Marin County Department of Parks and Open Space

Marin County Department of Parks and Open Space 680 Trail Shared-Use Trail Design Analysis View from Proposed 680 Trail Alignment Prepared by:, LLC 1632 Ocean View Avenue, Kensington, CA 94707 USA info@hilride.com (510) 789-3124 www.hilride.com Prepared for: Marin County Department of Parks and Open Space 3501 Civic Center Drive, Suite 260 San Rafael, CA 94903 Submitted: July 28, 2010

Contents 1.0 Executive Summary.1 2.0 Introduction... 2 3.0 Project Setting..4 3.1 Alignment Description.....4 4.0 Shared-use Safety Control Features 6 4.1 Pre Construction Design Considerations.6 4.2 Post Construction Design Considerations...7 4.3 Other Control Features...9 4.4 Additional Strategies.12 5.0 Conclusions 14 5.1 Trail Grade...14 5.2 Quality and Consistency of Trail Experience...14 5.3 Existing Social Trail Considerations 15 6.0 Recommendations.16 7.0 Terms...17 8.0 References..18 Figures: Figure 1: Proposed 680 Trail Alignment Topographic Overlay Figure 1a: Proposed 680 Trail Alignment Aerial Photo Overlay Figure 2: Proposed 680 Trail Alignment Safety Control Features Figure 3: Safety Control Feature : Gateway (HCF 1) Figure 4: Safety Control Feature : Choke (HCF 2) Figure 5: Safety Control Feature: Open Chicane (HCF 3) Figure 6: Safety Control Feature: Tight Chicane (HCF 3t) Figure 7: Safety Control Feature: Passing Lane (HCF 4) Figure 8: Safety Control Feature: Rest Area Pull Out

1.0 Executive Summary This report documents Hilrideʼs study, findings and recommendations for the design and implementation of pre-construction and post construction shared-use trail safety control features along the proposed trail alignment connecting the Terra Linda-Sleepy Hollow Divide and Loma Alta Open Space Preserves (Figure 1); referred to as the 680 Trail. Marin County Open Space District (MCOSD) staff designed the trail with input from the local trails community, geo-technical engineers and resource specialists. MCOSD staff and/or outside contractors will construct the 680 Trail with hand crews and mechanized equipment to a construction specification based on a constructed tread width of 5-feet, with some short sections up to 8-feet and a trail corridor/window that is 10-feet wide and up to 12-feet high. The trail corridor alignment will be maintained by hand crews and mechanized equipment and will need to maintain a minimum of tread clearance around large obstructions (i.e. rocks and trees) of 48-inches (4-feet) wide to allow for maintenance equipment and emergency access. MCOSD hired Hilride, a consulting firm specializing in trail design and master planning, to perform field reconnaissance along the alignment (Figure 1 and 1a) to identify locations where pre-construction safety control modifications could be incorporated into the proposed trail alignment and post-construction safety control features could be installed along the trail corridor to minimize shared-use trail conflicts and improve the overall safety and experience for all designated users of the trail, which includes hikers, equestrians and cyclists. Hilride conducted pedestrian field reconnaissance on the proposed 680 Trail Alignment between February and June 2010. This study resulted in the identification of 32 locations along the 680 Trail Alignment where safety control features are recommended (Figure 2). The implementation of the recommended safety control features along the 680 Trail Alignment will help to reduce user conflict and increase opportunities for user safety. Page 1 of 18

