At fledging, a young Puffin Fratercula arctica has a small, dark coloured
|
|
- Conrad Patterson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Age determination and first breeding of British Puffins M. P. Harris At fledging, a young Puffin Fratercula arctica has a small, dark coloured beak (plate 144); several years later when it first breeds, the adult Puffin is much larger and has a big, brightly coloured beak (plate 145), This paper documents the growth and development of the immature Puffin Head of fledgling Puffin Fratercula arctica showing small beak and lack of eye ornaments; position of cere already visible at base of upper mandible. Isle of May, July 1978 (M. P. Harris) Methods During , 5,827 and 2,658 nestling Puffins were ringed on St Kilda, Outer Hebrides, and the Isle of May, Fife, respectively. Most were also given a year-specific colour-ring so that they could be identified in the field. Between 1974 and 198, many of these birds were re-examined by mistnetting them at the colonies (on the Isle of May), collecting corpses killed by Great Black-backed Gulls Lams marinus (on St Kilda) and catching them in burrows (both areas). 246 [Brit. Birds 74: ,June 1981]
2 Age determination of Puffins Head of breeding Puffin Fralercula arctica with three bill grooves. Note eye ornaments and light coloured ridge running diagonally across upper beak. St Kilda, May 1978 (M. P. Harris) On the Isle of May, each Puffin caught was weighed using a Pesola balance accurate to ± 1 g, and a wing measured to the nearest 1 mm using a stopped rule, with the primaries straightened and flattened to give the maximum chord. Three measurements of the bill were made (fig. 1): (a) the upper bill from the tip to the anterior edge of the keratinous cere, (b) the lower (cutting) edge of the upper mandible from the bill tip to the anterior edge of the cere ( = straight bill length), and (c) the maximum bill depth at the base, again excluding the cere. Most measurements were made by S. Murray or by myself and a series of tests showed that our measurements were not significantly different. The cere was excluded from the measurements because experience showed that measurements including it were less repeatable. Puffins killed by gulls had usually been mutilated and were not measured. The number of bill grooves on the outer part of the upper mandible (outside the whitish ridge separating the inner dark area from the reddish Fig. 1. Diagram to show the measurements made of the bill of a Puffin Fralercula arctica
3 248 Age determination of Puffins distal part) were scored as follows: trace (virtually no sign of a groove), < 1 (an ill-defined groove), 1 (a single distinct groove), 1+ (one distinct, plus the suggestion of a second), IV2 (one, plus a half or more of a second groove), 2 (two distinct), 2+ (two, plus a trace of a third), 2Vi (two, plus a half or more of a third groove), 3 (three complete grooves) or >3 (more than three grooves). The third groove was often ill-defined and difficult to distinguish from the half of a 2V2. Some examples of these categories are shown in plates Head of ringed two-year-old Puffin Fratercula arctka with just trace of bill groove. Isle of May, August 1976 (M. P. Harris) 147. Ringed two-yearold Puffin Fratercula arctka with one bill groove. Note irregular outline of top of bill typical of many immatures. Isle of May, August 1976 (M. P. Harris) During , the heads of known-age Puffins were photographed using a polaroid camera fitted with a close-up lens, thus enabling checks to be made on the classifications given to the few examined by other observers. For convenience, Puffins were aged by calendar years (i.e. a bird hatched in June 1973 and caught again in 1976 was called a three-year-old, regardless of whether it was caught in April or August). Breeding adults were caught incubating eggs, brooding young or carrying fish. Since Puffins from the Isle of May are significantly larger and heavier than those from St Kilda (Harris 1977), the results from the two areas are analysed separately. Results Measurements in relation to age A total of 192 Puffins of known age was measured on the Isle of May (table 1). The mean wing length, upper beak length and beak depth increased with age until the fifth year of life. Even then, the wing length was shorter than that of breeding adults (most of which would have been at least five years old, see later), though the difference was just not significant (P =.1). The straight beak length did not increase with age after the first year, so the increase in beak depth was alone responsible for the increase in the upper beak length. The beak of an immature Puffin was obviously more triangular
4 Age determination of Puffins Breeding Puffin Fratercula arctica with 2Vi bill grooves. St Kilda, May 1978 (M. P. Harris) Table 1. Measurements (mm) and weights (g) of known-age and breeding Puffins Fratercula arclka from the Isle of May, Fife S.E. = standard error WING LENGTH No. Mean S.E. UPPER BILL LENGTH No. Mean S.E. STRAIGHT BILL LENGTH No. Mean S.E. BEAK DEPTH No. Mean S.E. WEIGHT IN JULY/AUGUST No. Mean S.E. At fledging 1 AGE (YEARS) Breeding in outline than that of a breeding adult (plates 15 & 151), but I did not measure this change. Also, in most immatures,the curve of the upper edge of the bill was not smooth as in most adults, there being either a kink or a steep rise where the culmen met the cere (plates 147 & 149). Some adults also had this rise, but it was generally far less abrupt. There was a gradual increase in body weight with age, but the differences between years were not significant. As a group, however, immatures were significantly lighter (P <.1) than adults feeding young. Number of bill grooves The number of grooves in the bill increased with age in Puffins of both populations up to at least the fifth year, after which the sample size is small.
