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus Resident Black-billed magpie Pica hudsonia Hutton's vireo Vireo huttoni Snow bunting Plectrophenax nivalis Elk Cervus elaphus Resident Black-capped chickadee Poecile atricapillus Lark sparrow Chondestes grammacus Snowy owl Bubo scandiacus Ermine Mustela erminea Resident Black-headed grosbeak Pheucticus melanocephalus Lewis's woodpecker Melanerpes lewis Song sparrow Melospiza melodia Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel Spermophilus lateralis Resident Bohemian waxwing Bombycilla garrulus Loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus Spotted towhee Pipilo maculatus Gray Wolf Canis lupus Occasional Brewer's blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus Long-billed curlew Numenius americanus Steller's jay Cyanocitta stelleri Hoary Bat Lasiurus cinereus Occasional Brewer's sparrow Spizella breweri Long-eared owl Asio otus Swainson's hawk Buteo swainsoni Least Chipmunk Tamias minimus Occasional Brown creeper Certhia americana MacGillivray's warbler Geothlypis tolmiei Swainson's thrush Catharus ustulatus Least Weasel Mustela nivalis Occasional Brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater Merlin Falco columbarius Townsend's solitaire Myadestes townsendi Little Brown Bat Myotis lucifugus Resident Bullock's oriole Icterus bullockii Mountain bluebird Sialia currucoides Townsend's warbler Setophaga townsendi Long-tailed Vole Microtus longicaudus Occasional California quail Callipepla californica Mountain chickadee Poecile gambeli Tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor Long-tailed Weasel Mustela frenata Resident Cassin's finch Haemorhous cassinii Mourning dove Zenaida macroura Turkey vulture Cathartes aura Meadow Vole Microtus pennsylvanicus Occasional Cedar waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum Nashville warbler Oreothlypis ruficapilla Varied thrush Ixoreus naevius Mountain Cottontail Sylvilagus nuttallii Resident Chestnut-backed chickadee Poecile rufescens Northern flicker Colaptes auratus Vaux's swift Chaetura vauxi Mule Deer Odocoileus hemionus Resident Chipping sparrow Spizella passerina Northern goshawk Accipiter gentilis Vesper sparrow Pooecetes gramineus North American Porcupine Erethizon dorsatum Occasional Clark's nutcracker Nucifraga columbiana Northern harrier Circus cyaneus Violet-green swallow Tachycineta thalassina Northern Flying Squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus Resident Common nighthawk Chordeiles minor Northern mockingbird Mimus polyglottos Warbling vireo Vireo gilvus Northern Long-eared Myotis Myotis septentrionalis Occasional Common poorwill Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Northern pygmy-owl Glaucidium gnoma Western bluebird Sialia mexicana Northern Pocket Gopher Thomomys talpoides Resident Common raven Corvus corax Northern rough-winged swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis Western kingbird Tyrannus verticalis Northern Raccoon Procyon lotor Resident Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperii Northern saw-whet owl Aegolius acadicus Western meadowlark Sturnella neglecta Pygmy Shrew Sorex hoyi Resident Cordilleran flycatcher Empidonax occidentalis Northern shrike Lanius excubitor Western screech-owl Megascops kennicottii Red Fox Vulpes vulpes Resident Dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis Orange-crowned warbler Oreothlypis celata Western tanager Piranga ludoviciana Red Squirrel Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Resident Downy woodpecker Picoides pubescens Osprey Pandion haliaetus Western wood-pewee Contopus sordidulus Silver-haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagans Occasional Dusky grouse Dendragapus obscurus Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus White-breasted nuthatch Sitta carolinensis Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus Resident Eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus Pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus White-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys Striped Skunk Mephitis mephitis Resident Eurasian collared-dove Streptopelia decaocto Pine grosbeak Pinicola enucleator White-headed woodpecker Picoides albolarvatus Townsend's Big-eared Bat Corynorhinus townsendii Occasional European starling Sturnus vulgaris Pine siskin Spinus pinus White-throated swift Aeronautes saxatalis Western Jumping Mouse Zapus princeps Occasional Evening grosbeak Hesperiphona vespertina Prairie falcon Falco mexicanus Wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus