Automated People Movers at Airports Harley Moore Senior Principal Lea+Elliott, Inc. May 2008
Cable Monorail Types of APM Systems Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) Maglev Personal Rapid Transit (PRT)
Cable-Propelled Doppelmayr Las Vegas- Mandalay Bay Las Vegas - City Center Birmingham UK (BHX) Toronto Airport (YYZ) Mexico City Airport (MEX) New Doha Intl Airport (DOH) BHX DTW DOH Otis / POMA-Otis / Leitner Poma Mini-Metro (LPMM) Tokyo-Narita (NRT) Cincinnati (CVG) Detroit (DTW) Minneapolis-St. Paul (MSP) RAC (Rental Car) Green Concourse Zurich (ZRH) Otis is out of the APM business Now LPMM MEX MSP-RAC NRT
Medium Straddle-Beam & Suspended Monorails Bombardier Tampa (TPA) Garage Newark (EWR) SDI UniTrak Primm Valley Resort Clarian Indianapolis Siemens Dusseldorf (DUS) Emergency evacuation issue TPA DUS Clarian EWR
Large Straddle-Beam & Suspended Monorails Straddle-Beam Bombardier M-VI Las Vegas Hitachi Tokyo-Haneda (HND) Naha Monorail Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Mitsubishi Ofuna / Shonan Chiba HND KL Naha Las Vegas Chiba
Large Rubber-Tired AGTs Adtranz / Bombadier C/CX-100 - Airports Tampa (TPA) SeaTac (SEA) Atlanta (ATL) Miami (MIA) Orlando (MCO) Gatwick (LGW) Stansted (STN) Las Vegas (LAS) Singapore (SIN) Pittsburgh (PIT) Denver (DEN) Frankfurt (FRA) Kuala Lumpur (KUL) Rome (FCO) Houston (IAH) San Francisco (SFO) Beijing C/CX-100 Urban Miami Metromover Bukit Panjang - Singapore Innovia Dallas/Ft. Worth DFW) TPA SFO PIT MCO LAS DFW
Large Rubber-Tired AGTs Siemens / Matra Jacksonville Chicago O Hare (ORD) Taipei Lille Paris - Orly (ORY) Rennes Toulouse Turin Paris de Gaulle (CDG) NEW: AirVal Lille ORD ORY CDG AirVal
Large Rubber-Tired AGTs Japanese Japanese Standard Niigata / IHI-Niigata Mitsubishi / Kawasaki Kansai (KIX) Hong Kong (HKG) Yokohama Seaside Tokyo Waterfront Hiroshima IHI / Niigata Taipei (TPE) NEW: IHI NTS KIX TPE HKG NTS
Large Rubber-Tired AGTs Japanese Mitsubishi (MHI) Crystal Mover Singapore: Seng Kang / Punggol Changi (SIN) Miami North Terminal (MIA) Miami MIAMover (MIA) Dulles (IAD) Dubai (DXB) Atlanta (ATL) CONRAC Seoul (SEL) Miami (MIA) MIA Mover NEW: battery-powered, self-guided Prototype SIN Prototype IAD ATL
Large Steel Wheel / Rail AGTs - Bombardier Vancouver I & II Toronto Detroit London Docklands Kuala Lumpur Kennedy (JFK) Vancouver I Detroit Vancouver II KL JFK
Low-Speed Maglev HSST / Chubu HSST now Mitsubishi Nagoya / Aichi Prefecture Tobu Kyuryo Line Linimo Linimo
Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) Taxi 2000 (US) Raytheon / York (US/UK) Bishop Austrans (Australia) ULTra (UK) Posco Vectus (Korea) Taxi 2000 Vectus Raytheon- York None Built yet ULTra under construction at Terminal 5, LHR Considered at IAH tunnel space constraint ULTra Austrans
LHR PRT Phase One Alignment ATS / ULTra BAA investment Initial simple system connecting business parking lot with T5 Possible future large network Under construction Open: summer 2009 T5
PRT LHR Terminal 5 Cars Small, 4-pax Battery-powered Self-guided
PRT Issues Few Suppliers Only test track & concept/engineering experience LHR is first application Possible PRT circulation opportunities at some US Airports For current airport designs: parking lot / rental car lot circulation Possible in terminals? Bags (often large & many) and larger groups (car size, station & boarding design) could be problematic Can PRT deliver on capacity & expected lower costs? Convincing Owners that PRT is: Proven (airport managements are risk-averse) Can compete with other services (cost & level of service) Has more than one supplier (procurement competition) Is here to stay (long-term support)