5 25 Age determination of Puffins 149. Immature Puffin Fratercula arctica with 1+ bill grooves. Fame Islands, July 1976 (M. P. Harris) 15. Three-year-old Puffin Fratercula arctica with 1+ bill grooves and obviously triangular-shaped beak. Isle of May, June 1977 (A/. P.Harris) 151. Freshly moulted, breeding Puffin Fratercula arctica with three bill grooves. Isle of May, April 1976 (M. P. Harris)
6 Age determination of Puffins 251 Table 2. Number of grooves on bills of known-age or breeding Puffins Fralercula arclka The breeding Puffins with less than two grooves all had full-sized adult-shaped beaks NO. OF GROOVES Age 3 or Locality (years) Trace < % Vi more There was, however, great individual variation in how quickly individuals attained these grooves (table 2). The three one-year-olds caught had only a trace of a groove (plate 153), but another studied from a distance of 2 m in the field had at least one groove and was indistinguishable from some threeyear-olds. These yearlings had grey-white patches on the sides of the head, similar to, but slightly greyer than, those of older Puffins. Those with bills lacking any distinct grooves, and with poorly developed eye-ornaments, rather drab-coloured eye-rings and the anterior part of the face patch dusky or speckled with dark feathers (plates 154 & 155) were presumably also first-years. Relatively few such Puffins actually land at the colonies, but numbers of them are sometimes seen in the rafts of Puffins swimming below the colonies in July and August c 153. Left, head of ringed one-year-old Puffin Fralercula arclka with no bill groove and pale grey face-patch; right, head of probably one-year-old Puffin Fralercula arclka with dusky face-patch. Isle of May, July 1978 (M. P. Harris) Two-year-olds mostly had one or less than one groove. Most three-yearolds had 1 Vi grooves, and some noted as having two grooves were classified as such early in the study, before the importance of noting the completeness of the second groove was realised. Most four-year-olds, and half of the
7 252 Age determination of Puffins five-year-olds, had two grooves and a trace of a third, while 83% of those breeding had more than two grooves. The ages of the breeding birds were unknown, but most would have been at least five years old. The development of grooves is usually a gradual process, but one individual had half a groove when two years old, and two grooves with a trace of a third when four years old (table 3). Probably most eventually had more than two grooves, as 89 out of 119 birds with two grooves in one year had more grooves the next year. A few, however, may never get more than two grooves, as single 12- and 15-year-olds caught had only two grooves, and Ashcroft (1976) found some Puffins still with only two grooves three years after they had been ringed when showing two grooves. The few breeding birds with less than two grooves all had fully-developed beaks, but lacked grooves. In some cases, the bill was deformed. Only six Puffins out of over 15, handled had four grooves. The individual variation in the number of bill grooves makes it impossible to age any individual Puffin with a high degree of confidence, but the more grooves a Puffin has, the older it is likely to be. Table 3. Changes in number of grooves on bills of 21 known-age Puffins Fratercula arctica caught in two different years on Isle of May, Fife Individual 2 3 AGE (YEARS) a b c d 1 1 >/2 1 *\Vi HV 2 *2+ - >2+ >2Y2 g h i J k 1 1V 2 - IV2- IV2- IV2- Wz >2 >2 >2V2 >3 >2»2Y2 >3 n o P q r s t u l'/2 >2 2 S-2V >2V2 >2+ 2 -^» 2 1%- > Y2 >3 _ Most adult Puffins have a complete moult of the body and wing feathers just before coming to land at the start of the breeding season (Harris & Yule 1977). When they finish breeding, in July and August, their plumage is very bleached and abraded and the bill sheath and eye ornaments are already starting to flake off. Immatures moult much later and usually still have fresh-looking plumage in July (plates 154 & 155), making them easily distinguishable from breeders by plumage. Some adult-billed birds with fresh plumage at this time have almost certainly not bred. Five-year-old non-breeders moult at the same time as adults and usually start to shed the bill sheath before leaving the colonies in August.