Resident Ferruginous hawk Buteo regalis Purple finch Haemorhous purpureus Williamson's sapsucker Sphyrapicus thyroideus White-tailed Jackrabbit Lepus townsendii Occasional Flammulated owl Psiloscops flammeolus Pygmy nuthatch Sitta pygmaea Wilson's snipe Gallinago delicata Wolverine Gulo gulo Occasional Fox sparrow Passerella iliaca Red crossbill Loxia curvirostra Wilson's warbler Cardellina pusilla Yellow-bellied Marmot Marmota flaviventris Resident Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos Red-breasted nuthatch Sitta canadensis Yellow warbler Setophaga petechia Golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrapa Red-naped sapsucker Sphyrapicus nuchalis Yellow-rumped warbler Setophaga coronata Grasshopper sparrow Ammodramus savannarum Red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis Gray jay Perisoreus canadensis Red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus 30 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Appendix B. A list of commonly found plant species, both native and non-native, occurring on the East Moraine. List of Vegetation Common Name Scientific Name Status ODA Rating Common Name Scientific Name Status ODA Rating Absinthe wormwood Artemisia absinthium Non-Native Prairie sage Artemisia frigida Native Arrowleaf balsamroot Balsamorhiza sagittata Native Prince's pine Chimaphila umbellata Native Basin wildrye Leymus cinereus Native Quackgrass Agropyron repens Non-Native Bluebunch wheatgrass Pseudoroegneria spicata Native Reed canarygrass Phalaris arundinacea Native Buckwheat Eriogonum Native Rocky mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum Native * Bull thistle Cirsium vulgare Non-Native B Rose * Canada thistle Cirsium arvense Non-Native B Sagebrush mariposa lily Calochortus macrocarpus Native Cheatgrass Bromus tectorum Non-Native Sandberg bluegrass Poa secunda Native Columbia puccoon Columbia Puccoon Native Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia Native * Common bugloss Anchusa officinalis Non-Native B Shinyleaf spirea shinyleaf spirea Native Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus Native Sidebells shinleaf Pyrola secunda Native * Diffuse knapweed Centaurea diffusa Non-Native B Spaulding's catchfly Silene spaldingii Native Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Native Silky lupine Lupinus sericeus Native Elk sedge Carex garberi Native Smooth brome Bromus inermis Non-Native Englemann spruce Picea engelmannii Native Soft chess Bromus hordeaceus L. ssp. hordeaceus Non-Native Grand fir Abies grandis Native Spikerush Eleocharis Native Green rabbitbrush Ericameria teretifolia Native * Spotted knapweed Centaurea stoebe Non-Native B Blueberry Vaccinium Native * St. John s wort Hypericum perforatum Non-Native B Hairy purslane speedwell Veronica peregrina L. ssp. xalapensis Native Streambank wheatgrass Elymus lanceolatus Non-Native Heartleaf arnica Arnica cordifolia Native Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa Native * Houndstongue Cynoglossum officinale Non-Native B * Sulfur cinquefoil Potentilla recta Non-Native B Idaho fescue Festuca idahoensis Native Tall tumblemustard Sisymbrium altissimum Non-Native Kentucky bluegrass Poa pratensis L. ssp. pratensis Non-Native Tarragon Artemisia dracunculus Native Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta Native Threadleaf sedge Carex filifolia Native Longtube twinflower Linnaea borealis L. ssp. longiflora Native Timothy Phleum pratense Non-Native Mallow ninebark Physocarpus malvaceus Native Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa Native Meadow foxtail Alopecurus pratensis Non-Native Western larch Larix occidentalis Native * Meadow hawkweed Hieracium pratense Non-Native B Western needlegrass Achnatherum occidentale Native Orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata Non-Native Western rattlesnake plantain Goodyera oblongifolia Native Parsnip-flowered buckwheat Eriogonum heracleoides Native Whortleberry Vaccinium myrtillus Native Pinegrass Calamagrostis rubescens Native Yarrow Achillea Native Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa Native Yellow salsify Tragopogon dubius Non-Native Prairie junegrass Koeleria macrantha Native *Listed as noxious weed by the Oregon Department of Agriculture. 