2.0 Summary This report identifies critical areas where safety control features should be located and the specific type or types of safety control features that should be constructed in order to minimize user conflict and improve user safety and experience. Hilrideʼs findings are based on their 15 years of combined experience working directly with virtually every major Federal land management agency in the United States including the National Park Service, United States Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and the Army Corps of Engineers consulting on the design and planning of sustainable shared-use trails and trail systems. Hilride is a professional member of several trade organizations including the Professional Trail Builders Association (PTBA), the National Recreation and Parks Association (NRPA), and the Outdoor Industry Womenʼs Coalition. Hilride works with a number of national non-profit advocacy organizations including the Outdoor Alliance, which is an umbrella organization for the American Hiking Society, Access Fund, American White Water Association, Winter Wildlands Association and the International Mountain Bicycling Association (IMBA). Hilride has been invited to present on trail design and planning at many conferences including the National Trails Symposium, National Recreation and Parks Association Congress, California Trails and Greenways Conference, Professional Trail Builders Association Conference, and the IMBA World Mountain Bike Summit. Hilride has experience working directly with hiking, equestrian and cycling clubs, advocacy groups and multi-use trail coalitions on a range of outreach, advocacy and trail design, construction and education projects. Hilride has lead trainings and provided consultation for multi-use trail advocacy groups including the Auburn Divide Horsemanʼs Association, Ohio Horsemanʼs Council, Moab Trail Mix, Arizona Trail Association, Ukiah Valley Trail Group, Catalina Island Conservancy and the Kentucky Trails Association and many others. Hilride has provided trail building and design training programs for the National Park Service, Forest Service, BLM, ACOE, Colorado and New Mexico State Parks and many other Local, State, and National organizations. They were also contributing Page 2 of 18

authors and major photographic contributors to IMBAʼs Managing Mountain Biking book published in 2007. The ideal opportunity to increase safety and reduce user conflict along a shareduse trail is during the trail design phase when the designer(s) can anticipate how users will interact with the proposed trail and with each other. The relative speed of each user is highly dependent on the trailʼs tread surface, width, grade, exposure and sight lines. A trail that can equalize relative speeds between users, especially at intersections and blind turns, will typically create safer and more enjoyable shared-use trail experiences. Conflicts between users, especially cyclists and other trail users are often a result of their relative speed differential. A common way to slow cyclists is by narrowing the trail tread, adding curves and making the trail more technical to ride. Making efforts to control user speed, lengthen sight lines and/or create opportunities for hikers and cyclists to safely pass equestrians is also important. Page 3 of 18

3.0 Project Setting The proposed 680 Trail Alignment is located in central Marin County, California and traverses the hills above the communities of Fairfax and San Anselmo. The majority of the proposed alignment is located on an easement acquired by the MCOSD from San Domenico School. Oak-bay woodlands, grasslands, and coastal scrub dominate the environment along the route. 3.1 Alignment Description East End Woodland Area Steep Grades on Ridge Meditation Trail The entrance of the alignment from Terra Linda-Sleepy Hollow Divide Open Space is located at the 750-foot elevation along the Luis Ranch Fire Road. It traverses the slopes of the hillside heading west predominately on the 680-foot Page 4 of 18

contour (crossing San Domenico Fire Road) until it reaches Luiz Saddle at the intersection of Luiz Ranch Fire Road. This first mile of trail is mainly under a forested oak-bay woodland canopy and maintains an average grade of 7%. At Luiz Saddle, the route continues west along the undulating ridgeline of the existing Loma Alta Fire Road for approximately.4-mile where it has grades ranging between 15-27%. This portion of open and exposed terrain flanked by grasslands and coastal scrub then transitions off of the existing fire road and into an oak-bay woodland environment and the proposed alignment rises quickly with grades of 5-10% via a series of eight switchbacks to reach an existing singletrack trail alignment known as Meditation Trail. The alignment continues along the Meditation Trail, but with many modifications designed into the alignment to reduce the trail grade to 5-10%. Open grasslands and coastal scrub dominate the terrain along the Meditation Trail. The alignment ultimately terminates at the intersection with Gunshot Fire Road in the Loma Alta Open Space Preserve. Except for the.4-mile section of existing fire road, the entirety of this route would require new trail construction. Page 5 of 18