APM Technology Summary Wide variation in available, proprietary technologies Limited, known set of suppliers Significant differences in: Size, speed, & other system characteristics Guideways & other facility requirements Configuration possibilities Service & Capacity Costs Select technology(ies) / supplier(s) to fit airport & project needs Use performance procurement process (usually DBOM) to include most suppliers & technologies APM Suppliers currently active at US Airports Yes: Bombardier, IHI/Niigata, Mitsubishi; Doppelmayr, LPMM Maybe: SDI, Siemens No / Not Yet: Hitachi, PRT
BART Oakland Airport Connector P3 / PentaP
BART Oakland Airport Connector 3.2-mile system to connect BART Coliseum Station & OAK Terminals BART lead, > 10 agency stakeholders L+E is GEC for BART DBOM approach initially Board authorized DBOM Sept. 2002 Pre-qualified 6 teams Aug. 2003 Completed RFP Sept. 2003 Funding shortfall Trying P3 / PentaP approach
BART OAC as P3 / Penta-P ADVANTAGES Helps address funding shortfall Reduces project delivery time Greater flexibility Transfers construction and O&M risk to private sector Provides for future expansion and improvements DISADVANTAGES Lease term critical to success Financial decisions not based on transportation factors Transportation sector has inadequate experience with asset valuation & keeping participants interested over the Concession duration Procurement process not well defined Concerns over privatization & foreign investment in public transit system
DBFO Teams Dropped Out Dropped Out Airport Connector Team PPC Babcock & Brown Financial Entity Merrill Lynch & Co. Core Construction Contractor Flatiron Fixed Facility Designer Parsons AGT Supplier Bombardier O&M Subcontractor - Bombardier Oakland Airport Access Team PPC Sumitomo, Tutor Saliba / O&G, JV Financial Entity Nord/LB, Bank of Tokyo/Mitsubishi - Lehman Bros. Core Construction Contractor Tutor Saliba/O&G, JV Fixed Facility Designer DMJM Harris AGT Supplier Mitsubishi O&M Subcontractor Mitsubishi Bbm AirRail Transfer Team PPC Balfour Beatty Management, Mitsui & Co. Ltd. (USA) Financial Entity Balfour Beatty Management, Mitsui & Co., Citigroup Global Markets, Inc. Core Construction Contractor Balfour Beatty Construction, Shimmick Construction Fixed Facility Designer STV AGT Supplier Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Industries (IHI) O&M Subcontractor - Veolia
Issues for BART OAC & P3 Procurement Long procurement period & changes APM industry unfamiliar with P3 Risks Affordability ceiling Availability & other performance requirements No control over ridership & fare levels 35-year duration & fixed price Condition of system at term end Other current low risk DBOM projects: MIA, PHX, SMF FTA requirements (Buy America) & foreign APMs Team Keeping teams together and interested Re-forming teams if one member drops out Many members just want to do the job, get paid & go Money Cost / Financing not totally solved Revenues (farebox & other) to pay Concessionaire over time
BART OAC Lessons Learned Key differences between DBOM & P3 Risk allocations Team participants & lead New Paradigm Issues Agencies want to keep control DBOM contractors wary of P3: risks & long-term reward basis Structuring the deal & obtaining performance Specifications & requirements vs. risk & reward Need for clear contract & oversight Need clear financial situation Another tool; not a panacea P3 at Airports?