31 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Appendix C. Example Archaeological Protocol. Iwetemlaykin State Heritage Site Archaeological Protocol Pre-Construction Protocol The following describes the archaeological protocol for archaeological testing and subsequent archaeological monitoring for a variety of ground-disturbing activities associated with park development and construction. An archaeological permit will be submitted by February 9, 2009. All archaeological testing will be completed by March 20, 2009. By March 27, 2009, the contractor will provide the findings and recommendations to proceed with work or the need for additional archaeological worked, which will be submitted to the State Parks archaeologist via email. If adverse weather conditions prevent completion by March 20, 2009, frequent communication will be made with the State Parks archaeologist to expedite scheduled construction activities and anticipate revised completion dates. Archaeological Testing All archaeological testing will be conducted outside of known archaeological sites. Therefore, shovel test probes (STP), at least 30 cm in diameter, will be used for testing for the presences or absences of cultural resources. In the event that archaeological sites are located, the site(s) will be tested and evaluated using square units at least 50 x 50 cm in size. To assure that an additional archaeological permit will not be needed, a total of ten 1 x 1 meter units will be noted in the archaeological permit for evaluation of site(s). PROJECT AREAS PARKING LOT PROJECT AREA # of STPs Other methodologies Gravel Parking Lot 5-6 Depending on the presence of cultural resources, monitoring may occur Vault Toilet 1-2 Gate and Culvert at Entrance 1-2 Shade Structure and Associated Sign 2-3 Tree Removal Depending on the presence of cultural resources, monitoring may occur TRAILS Switchback-trailhead at parking lot 1-2 Monitor Rehab of previous trail cuts Protection of site 35WA911 Obtain a soil profile and faceoff trail cut to look for features or artifacts Cover trail with geotech cloth and cover with 2" of gravel FOOTBRIDGE Footings 2 SOUTHERN TRAILHEAD Postholes for signage 1 Bollards 1 Report and Curation Analysis, final report preparation and collections curation will occur in a timely manner following fieldwork. The final report documenting surveying, testing, and monitoring will be submitted to SHPO, Commission on Indian Services (CIS), Oregon Parks and Recreation Department (OPRD) and all appropriate Tribes identified by CIS. Recovered materials will be curated in accordance with state regulations at the University of Oregon Museum of Natural and Cultural History. Human Remains and Funerary Objects In the event any human remains, possible human remains, or funerary objects are encountered, all work will cease in the immediate area and the site will be secured with fencing until consultation has been made between the Nez Perce Tribe, the 32 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation and the Confederated Tribes of Colville Reservation, SHPO, CIS, Oregon State Police, and the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department. Objects determined to be of funerary origin in consultation with the Nez Perce Tribe, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation and the Confederated Tribes of Colville Reservation will be given the same care that human remains receive and their long term treatment will be determined by Nez Perce, Umatilla, Colville and other appropriate tribal representatives. In the event that reburial of human remains and/or funerary objects is suggested by the tribes, OPRD will honor such a request and reburial on state park property will be allowed given that all location information is noted in the associated archaeological report. Construction Protocol If archaeological testing of the different project areas results in negative STP s, the contractor may recommend that archaeological monitoring does not need to occur. However, if it is recommended by one or more of the tribes to monitor specific locations, monitoring will occur. Notice of Work and Unforeseen Projects The contractor will receive a 7-day notice to provide archaeological monitoring from OPRD. In the event that additional archaeological testing is needed for an unforeseen project, the State Parks archaeologist will consult with all tribal archaeologists on appropriate archaeological methodology via email. If archaeological testing is recommended, the contractor will receive a 2-business day notice and archaeological testing will begin. Human Remains and Funerary Objects In the event any human remains, possible human remains, or funerary objects are encountered, all work will cease in the immediate area and the site will be secured with fencing until consultation has been made between the Nez Perce