4.0 Shared-use Safety Control Features The following alternatives for safety control features are strategies to slow users at critical areas such as intersections, blind turns, transitional zones, etc. These features are intended to result in users gradually reducing their speed at critical locations along the trail where users may be intersecting at blind corners, sharp turns or where the trail is open and flowing followed by a tight turn with limited sight lines. Signage, trail education and interpretation are also safety control strategies that encourage courteous trail use and positive interactions between trail users. 4.1 Pre-construction Design Considerations Pre-construction design considerations consist of safety control strategies that are prescribed for critical areas during the trail layout and design phase. The following modifications to the vertical trail alignment were implemented in the field by Hilride and in collaboration with MCOSD. Modifications made to the layout and positioning of pin flags and flagging tape were done within the proposed 30-foot wide trail corridor. 4.1.1 Vertical Control Features (VCF) and Concepts A vertical control feature describes a section of trail designed to increase in grade as it approaches a critical area such as a switchback, blind corner, trail heads, intersections or transitional areas. An increasing grade helps to reduce user momentum and speed while also providing a more optimal condition for slowing and passing. Even modest increases in grade can have a large impact on overall trail conditions and safety as user speeds and momentum entering into critical areas are reduced and erosional effects from quickly reducing speed are minimized. Rising into Switchbacks (VCF - 1) One of the most critical areas for vertical control features are at the entrances and exits of switchback turns. A successful strategy for reducing user speeds prior to a tight turn is to bleed users speed naturally by designing the trail to rise before it makes the 180-degree turn. Where users may typically slow down abruptly this method encourages less abrupt breaking action, which can contribute to user conflicts as well as soil erosion. It is important this strategy is combined with installing a visual barrier in the center of the turn to reduce the tendency for users to shortcut the trail. Page 6 of 18

Example of trail that rises into a blind corner Rising into Blind Corners (VCF - 2) Blind corners are critical areas for vertical speed control features. When a trail traverses a hillside and weaves in and out of the natural crenulations of a landscape, as it does along the proposed 680 Trail Alignment, there are often blind corners where users traveling toward each do not have clear sight lines and warnings of each others presence. A successful strategy to reduce user conflict and increase safety at these critical points is to design the trail to rise from both directions to the apex of the turn, where the blind corner is located. This will result in each user traveling uphill at slower speeds when they intersect each other. Rising into Trailheads and Intersections (VCF - 3) Trailheads and intersections are critical areas that require special attention, as there is a higher potential for user interaction. An increasing grade coming into these areas reduces speeds and promotes a more positive shared-use experience while improving safety. A great example of this is at the eastern trailhead of the 680 Trail Alignment where users traveling on the proposed alignment as well as on Luiz Ranch Fire Road will be traveling uphill as they intersect each other at the trailhead. 4.2 Post Construction Design Considerations Post-construction design considerations consist of safety control features that are installed after the trail is constructed. 4.2.1 Horizontal Control Features (HCF) and Concepts A horizontal control feature describes a section of trail that has been designed to slow users down or provide additional room for passing at critical areas such as switchbacks, blind corners, trail heads, and intersections. Page 7 of 18

Examples of natural gateway structures. Photo on left shows 680 Trail aligned through boulders. Gateway Structure (HCF - 1) - Gateway structures (Figure 3) consist of large boulders, natural logs or posts placed at the entry of trailheads, intersections and across from each other along the trail to naturally guide users, identify the trail alignment and gradually reduce user speed. Depending on the placement of the structure, a gateway can be installed to retain the full tread width of the trail or choke the user to the center, outside or inside edge of the trail. It is ideal if the boulders or logs used for horizontal control features match other natural rock outcroppings and materials in the area. Boulders should be a minimum of 3-foot by 3-foot by 3-foot in size and set 1/3 into the ground at a minimum. Natural logs or posts should require more than three adults to reposition. Manmade and natural choke structures in Annadel State Park and along the 680 Trail Alignment Choke Structures (HCF - 2) A choke structure (Figure 4) consists of obstacles that create a physical and/or visual narrowing in the trail used to gradually reduce trail user speed. Outside chokes have a guide rock or log that encourages users to the outside edge of the trail tread. Inside chokes have a guide rock or log that encourages users to the inside edge of the trail tread. To preserve the trail corridor necessary to perform ongoing maintenance, these features may be a visual narrowing more than they are a physical narrowing of the trail. The rock or log size and type specification is the same as for gateway structures. Page 8 of 18