8 Age determination of Puffins Probable one-year-old Puffin Fralercula arctica with small eye ornaments and black freckles in front of eye. Isle of May, July 1978 (A/. P. Harris) 155. Two-year-old Puffin Fralercula arctica on Isle of May, July This bird had been ringed as chick at colony on nearby Craigleith in In their second and third years, many Puffins visit colonies other than the one where they were reared; some remain to breed, others return to their natal colony. Note that primaries are immaculate even though this is at end of breeding season. Immatures moult in late spring, immediately prior to visiting land; adults moult in winter (M. P. Harris) Age atfirstbreeding Chick survival is high; for example, I recaught 67 out of 187 (35.8%) 1973-young back on the Isle of May in later years. Despite the annual handling of about 25% of the breeding birds and innumerable hours of watching colour-ringed individuals, relatively few known-age Puffins were found breeding (table 4). The youngest was a three-year-old caught in a burrow with a chick, and there was another which probably had a young. Most Puffins, however, did not start breeding until they were five or six years old. Observations of the several hundred colour-ringed known-age birds alive on the Isle of May showed that four- and five-year-old birds
9 254 Locality Age determination of Puffins Table 4. Ages of breeding Puffins Fratercula arctica YEARS or older Isle of May St Kilda Fame Islands Skomer Island Westmann Islands returned in late March with the breeding adults. Many of these young birds possessed burrows, but these were usually short or very shallow and unsuitable for breeding. Several four-year-olds with good burrows were soon dispossessed by more experienced birds. Although one three-year-old was caught on 4th April and another on 9th April, most did not return until late April or early May when most breeders had laid. Some other threeyear-olds were seen to enter burrows, but they were very timid and did not defend these holes against other Puffins. Two-year-olds were seen only after the first young had hatched; two of this age caught in burrows had probably been scared by my approach and dived down the nearest holes. This escape behaviour might explain the existence of the skin of an obvious immature (just one ill-defined bill groove) collected by C. B. Ticehurst on Bill's Rock, Co. Clare, and labelled 'caught on the nest'. It is clear that very few Isle of May Puffins bred before they were five years old. Those on St Kilda follow the same pattern of month of return and age of first breeding, but there is no record of a three- or four-year-old Puffin breeding on the Fame Islands, despite 42 known-age birds being caught with an egg or young. Discussion Puffins continue to grow and become heavier until at least their fifth year of life, when many may be old enough to breed (Petersen 1976b; Ashcroft 1976). During this period, the bill does not increase in straight length, but becomes deeper. The bill sheath is shed each winter (Bureau 1877) and renewed just before the start of each breeding season (Harris & Yule 1977). During the first few years of life, each new sheath has more grooves, and a relationship between the number of grooves and age appears to have been first suggested by H. B. Knox in on labels he placed on museum specimens he collected at sea off Co. Mayo. Bird-fowlers, however, in various countries, probably also knew of this (Williamson 197). Salomonsen (1944) came to the same conclusion independently and used the information to separate adults from immatures in his survey of the taxonomy of the Puffin, but it was left to Petersen (1976b) to prove by the use of ringed birds collected at or near colonies that the development of the bill and the number of grooves took several years. He showed that Puffins from the Westmann Islands, Iceland, developed grooves as follows (the number of specimens examined is given in brackets): two-year-olds (11) had one very shallow broad groove, three-year-olds (27) had one deep plus one shallow, broad groove, four-year-olds had two (3), 2V2 (27) or three (6) grooves, five-year-olds had two (2), 2V2 (1) or three (5) grooves. Older birds
10 Age determination of Puffins Left, adult Puffin Fralercula arctica with winter face and beak. Note that, even though bill did not take up breeding form, sheath is starting to flake oil. Isle of May, August 1977 (A/. P. Hams) 157. Right, adult Puffin Fralercula arctica in winter plumage. Note dusky face, lack of eye ornaments, pale cere and pale ridge separating inner and outer parts of bill. Northumberland, October 1974 (.4. M. Taylor) had usually three deep, narrow grooves. He also noted that the third groove in birds five or more years old had a white, chalk-like substance present. Few British birds have a deep, well defined third groove, though many do have the chalky substance (plate 145). Petersen concluded that it should be possible to age two- and three-year-old Puffins with 1% certainty, and that all four-year-old Puffins should be recognisable from older birds by the amount of the chalk in the last groove. Ashcroft (1976) found a less clear-cut relationship between age and the number of bill grooves in Puffins on Skomer Island, Dyfed, as follows (numbers of specimens and their grooves in brackets): two-year-old (lxl + ), three-year-old (4X1 +, lx IV2), fouryear-old (3X2, lx2vi), five-year-old (3x2, 4x2+). Petersen (1976b) thought that this might have been because British Puffins had smaller beaks than those from the Westmann Islands. My results (table 2), however, show a great variation in the number of grooves, despite the Isle