DOI:10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2012.02.016 32 2 Vol.32 No. 2 2012 2 ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Feb. 2012 1 2 1 璠 1970 2009 1970 2009 1970 1981 1981 1995 1995 2006 2006 2009 1995 F552.7 A 1000-8462(2012)02-0094 - 07 Resear ch On the Evolution Pr ocess of U.S. Container Por t System YANG Jing - lei 1,LUO Mei - feng 2,WU Xiao - fan 1 (1. Department of Logistics Management, Nankai University,Tianjin 300071,China; 2. Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies,Hung Hom Kowloon,Hong Kong,China) Abstract: The U.S. container port system evolution process from 1970 to 2009 can be divided into four phases by its concentration degree,which is presented by Hirshmann-Herfindahl Index (HHI). Annual number,throughput and spatial change of U.S. container ports are also considered in the research. The four stages are:quick deconcentration phase (1970-1981),mild deconcentrating phase (1981-1995),regularly concentrating phases (1995-2006) and the second deconcentration phase(2006-2009). The evolution of U.S. container port system has shown periodicity during 1970-2009 and a container port network with multiplied load centers has formed along the American coastline since 1995. This analysis also proves that there are more than one load centers in certain regions of the port network. Key words: container port system;concentration degree;evolution phases;united States 2 907 TEU [5] 1957 [1] 1965 1981 GDP 60.15% GDP 3 [2] [6] 21 674 2002 1970 2009 3 721 TEU [3] 46 2003 1 [4] 2010 2011-08 - 16; 2011-11 - 30 70903038 1974 E- mail jingleiyang@163.com
2 95 Notteboom HHI 1980 1994 [7] [8] [16] [9] 1998 Wang JJ 1970 1997 [17] 1999 Jacques M. 1990 1997 [10-12] 1.1 Yiping LE 1975 2005 1980 2005 [19] 1.1.1 1981 Hayuth [20-21] 1950 1977 [1] 1957 1957 1992 2001 1967 HHI 1967 1972 Notteboom 1972 1977 load center Yiping LE 1977 31 7 1988 1988 Hayuth 1981 1977 1.2 1987 1981 CR4 CR8 [13] 1992 Kuby HHI Hayuth 1981 CR8 1970 1988 Notteboom 1995 HHI 1972 1980 1980 1994 [14] Hayuth [18] 2010 CR4 CR8 HHI 1.1.2 HHI 1995 Holye HHI [15] 1997
96 32 n Σ Σ 2 =10 000 n HHI =10 000 Σ X 2 i i=1 X ΣS i 1 i=1 X X i i S i i 3 1970 2009 1970 2 1970 1940 3.1 1970 2009 general cargo 1950 1970 2009 1 2 1957 1967 1957 1970 1 Tab.1 1 The operation time of main container ports in early U.S. New York 1957.02 1 1 1970 2009 Los Angeles 1960.01 4 Fig.1 Number of container ports in U.S. from 1970 to 2009 Oakland 1962.06 6 Seattle 1964.02 8 Huston 1965.05 9 Long Beach 1966.02 11 Jacksonville 1967.05 14 Baltimore 1967.07 14 Portland 1967.09 14 Hampton Roads 1968.02 17 Tacoma 1969.07 19 Boston 1970.07 20 Hayuth [18] 1957 1970 1970 2 1970 2009 Fig.2 Annual throughput of U.S. container ports from 1970 to 2009 1970 1 1970 2009 20 1995 62% 5 TEU [1] 50 1970 1970 40 8 1960
2 97 [22-23] 1970 50 TEU 2 1970 2006 1995 1981 2008 256 284 TEU 2009 13.1% 1970 1995 3.2 1970 2009 12 1970 2009 2 1970 1995 1995 1995 2006 1970 1995 2006 1995 2006 2009 4 2006 0 50 TEU 50 250 TEU 250 450 TEU 450 600 TEU 600 TEU 5 3.3 1970 2009 mapinfo 1970 1995 2006 2009 4 1970 2009 HHI 3 6 5 6 1995 1 7 3 1970 4 1995 Fig.3 Layout of U.S. container ports in 1970 Fig.4 Layout of U.S. container ports in 1995 5 2006 6 2009 Fig.5 Layout of U.S. container ports in 2006 Fig.6 Layout of U.S. container ports in 2009
98 32 7 1970 2009 HHI Fig.7 Herfindahl- hirschman index of U.S. container ports HHI from 1970 to 2009 HHI Hayuth 4 8 1970 38.7% 1981 2009 23% 1970 2009 1970 1981 3.3.2 1981 1995 15 1981 1995 HHI 1981 1995 2006 2006 2009 1 078 1995 670 1983 2 1970 1995 Tab.2 The layout of new container ports in U.S. from 1970 to 1995 1971 Savannah 1972 San Diego 1973 San Francisco 1979 San Juan 1981 Richmond Port Everglades 1982 Apra 1983 Tampa 1984 Wilmington Richmond VA 1985 Portsmouth Vancouver WA 1986 Manatee 1987 Canaveral Chester (Units) 1988 Gulfport 1990 Freeport 1991 Portland(ME) Lake Charles 1993 Brunswick Corpus Christi Beaumont 1994 Fort Pierce 6 5 12 1970 2.3% 1980 10% 1 608 1 000 3.3.1 1970 1981 1970 1981 HHI 1 000 4.22% 1 1970 HHI 2 147 1970 1981 HHI 6.07% 1995 Hayuth 1973 1977 1 FTC HHI 1 000 1 000<HHI 1 800 HHI>1 800
2 99 5 300 40 503 / Hayuth / 770 374 / 1981 1995 2006 3.3.3 1995 2006 1995 2006 HHI 1 000 1995 12 38.4% 1995 10 9 2006 5 9 1995 3.3.4 2006 2009 2008 1995 12 2006 / / 1.8 TEU 1995 / 1 000 5 1995 / / / 1980 / 1957 4 2009 1970
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