Chicane Structures (HCF - 3 and HCF - 3t) Chicane structures consist of a series of choke structures strategically placed to make users weave or turn thus reducing their speed. There are two types of chicane structure options in order to match the flow of the trail and not encourage soils erosion while users reduce speed. Open chicanes (Figure 5) create lengthened weaving turns and are recommended along an open and flowing section of trail. Tight chicanes (Figure 6) force a tighter weaving turn and are recommended along tighter (slower speed) sections of trail. The rock or log size and type specification is the same as for gateway structures. Passing Lane (HCF - 4) A passing lane (Figure 7) or widened zone consists of a section of trail approximately 18-24 feet long where the trail is widened to approximately 6-8 feet, so that users may have an opportunity to pass each other along a trail that would otherwise have few opportunities for passing. These features are often needed along trails located on very steep sideslopes where users feel uncomfortable passing close to one another or being on the outside edge of the trail. Rest Area Pull Out A rest area pull out (Figure 8) is a location where users can be off to the side of the trail taking refuge or relaxing while not impeding other trail users. The recommended rest area along the 680 Trail Alignment will not require grading and construction to accommodate the pull out. 4.3 Other Control Features (OCF) 4.3.1 Vegetation Management (OCF - 1) Removing or thinning vegetation along the corridor of a trail can be helpful to increase sight lines in critical areas. It is prescribed along the inside edge of blind corners or at the intersections where an open trail enters into a forested trail. 4.3.2 Signage (OCF - 2) Signing the trail at each trailhead to alert users that the 680 Trail is a shared-use trail with hikers, equestrians and cyclists will be important. This signage will encourage users to anticipate each other, and will help to set accurate expectations of their trail experience along the route. Additional signage is recommended at critical locations along the trail alerting users to expect reduced sight lines and to slow down. Page 9 of 18

Example of Shared-use Trail Triangle Signage Trail Head Signage The shared-use trail triangle signage provides increased awareness of the types of use designated for the trail. It also prepares and educates users on proper trail etiquette and how to have the most positive interactions with other users. Example of En-route Shared-use Icon Signage En-route Signage The intention of on-route signage is most often for directional wayfinding, however including the shared-use icon signage provides increased awareness and a reminder of the different types of users one may encounter on the trail. Page 10 of 18

Example of Caution/Reduce Speed Critical Area Signage Critical Area Signage In critical areas such as blind turns and intersections where there are safety considerations, critical area signage provides an added level of awareness at the specific location where trail conflicts might arise. Critical area signage is recommended along the 680 Trail Alignment along the section of existing fire road. The signage should read something to the effect of: Caution, Steep Grade or Caution, Steep Grade, Pass Carefully or Caution, Down Grade, Reduce Speed. 4.3.3 Interpretation Installing interpretive signs along the trail often sets a certain tone for the trail and provides further reminders and awareness that other users might be on the trail. Example of Environmental Interpretation Environmental Interpretation The proposed trail offers opportunities for interpretation of the environment, watershed, views, cultural history, etc. Interpretation will often slow users down directly as they can stop and read the signs, or indirectly by reminding them that other users might be on the trail reading the signs. Page 11 of 18