of May Puffins having bills as large as those on the Westmann Islands (Petersen 1976b; Harris 1977). Thus, it is not possible to age British Puffins with any high degree of certainty using bill characters, though it is possible to separate most immatures from those old enough to be breeding. The significance of these grooves is not known, but, as Puffins do not normally breed until they have at least two grooves, and the bill is used in display, they presumably have some sexual importance. The few which bred when they had less than two grooves had fully-sized bills, suggesting that they were at least four years old; probably, something had gone wrong during the formation of the bill sheath. A Puffin usually retains the same mate from one season to the next, so they may recognise their mates as individuals and the bill grooves would then be of less importance in display than if they were getting a mate for the first time. Adult Puffins sometimes visit the colonies while in winter plumage (plate 157), but I have only one record of such a bird breeding: one caught taking fish to a chick on St Kilda (S. Murray inlitt.). In winter, the bill grooves, though still present, are far less distinct. The ridge separating the outer and inner parts of the bill is less obvious (plate 156) and often dark, and care must be taken not to include the groove posterior to the ridge in the count. Birds in winter plumage can be divided
11 256 Age determination of Puffins only into juvenile or first-winter (still in juvenile plumage, bill very small), adults (two or more grooves) and immatures (intermediates). Although few Isle of May Puffins bred before they were five or six years old, Ashcroft (1979) recorded three four-year-olds and five five-year-olds breeding on Skomer Island. On the Westmann Islands, Petersen (1976a) examined 14 known-age Puffins caught with young. Of those, five were aged five years, three were six years, the remainder were older. Only two four-year-olds were found in burrows, and neither was breeding. He also examined the gonads of freshly killed females. At least 14 (and possibly all) of 16 four-year-olds had certainly not bred; neither had two of three five-year-olds. Five older females had all laid. He concluded that most Westmann Island Puffins started to breed when five or six years old. The Puffin population on the Isle of May has trebled during the period of this investigation, suggesting that conditions were very favourable. The Fame Islands can probably not support more Puffins, and the increase in the Isle of May colony is partly due to immigration from the Fame Islands. The apparent lower age of first breeding on the Isle of May and Skomer (where there is also plenty of room for Puffins), as compared with the Fame Islands, could well be due to less competition for burrows. Acknowledgments My thanks are due to the many people who helped with the fieldwork but especially to S. Murray who made many of the measurements. Mrs G. Hickling kindly supplied details of Fame Island Puffins. Dr D. Jenkins criticised the manuscript. The study was partly carried out under Nature Conservancy Council Contract No. F3/3/3. Summary Puffins Fratercula arctica continued to grow and become heavier until at least their fifth year of life. The bill became deeper and the number of grooves on it increased. Although it was possible to separate most immature Puffins, which had less than two bill grooves, from those probably capable of breeding, it was not possible to age British Puffins accurately. Although a single Puffin bred in its third year, most Isle of May Puffins do not breed until they are at least five or six years old. References ASHCROFT, R. E Breeding biology and survival of Puffins. Unpublished D. Phil, thesis. Oxford Survival rates and breeding biology of Puffins on Skomer Island, Wales. Ornis Scand. 1: BIRKHEAD, T. R., & ASHCROFT, R. E Auk numbers on Skomer Island. Nature in Wales 4: BUREAU, L De la mue du bee et des ornaments palpebraux du Macareux arctique, Fratercula arctica. Bull. Soc. Zool. France 14: HARRIS, M. P Puffins on the Isle of May. Scot. Birds 9: & YULE, R. F The moult of the Puffin Fratercula arctica. Ibis 119: PETERSEN, A. 1976a. Age of first breeding of Puffin, Fratercula arctica (L.). Aslarte9: b. Size variables in Puffins Fratercula arctica from Iceland, and bill features as criteria of age. Omis Scand. 7: SALOMONSEN, F The Atlantic Alcidae. Gbteborgs Kungl. Verterhets Samhalles. Hand. 6: WILLIAMSON, K The Atlantic Islands. London. Dr M. P. Harris, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Hill of Brathens, Banchory, Kincardineshire, Scotland AB3 4BY
Do puffins return to the same burrow? Yes. Puffins will defend their nest and reuse their burrow in following years.
Where do Puffins live? Puffins nest in burrows in the ground. The males dig the burrow using their bill and feet to push the soil out behind them. Puffins often use existing burrows made by rabbits. Do
More informationHeimaey Island, Iceland, April. Halla searches. the sky every day. As she watches from high on a
LEVEL 3.8 128376 Nights of the Pufflings McMillan, Bruce Heimaey Island, Iceland, April. Halla searches the sky every day. As she watches from high on a cliff overlooking the sea, she spots her first puffin
More informationMaine Puffins Rebound
Maine Puffins Rebound Cooler water and more phytoplankton in spring of 2014 favor return of favorite forage fish Maine puffins experienced a dramatic increase in nesting success in 2014 following two years
More informationBelow is an example of a well laid-out template of a route card used by the Sionnach Team which is a good format to begin with.