Tribe, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation and the Confederated Tribes of Colville Reservation, SHPO, CIS, Oregon State Police and the OPRD. Objects determined to be of funerary origin in consultation with the Nez Perce Tribe, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation and the Confederated Tribes of Colville Reservation will be given the same care that human remains receive and their long term treatment will be determined by Nez Perce, Umatilla, Colville and other appropriate tribal representatives. In the event that reburial of human remains and/or funerary objects is suggested by the tribes, OPRD will honor such a request and reburial on state park property will be allowed given that all location information is noted in the associated archaeological report. Post-Construction and Park Maintenance Protocol For all ground-disturbing projects, OPRD park managers will follow OPRD Policies and the current Iwetemlaykin Operation Plan. The State Parks archaeologist will consult with Nez Perce Tribe, the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation and the Confederated Tribes of Colville Reservation on associated projects. 33 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Appendix D. Annual Project & Timing Chart. ANNUAL PROJECT AND TIMING CHART - (year) PROJECT DESCRIPTION (include section number from plan if applicable) Approximate Start / End Dates Lead Person and Organization Resources (people and funding) Comments 34 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Appendix E. SAMPLE Etiquette Trailhead Sign. 35 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Appendix F. SAMPLE Rules and Etiquette Trailhead Sign. This information will not apply to all trails or all uses and will only be posted as necessary in appropriate locations. Welcome to XXX Trailhead. The lands of Wallowa Lake East Moraine are a unique and fragile resource that provide for rare recreational opportunities. It is important to note that many of these trails cross private lands and your ability to recreate on them is a privilege that is granted to you by the landowner. Please respect their land. To ensure an enjoyable recreational experience for all and to maintain the land s natural condition, we ask that you observe the following rules and etiquette. Open from 6am to 10pm. Trails are open to foot traffic only. No bicycles, horses or motorized vehicles allowed on trails (Pedestrian Area). Trails are open to foot, bicycle, and horse traffic only. No motorized vehicles allowed on trails (Multiple-Use Area). Prohibited Uses: Recreational Fires Smoking Camping Fireworks Motor Vehicles Littering. All trash must be packed out. Trespassing. Stay on the trails! These lands are privately owned and recreating on the trails is a privilege. Dog Owners: Carry a leash at all times for each dog. Dogs must be under voice control and within 25 feet of their owner. Pick up and dispose of dog waste. If cattle are encountered, dogs must be leashed and walked around (not through) cattle. Users must prevent their dogs from digging or damaging park resources. Please: Use common courtesy. Be aware that we all share these trails. Do not disturb wildlife. Avoid use when trails are wet. Respect wildlife. Keep your distance. Never feed wild animals. DO NOT ALLOW YOUR DOGS TO CHASE WILDLIFE. Respect trail closures. Obey posted signs and travel only on open trails. Bikes (Area 2): Keep yourself and your bike or horse under control and proceed at a safe speed. Bicyclists yield to pedestrians and equestrians. Horses (Area 2): Keep yourself and your bike or horse under control and proceed at a safe speed. Runners and hikers yield to equestrians. **Contact: Occasionally trail use conflicts or rule violations occur, or you may see some sort of suspicious activity. Please report such incidents to the East Moraine Area Manager at XXX. 36 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Appendix G. DRAFT Natural Resource Action Steps. Type Concern Description Action Step Wildlife Identify and map wildlife linkage corridors Action Step Wildlife Adopt conservation management strategies for the well-being of wildlife on the East Moraine. Action Step Wildlife Minimize trails in areas of highly sensitive wildlife habitat as identified by agencies. Action Step Wildlife Ensure new fences in wildlife migration corridors allow for safe passage of wildlife. Action Step Wildlife Implement seasonal closures of trails in areas of high wildlife value where appropriate. Action Step Wildlife Develop and implement a strong