Example of Recreational Interpretation Instruction on S Turns Recreational Interpretation Interpretive signage that encourages proper technique and form while exercising and recreating helps to develops more experienced trail users, which creates a safer shared-use scenario. 4.4 Additional Strategies Romp and Stomp: Equestrian/Cyclist Education Events 4.4.1 Trail Outreach and Educational Events Educating trail users via signage and outreach programming will play a role in reducing user conflict and promoting courteous interactions. It is recommended that the share the trail yield signage be posted, so users know whom they are to yield to. Programs such as the ROMP and Stomp where equestrians and cyclists get together to desensitize horses and learn effective ways to communicate and pass each other along the trail has been very effective in communities across country. The Open Space Districtʼs successful Volunteer program can also play a role in supporting responsible use by all users, as well as building and maintaining the 680 Trail. Recruiting, training and supporting volunteers from all groups to help with construction, long-term maintenance, use monitoring, resource surveying, public education and other activities can develop a strong support base. These volunteers will not only serve to support the facility on site, but champion responsible behavior through their contacts and interactions with friends and acquaintances in their lives beyond. Page 12 of 18

Example Bell on Handle Bar 4.4.2 Bells Trail systems that encourage the use of bells along with proper trail etiquette have proven to be a successful. Bells provide a way to signal around blind corners and in areas where there are poor sight lines. The ability to signal in this way helps minimize user conflicts that commonly arise in these critical areas. Most often used by cyclists, the purpose of a bell is to alert other trail users that might otherwise be taken by surprise, of their approach. Hikers and cyclists typically like hearing when another cyclist is approaching from a distance or around a blind corner. Equestrians typically like the use of bells if they are in combination with human voices, preferably switching to voice when in line of sight communication. Page 13 of 18

5.0 Conclusions A number of considerations play a role in analyzing trail alignments in order to provide the safest experience for users and minimize user conflict including trail grades, hill slopes, quality and consistency of trail experience, user dispersal, and existing social trail usage. The proposed 680 Trail Alignment will offer a needed connection between the two open space preserves and overall is a good route. There are a few drawbacks to the alignment, but they can be improved with the installation of safety control features. The utilization of steep sections of an existing fire road, which includes two blind corners, is a major shared-use safety drawback. Fortunately, the steepest section is not too long (approx. 500-feet). The other concerns include the routes inconsistency of trail experience and flow, and overlapping and crossing along social trails. Further discussion of these issues is described here: 5.1 Trail Grades Trail grade is a major consideration when analyzing trail safety and shared-use interaction. The steeper and wider the trail the more likely cyclists traveling downhill will be at speeds that could make other users feel uncomfortable or startled. A cyclist can often slow down quickly, but it would not be as quick as on a trail with a gentle grade. The proposed alignment is mostly gentle. The one section of fire road is of most concern, because it is wide with loose trail tread and has two blind corners where users may have limited visibility of each other and reduced time to prepare to pass. 5.2 Quality and Consistency of Trail Experience Another important consideration is the consistency of trail experience along entire the length of the route. Using a portion of the fire road in the alignment reduces the consistency of the trail experience including average speed and breaks up the flow of the overall experience. In this scenario, users may have more difficulty anticipating other users and modulating their speed between open steep fire roads and narrow twisty woodland trail. Installing the recommended safety control features will help to create more consistent user speeds, and a higher level of anticipation for other trail users and the trail conditions they will encounter. Page 14 of 18

5.3 Existing Social Trail Considerations Another consideration is the potential for conflict with existing trail users in the project vicinity. The social trail known as Solstice Trail, which descends from Loma Alta Open Space Preserve down to San Domenico School, is a well known and frequently used trail that advanced level cyclists seek out because of itʼs high degree of challenge, flow and specific type of trail experience. The proposed 680 Trail Alignment utilizes a section of this existing trail, crossing it six times and wholly incorporating a short section of it. It will be challenging to change the historic pattern of use along this section of trail and the existing users will likely be upset over the loss of the specific type of experience it provided. These issues can be addressed through the design and construction of the new trail, closure of the existing trail segments that will not be adopted, and outreach and education of the user groups. Page 15 of 18