Route Card A route card is used as a navigational aid to hill walkers by setting out a step by step plan for an intended hike. It is good practice to make out a route card before every hike you or your
More informationARCTIC REDPOLL IDENTIFICATION REVISITED
1 By Lee G R Evans SCANDINAVIAN ARCTIC REDPOLL (Carduelis exilipes) Scandinavian Arctic Redpoll, Maywick, Shetland, November 2010 (Hugh Harrop http://hughharropwildlifephotography.blogspot.com/ 2 SCANDINAVIAN
More informationNoble Caledonia: Iceland s Natural Wonders Wildlife Report
Day 1: 7 th June Noble Caledonia: Iceland s Natural Wonders Wildlife Report 7 th 16 th June 2018 I arrived on the beautiful ship, the Ocean Diamond, in the afternoon and met the rest of the Noble Caledonia
More informationIceland Volume Two - The Birds
Iceland Volume Two - The Birds PUFFINS, PUFFINS, PUFFINS! It was made very clear to me from the very start of this Flying Pig Adventure that seeing puffins would be the single most important quest. Seeing
More informationAURORA WILDLIFE RESEARCH
AURORA WILDLIFE RESEARCH Kim Poole 2305 Annable Rd. Nelson, BC, V1L 6K4 Canada Tel: (250) 825-4063; Fax: (250) 825-4073 e-mail: klpoole@shaw.ca 27 April 2005 Mike Gall Conservation Specialist and Glenn
More informationRegistry Publication 15
1. Display information The Display of Nationality and Registration Marks on Aircraft Article 10 of the Air Navigation (Isle of Man) Order 2015 requires Isle of Man registered aircraft regardless of size
More informationFRANCE : HOW TO IMPROVE THE AVALANCHE KNOWLEDGE OF MOUNTAIN GUIDES? THE ANSWER OF THE FRENCH MOUNTAIN GUIDES ASSOCIATION. Alain Duclos 1 TRANSMONTAGNE
FRANCE : HOW TO IMPROVE THE AVALANCHE KNOWLEDGE OF MOUNTAIN GUIDES? THE ANSWER OF THE FRENCH MOUNTAIN GUIDES ASSOCIATION ABSTRACT : Alain Duclos 1 TRANSMONTAGNE Claude Rey 2 SNGM The French Mountain Guides
More informationtourists (the day-trippers are only on Skomer from 9.30am to 4.30pm). Whole day shooting and enjoying the island.
Itinerary The trip will run for from the 6 th to 10 th of June 2018, to include 3 full nights on the island. This trip also includes a trip to photograph dozens of wild red kites on the way to Pembrokeshire
More informationMaggie s Activity Pack
Maggie s Activity Pack Name Date Puffin Olympics If the animal world held its own Olympics, puffins would win many medals! Puffins might wear gold medals for swimming, diving, and flying. They might even
More informationHEATHROW COMMUNITY NOISE FORUM
HEATHROW COMMUNITY NOISE FORUM 3Villages flight path analysis report January 216 1 Contents 1. Executive summary 2. Introduction 3. Evolution of traffic from 25 to 215 4. Easterly departures 5. Westerly
More informationMountain Goats and Winter Recreation November 17, 2011
Mountain Goats and Winter Recreation November 17, 2011 Summary Mountain goats need protection from disruption and displacement in their winter feeding areas by motorized and non-motorized recreationists
More informationINTERPRETING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS (MODIFIED FOR ADEED)
INTERPRETING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS (MODIFIED FOR ADEED) Science Concept: Topographic maps give information about the forces that shape the features of Earth. Objectives: The student will: identify land features
More informationOriginal Research Paper DETERMINATION OF HAND FROM A FINGERPRINT
Original Research Paper DETERMINATION OF HAND FROM A FINGERPRINT K.R. Nagesh,Professor & Head, Department of Forensic Medicine, Father Muller Medical College, * Pratik Sahoo, Medical Graduate, Kasturba
More informationJULIAN DEAN, PETER IVANOV, SEAN COLLINS AND MARIA GARCIA MIRANDA
NPL REPORT IR 32 Environmental Radioactivity Proficiency Test Exercise 2013 JULIAN DEAN, PETER IVANOV, SEAN COLLINS AND MARIA GARCIA MIRANDA JULY 2014 Environmental Radioactivity Proficiency Test Exercise
More informationDestination Orkney. The Orkney Tourism Strategy Summary
Destination Orkney The Orkney Tourism Strategy Summary Introduction Adopted by Destination Orkney (formerly Orkney s Area Tourism Partnership), the strategy rocket is a one-page summary of the strategy
More informationFOUNDATIONS OF ARCHAEOLOGY A WALK IN VERNDITCH CHASE
FOUNDATIONS OF ARCHAEOLOGY A WALK IN VERNDITCH CHASE 1. A Tale of two Long Barrows Long barrows were constructed as earthen or drystone mounds with flanking ditches and acted as funerary monuments during
More informationBird Strike Damage Rates for Selected Commercial Jet Aircraft Todd Curtis, The AirSafe.com Foundation
Bird Strike Rates for Selected Commercial Jet Aircraft http://www.airsafe.org/birds/birdstrikerates.pdf Bird Strike Damage Rates for Selected Commercial Jet Aircraft Todd Curtis, The AirSafe.com Foundation
More informationPlant Crib 3 TARAXACUM SECTION ERYTHROSPERMA
TARAXACUM SECTION ERYTHROSPERMA Erythrosperma species are largely restricted to well-drained, often shallow soils in habitats such as short chalk and limestone grassland, sand-dune grasslands, cliff-tops
More informationMODELING YOUR FUTURE IN AVIATION Official Air Youth course in elementary aeronautics
MODELING YOUR FUTURE IN AVIATION Official Air Youth course in elementary aeronautics By CHARLES H. GRANT LESSON 9 Planning and building an elementary contest glider THE first model described in this series
More informationFold the lower corner up to touch the vertical middle crease. The fold starts from the opposite corner.