dog leash policy, including minimizing recreational conflicts and protecting areas designated as high value to wildlife. Action Step Wildlife Develop a network of volunteers to monitor and enforce guidelines. Action Step Wildlife Create interpretative signage illustrating the East Moraine ecosystem and corresponding wildlife values. Action Step Wildlife Place informational materials at trailheads to educate the public about the impacts of dogs on wildlife and the responsibilities of pet owners while recreating on the East Moraine. Action Step Wildlife Create an online guide that users can access, complete with illustrations, describing wildlife and special status species found along the East Moraine. Action Step Vegetation Develop a composite map identifying the composition and distribution of plant communities. Action Step Vegetation Inventory the East Moraine to assess rare plant populations. Action Step Vegetation Involve citizen scientists and volunteers in the research and monitoring process. Action Step Vegetation Protect special status species and native plant communities through management prescriptions, trail mitigation measures, or other management actions. Action Step Vegetation Monitor the composition of vegetation and habitat across the East Moraine to ensure biological diversity. Action Step Vegetation Seed disturbed areas with native and desirable plant mix. Action Step Vegetation Create an online guide that users and landowners can access, complete with illustrations, about the protection of special status species, native plant communities, and noxious weed invasions. Action Step Vegetation Create seed mix and list of suppliers for desirable native plant species for landscaping and restoration projects. Action Step Vegetation Develop a coordinated interagency program for weed management that includes Wallowa County Vegetation Department and private landowners. Action Step Vegetation Map noxious weed populations along the trail corridor. Action Step Vegetation Seek opportunities to use IPM tools to control known noxious weed populations. Action Step Vegetation Remove small infestations of invasive plant species along the corridor manually. Action Step Vegetation Remove larger infestations along the trail corridor through the application of herbicides. 37 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Action Step Vegetation Inventory for existing biological control agents and if needed, release and monitor agents on a continual basis. Action Step Soils Identify and list erosion-control methods and tools. Action Step Soils Avoid disturbing areas with high erosion potential. Action Step Soils Use existing soils and geologic maps to assist in developing trails. Action Step Soils Create an online guide that discusses and illustrates the importance of the major environmental components (including soils, vegetation, and wildlife). Action Step Soils Use trail signs to illustrate the importance of the major environmental components Action Step Soils Protect or avoid areas with unique geology, such as rock outcrops and erosive ridgelines that provide scenic values. Action Step Cultural Develop cultural interpretation signs for trailhead kiosks and along trails as appropriate. Action Step Wildfire Encourage public agencies to communicate regularly with public safety and law enforcement representatives and medical personnel serving the East Moraine Trail. Action Step Wildfire Provide assistance with emergency response needs and communications as needed, such as gate keys, staging areas, and special trail equipment. Action Step Wildfire Consider use of trails as potential locations for firebreaks when needed. Action Step Wildfire Create and post signage with fire-related rules and education about wildfire concerns and wildfire s role in the environment. Action Step Wildfire Provide nonemergency contact information (police, fire and agencies) at designated trailheads and in a variety of media formats. 