6.0 Recommendations The proposed trail alignment will provide a pleasant shared-use connection between the Terra Linda Sleepy Hollow and Loma Alta Open Space Preserves. While no trail can be safe all the time and trail conditions are constantly changing, the 32 recommended safety control features would help to reduce user conflict and increase user safety. The recommended signage at the trail entrances and intersections to alert users the trail is shared-use will be critical. Implementation of the safety control features along the existing Loma Alta Fire Road section of the route will also be crucial, as this section will tend to encourage the highest speed differentials on the most uneven, loose and changing terrain. The moderate grades and decent sight lines along the rest of the alignment in combination with the recommended safety control features will result in a suitable shared-use trail. Page 16 of 18

7.0 Terms Exposure The relative hazards encountered when one takes into consideration obstacles, alignment, grade, clearing, tread width, tread surface, sideslope, isolation, and proximity to steep slopes or cliffs. Flow Trail flow is the rhythm or feel of a trail. Two basic types include open and flowing and tight and twisty. Trail system flow refers to the interactions between trail users and infrastructure, including signage, speed control devices, etc. with the aim of understanding and developing an optimal trail network with efficient movement of users and minimal trail congestion, conflicts and impacts all of which contribute to trail system sustainability. Trail Grade The amount of elevation change between two points over a given distance expressed as a percentage (feet change in elevation for every 100 horizontal feet, commonly known as rise over run ). A trail that rises 8 vertical feet in 100 horizontal feet has an 8-percent grade. Sight Lines The visible and unobstructed forward and rear view seen by a trail user from a given pint along the trail. Active Tread The actual surface portion of a trail upon which users travel. Critical Areas Areas with blind corners, intersections, poor sight lines, high user speed differentials, etc. that require additional safety control features. Page 17 of 18

8.0 References Birkby, Robert C. 1996. Lightly on the Land: The Student Conservation Association Trail-Building and Maintenance Manual. Seattle: The Mountaineers. California State Parks. 2000. Trails Handbook. Demrow, Carl & Salisbury, David. 1998. The Complete Guide to Trail Building and Maintenance. Appalachian Mountain Club Books, Boston, Massachusetts. International Mountain Bicycling Association. 2004. Trail Solutions: IMBAʼs Guide to Building Sweet Singletrack. Page 18 of 18

Figures

Map produced by Hilride. All Rights Reserved 2010. Designer: Nat Lopes Hilride 1632 Ocean View Avenue Kensignton, CA 94707 680 Trail Project Proposed 680 Trail Social Trail Fire Trail Figure 1: Proposed 680 Trail Alignment

Map produced by Hilride. All Rights Reserved 2010. Designer: Nat Lopes Hilride 1632 Ocean View Avenue Kensignton, CA 94707 680 Trail Project Proposed 680 Trail Figure 1a: Proposed 680 Trail Alignment Aerial Photo Overlay

Map produced by Hilride. All Rights Reserved 2010. Designer: Nat Lopes Hilride 1632 Ocean View Avenue Kensignton, CA 94707 OCF - 2 OCF - 2 HCF - 1 OCF - 2 HCF - 3t OCF - 1 HCF - 3 HCF - 2 VCF - 1 HCF - 1 VCF - 2 HCF - 1 HCF - 1 OCF - 2 HCF - 1 HCF - 2 HCF - 2 HCF - 2 HCF - 2 HCF - 2 HCF - 2 HCF - 3 HCF - 4 VCF - 1 Rest Area HCF - 2 HCF - 2 VCF - 3 VCF - 2 HCF - 2 HCF - 1 OCF - 2 Trail Grade Key 0-10% Grade 10-15% Grade 15-20% Grade 20-25% Grade 25% + Grade 680 Trail Project Proposed 680 Trail Social Trail Fire Trail Figure 2: Proposed 680 Trail Alignment Safety Control Features Vertical Control Features (VCF) VCF - 1 Rising Into Switchback VCF - 2 Rising Into Blind Corner VCF - 3 Rising Into Trailhead/Intersection Horizontal Control Features (HCF) HCF - 1 Gateway HCF - 2 Choke HCF - 3 Open Chicane HCF - 3t Tight Chicane HCF - 4 Passing Lane Other Control Features (OCF) OCF - 1 Vegetation Management OCF - 2 Signage