CARBUNCLE Start with a square coloured side up. 1 3 2 Fold and unfold the square in half lengthwise and diagonally along all axes. Fold the lower corner up to touch the vertical middle crease. The fold
More informationNorthern Pacific Sea Star
Northern Pacific Sea Star The Northern Pacific Seastar http://www.marine.csiro.au/leafletsfolder/01npseastar.html Reproduced with permission of Craig Macaulay, CSIRO http://www.marine.csiro.au/leafletsfolder/01npseastar.html
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Level
www.xtremepapers.com UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Level *0448427774* TRAVEL AND TOURISM 9395/04 Paper 4 Specialised Tourism October/November
More informationClimate Change and Chance
Climate Change and Chance Will recovering fish stocks help puffins adapt to warming waters? A recent paper (1) published by NOAA researchers found that 24 of 36 fish stocks on the Northeast Continental
More informationTHE HEUGH LINDISFARNE
LINDISFARNE COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGY THE HEUGH LINDISFARNE Archaeological excavations in June 2017 Invitation to volunteers THE HEUGH, LINDISFARNE, NORTHUMBERLAND: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS 2017 INTRODUCTION
More informationDRY- DOCK HULL INSPECTION OF NILE CRUISERS
18 th International Conference on Ships and Shipping Research 2015, June 24 th 26 th, Lecco, Italy M. Altosole and A. Francescutto (Editors) DRY- DOCK HULL INSPECTION OF NILE CRUISERS Arwa. W. HUSSEIN
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *0710028496* GEOGRAPHY 0460/23 Paper 2 October/November 2016 Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
More informationDeutscher Hängegleiterverband accident report
Deutscher Hängegleiterverband accident report 4.02.2011 Date 18.7.2010 Time 21:20 Land Denmark Site Lökken/Lygnby, Denish West coast, soaring Pilot M, 42 years old, experienced Pilot, PG- Licence since
More informationRegulatory Changes relating to Air Operations Providing Services to the Flying Public
Airport Management Council of Ontario (AMCO) Supplemental Submission to the Partners for Regional Aviation Infrastructure Airport Capital Assistance Program Improvements Submission Executive Summary In
More informationSurvey of Deadwater Fell and Peel Fell
4 December 2014 Survey of Deadwater Fell and Peel Fell Team: John Barnard, Chris Crocker, Richard Cooper and Graham Jackson 1) Introduction Deadwater Fell (Hill 3542, Section 33, OS 1:50000 Map 80, OS
More informationA Statistical Method for Eliminating False Counts Due to Debris, Using Automated Visual Inspection for Probe Marks
A Statistical Method for Eliminating False Counts Due to Debris, Using Automated Visual Inspection for Probe Marks SWTW 2003 Max Guest & Mike Clay August Technology, Plano, TX Probe Debris & Challenges
More informationRook, H., Sperm whale jaw removal and preparation. Conservation Advisory Science Notes No. 65, Department of Conservation, Wellington. 23p.
ISSN 1171-9834 1994 Department of Conservation Reference to material in this report should be cited thus: Rook, H., 1994. Sperm whale jaw removal and preparation. Conservation Advisory Science Notes No.