38 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Appendix H. DRAFT Rules and Regulations. Type Description Smoking is prohibited. Open fires such as campfires, charcoal fires, and cooking fires are prohibited at all times. Fireworks are prohibited. Obey all signs, gates and barriers. Stay on marked trails, only enter and exit the trail systems at a trailhead. Camping is prohibited. Trail systems are open from sunrise to sunset. Trails may be closed or rerouted for any reason deemed appropriate or as needed for maintenance and/or safety reasons. Special use permits are required for any group of 20 or more. Littering is strictly prohibited help keep our trails clean! Motorized vehicles are prohibited on trails except for public safety purposes. Vehicles must be parked in marked spaces. Vehicles may not be parked at trailheads overnight. Feeding of wildlife is strictly prohibited. No person shall engage in a criminal activity while recreating on the trail or within the trailheads. All criminal activity shall be reported to the Wallowa County Sherriff or Oregon State Police. Trails are open to foot traffic only. No bicycles, horses or motorized vehicles allowed on trail (Area 1). Trails are open to foot, bicycle, and horse traffic only. No motorized vehicles allowed on trail (Area 2). If you carry it in, carry it out. Follow Leave No Trace principles. No shortcutting the trail and bypassing muddy areas destroys vegetation, leads to erosion, reduces habitat quality, and causes unsightly damage to the landscape. Avoid using trails when they are excessively muddy. Respect trail closures. Obey posted signs and travel only on open trails. Keep your dog under control at all times (within 25 feet and voice control). Keep yourself and your bike or horse under control and proceed at a safe speed. Respect wildlife. Keep your distance. Never feed wild animals. AND DO NOT ALLOW YOUR DOGS TO CHASE WILDLIFE. Stay on trail, respect private property and DO NOT TRESPASS. Any person who violates the trespass laws may be arrested or issued a citation. Commercial activity is prohibited without a special use permit. Carry a leash at all times for each dog. Off-leash dogs must be under voice control. Friendly dog play is fine with owner s permission. No running at or jumping on people or other dogs. Many people are afraid of dogs. No chasing wildlife or other animals. 39 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Remove all dog waste and carry it out to dispose. DO NOT LEAVE DOG WASTE IN PLASTIC BAGS ALONG THE TRAILS. This is considered littering. Plastic bags are provided at trailheads, but as a precaution, extras should be carried along. Dogs may not be left unattended. Users must prevent their dogs from digging or damaging park resources. Some areas along the East Moraine are considered to be sensitive wildlife habitat. To protect the health and diversity of wildlife, observe posted signs, and don t let dogs enter sensitive areas. If cattle are encountered, dogs must be leashed and walked around (not through) cattle. Dogs on multiple-use trails use extra caution when approaching equestrians and bicyclists. All persons recreating on the trail shall abide by the rules and regulations. Any person involved in an accident or incident resulting in injury to a person or animal, or damage to property, must report to OPRD and/or Sherriff's office. Illegal drugs are prohibited. No person shall ride, drive, lead, or keep any saddle or pack animal in a reckless or negligent manner so as to endanger the life, limb, or property of any person or animal. No saddle or pack animals shall be left unattended or insecurely tied. It is prohibited to enter into areas closed for the protection of endangered, threatened, rare, unique, or vanishing species of plants, animals, birds, or fish. It is prohibited to damage or remove any plant that is classified as a threatened, endangered, sensitive, rare, or unique species. It is prohibited to dig, excavate, disturb, injure, destroy or remove or any prehistoric, historic, or archaeological resource, structure, site, artifact, or property. Fighting, whether verbally or physically is prohibited. It is prohibited to cause public inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm by making unreasonably loud noise. 40 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Appendix I. Example Maintenance Form. EXAMPLE MAINTENACE ACTIVITIES SCHEDULE Maintenance Task Frequency Who Equipment Comment Cost 1. Trail Inspection Daily Volunteer Bicycle 2. Empty trash As needed 3. Update Trail Conditions Log Daily Volunteer Computer 4. Repair trail surface As needed 5. Add surface material As needed 6. Clear trail of As needed trash/debris 7. Clear blow-downs, debris As needed 8. Weed survey Monthly 9. Inspect kiosks areas, post Daily notices, etc. 10. Weed removal/control Specified in annual weed plan Report problems to trail manager for scheduling work parties and equipment to remove debris, litter, and trash if action cannot be accomplished by the volunteer. 41 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W

Appendix K. East Moraine Trails Vicinity Map. 42 D R A F T F O R R E V I E W