680 Trail Project Figure 3: Safety Control Feature: Gateway (HCF - 1) Trail Corridor 10 Trail Tread 5 Choked Trail Tread 4 Min. Width Drawings produced by Hilride. All Rights Reserved 2010. Designer: Nat Lopes Hilride 1632 Ocean View Avenue Kensignton, CA 94707 Multi Use - Trail User Key Hiker Mountain Bike Equestrian 5 4 Min. 4 Min. 4 Min. Center Choke Outside Choke Inside Choke Full Tread Width Gateway with Choked Tread Width

680 Trail Project Figure 4: Safety Control Feature: Choke (HCF - 2) Trail Corridor 10 Trail Tread 5 Choked Trail Tread 4 Min. Width Drawings produced by Hilride. All Rights Reserved 2010. Designer: Nat Lopes Hilride 1632 Ocean View Avenue Kensignton, CA 94707 Multi Use - Trail User Key Hiker Mountain Bike Equestrian 5 4 Min. 4 Min. Outside Outside Choke Choke Inside Inside Choke Choke Full Tread Full Tread Width Width Choked Choked Tread Tread Width Width

680 Trail Project Figure 5: Safety Control Feature: Open Chicane (HCF - 3) Trail Corridor 10 Trail Tread 5 Max. Distance 18 Choked Trail Tread 4 Min. Width Min. Distance 12 Drawings produced by Hilride. All Rights Reserved 2010. Designer: Nat Lopes Hilride 1632 Ocean View Avenue Kensignton, CA 94707 Multi Use - Trail User Key Hiker Mountain Bike Equestrian 5 4 Min. 4 Min. Outside Outside Choke Choke Inside Inside Choke Choke Full Tread Full Width Tread Width Choked Choked Tread Tread Width Width

680 Trail Project Figure 6: Safety Control Feature: Tight Chicane (HCF - 3t) Trail Corridor 10 Trail Tread 5 Max. Distance 12 Min. Distance 6 Choked Trail Tread 4 Min. Width Drawings produced by Hilride. All Rights Reserved 2010. Designer: Nat Lopes Hilride 1632 Ocean View Avenue Kensignton, CA 94707 Multi Use - Trail User Key Hiker Mountain Bike Equestrian 5 4 Min. 4 Min. Outside Outside Choke Choke Inside Inside Choke Choke Full Tread Full Width Tread Width Choked Tread Width

680 Trail Project Figure 7: Safety Control Feature: Passing Lane (HCF - 4) Trail Corridor 10 Trail Tread 5 Passing Lane Trail Tread 6-8 Width 18-24 Length Drawings produced by Hilride. All Rights Reserved 2010. Designer: Nat Lopes Hilride 1632 Ocean View Avenue Kensignton, CA 94707 Multi Use - Trail User Key Hiker Mountain Bike Equestrian 5 6-8 Typical Tread Width Passing Lane Tread Width

680 Trail Project Figure 8: Safety Control Feature: Rest Area Pull Out (HCF - 5) Trail Corridor 10 Trail Tread 5 Rest Area Pull Out Area Width 10-12 + Length 20 Drawings produced by Hilride. All Rights Reserved 2010. Designer: Nat Lopes Hilride 1632 Ocean View Avenue Kensignton, CA 94707 Multi Use - Trail User Key Hiker Mountain Bike Equestrian Typical Tread Width 5 10-12 Rest Area Pull Out Tread Width