More informationSilver-banded Hairstreak on Balloon Vine (common balloonvine) (Cardiospermum halicacabum)(mallow family) in Hidalgo County, Texas
Silver-banded Hairstreak on Balloon Vine (common balloonvine) (Cardiospermum halicacabum)(mallow family) in Hidalgo County, Texas by Jan Dauphin On October 3, 2008, I observed a Silverbanded Hairstreak
More informationThe Snowman. This passage is from Snowman Magic written by Justin D Ath. Illustrated by Emma Quay.
The Snowman The snowman stood in the middle of the frosty driveway. Mr Russell drove around it. Funny place to build a snowman, he said, parking their car in front of the little holiday cabin. Dion was
More informationThe Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland. Hillfort survey notes for guidance
The Atlas of Hillforts of Britain and Ireland Hillfort survey notes for guidance The collection of surveys for the Atlas is now finished but you can use this form and the accompanying Notes for Guidance
More informationIn September, 1966, an
ANNE S. ROBERTSON, D LITT THE ROMAN CAMP(S) ON HILLSIDE FARM, DUNBLANE, PERTHSHIRE This paper is published with the aid of a grantfrom H.M.Treasury In September, 1966, an emergency excavation was begun,
More informationRescue Parachute User Manual
Rescue Parachute User Manual Sky Paragliders, a.s. Kadlčákova 1466 739 11 Frýdlant nad Ostravicí CONTENT CHAPTER I. Technical Specification of Rescue Parachute SKY DRIVE 1) Intended Use 2) Technical-Tactical
More informationPayload - what is it? The weight of equipment and personal possessions you can carry in your motorhome without overloading it
KNOW YOUR PAYLOAD Payload - what is it? The weight of equipment and personal possessions you can carry in your motorhome without overloading it Why is it so important to understand Payload? Safety to avoid
More information15:00 minutes of the scheduled arrival time. As a leader in aviation and air travel data insights, we are uniquely positioned to provide an
FlightGlobal, incorporating FlightStats, On-time Performance Service Awards: A Long-time Partner Recognizing Industry Success ON-TIME PERFORMANCE 2018 WINNER SERVICE AWARDS As a leader in aviation and
More informationAPPENDIX G ECOLOGICAL REPORTS. G.2 Badger
APPENDIX G ECOLOGICAL REPORTS G.2 Badger Damhead Creek 2 ES Volume 2 June 2009 Damhead Creek Phase II Proposed Development Badger Survey Results Survey Date: 26 th October 2006. Surveyors: Miranda Cowan
More informationAppendix A: Summary of findings drawn from an analysis of responses to the questionnaire issued to all households in Trimley St Martin
Transport and Works Act 1992 The Network Rail (Felixstowe Branch Line Improvements Level Crossing Closure) Order Trimley St Martin Parish Council Statement of Case The statement of Case of the Parish Council
More informationWing Ecomorphology Lab
Wing Ecomorphology Lab Motivation: Trade-offs in Body Design / Ecology Implication: Degree of use of wings under water has a drastic effect on flight adaptation A Variety of Fliers A Variety of Divers
More informationCambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education *3565143540* GEOGRAPHY 0460/42 Paper 4 Alternative to Coursework May/June 2017 1 hour 30 minutes
More informationTypical avalanche problems
Typical avalanche problems The European Avalanche Warning Services (EAWS) describes five typical avalanche problems or situations as they occur in avalanche terrain. The Utah Avalanche Center (UAC) has
More informationSpecula. Opening the eyes of the world
Specula Closed Blades Open Blades Solid Blades Opening the eyes of the world Variations of Specula - Single Piece All Duckworth & Kent specula are made from a single piece of titanium. There are no joints
More informationALLOMETRY: DETERMING IF DOLPHINS ARE SMARTER THAN HUMANS?
Biology 131 Laboratory Spring 2012 Name Lab Partners ALLOMETRY: DETERMING IF DOLPHINS ARE SMARTER THAN HUMANS? NOTE: Next week hand in this completed worksheet and the assignments as described. Objectives
More informationCASTLE OF OLD WICK HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE. Property in Care(PIC) ID: PIC282 Designations:
Property in Care(PIC) ID: PIC282 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90065) Taken into State care: 1957 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2004 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE CASTLE
More informationThe Economic Impact of Tourism on Calderdale Prepared by: Tourism South East Research Unit 40 Chamberlayne Road Eastleigh Hampshire SO50 5JH
The Economic Impact of Tourism on Calderdale 2015 Prepared by: Tourism South East Research Unit 40 Chamberlayne Road Eastleigh Hampshire SO50 5JH CONTENTS 1. Summary of Results 1 2. Table of Results Table
More informationDIY Suspension Trainer - Take Your Gym Anywhere - Inspired by Monkii Bars 2
instructables DIY Suspension Trainer - Take Your Gym Anywhere - Inspired by Monkii Bars 2 by Jake_Of_All_Trades Body weight training, also known as calisthenics, is a tremendous way to improve your flexibility,
More information4.2 Assembly Instructions
4.2 Assembly Instructions 4.2.1 Assembly of Reserve Canopy. Assembly of Reserve Canopy using Rapide Links. After inspecting the Parachute and the Wings Harness/Container System, hang or lay the parachute
More informationRotorua District Council. Economic Impacts of City Focus. Technical Annexures. by McDermott Miller Strategies
Rotorua District Council Economic Impacts of City Focus Technical Annexures by McDermott Miller Strategies 19 December 2014 Copyright McDermott Miller Limited is the author of this report and holds all
More informationNational Rail Passenger Survey: User Guidance Report. Spring 2014 (wave 30)
National Rail Passenger Survey: User Guidance Report Spring 2014 (wave 30) Rebecca Joyner Director Tel: 020 7490 9148 rebecca.joyner@bdrc continental.com Contents Page No. 1. Background... 1 2. Summary
More informationLooking north from the SW shieling site with Lub na Luachrach in the foreground
Looking north from the SW shieling site with Lub na Luachrach in the foreground Upper Gleann Goibhre - Shieling sites Two shieling sites in the upper reaches of the Allt Goibhre were visited and recorded
More informationMPC Anti-Poaching Pilot Project Tourist Survey Results
MPC Anti-Poaching Pilot Project Tourist Survey Results Summary The Eco-Guards of Ifrane National Park asked tourists to answer surveys to understand their knowledge, opinions, and behaviour; presented
More informationTOURISM STATISTICS REPORT 2016 EAST REGION VISIT GREENLAND
TOURISM STATISTICS REPORT 2016 EAST REGION VISIT GREENLAND INTRODUCTION In Q1 of 2015 Visit Greenland made its first regional tourism report based on data on air passengers, overnight stays in accommodations
More informationRESEARCH BULLETIN. Parks Canada. Parcs Canada. Cette publication est disponible en français.
RESEARCH BULLETIN No. 201 August 1983 Scratching the Surface-Three Years of Archaeological Investigation in Wood Buffalo National Park, Alberta/N.W.T.-Preliminary Summary Report Marc G. Stevenson Archaeology,
More information12 Plantation Crack Area.
12 Plantation Crack Area. There has always been some good, though limited, bouldering at Plantation Crack. Over the years this has been developed and now adds up to a fairly substantial area spread along
More informationCanberra Airport Aircraft Noise Information Report
Canberra Airport Aircraft Noise Information Report Quarter 4 2015 (October to December) 1 Version Control Version Number Detail Prepared by Date 1 - Environment March 2016 Airservices Australia. All rights
More informationANNEX C. Maximum Aircraft Movement Data and the Calculation of Risk and PSZs: Cork Airport
ANNEX C Maximum Aircraft Movement Data and the Calculation of Risk and PSZs: Cork Airport CONTENTS C1 INTRODUCTION C1 C2 SUMMARY OF INPUT DATA C2 C3 AIRCRAFT CRASH RATE C5 C3.1 AIRCRAFT CLASSIFICATION
More informationThere are a number of types (e.g. general purpose, lightweight mountain, competition harness) available and the first things to think about are:
A buyer s guide to choosing a paragliding harness By Judith Mole Published in Skywings, October 2008 This article is about the issues to think about when choosing a new harness. There are a lot of different
More informationDemographic parameters and at-sea distribution of New Zealand sea lions breeding on the Auckland Islands (POP2007/01)
Demographic parameters and at-sea distribution of New Zealand sea lions breeding on the Auckland Islands (POP2007/01) Auckland Islands research trip, December 2 nd 2008 to February 16 th 2009 (Final report,
More informationMAKE A TEEPEE. DESIGN CHALLENGE Construct a teepee large enough to sit in.
Grades 3 5 45 minutes MAKE A TEEPEE DESIGN CHALLENGE Construct a teepee large enough to sit in. SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT Per working team: Newspaper (at least 90 sheets) 9" thin paper plates (at least 75)
More informationThe Folding Carton Specialists
The Folding Carton Specialists CCL Healthcare now offers customers a new range of products: Digital Folding Cartons. Our equipment is designed to print, cut and glue almost every type of digital folding
More informationPredicting Flight Delays Using Data Mining Techniques
Todd Keech CSC 600 Project Report Background Predicting Flight Delays Using Data Mining Techniques According to the FAA, air carriers operating in the US in 2012 carried 837.2 million passengers and the
More informationSECTIONAL OVERHEAD DOORS
SECTIONAL OVERHEAD DOORS Why choose Insulated Sectional Overhead Doors? 25mm approx. 40mm This leaflet is offered as a guide for the Trade when presenting the arguments in favour of specification and selection
More informationISOM & ISSOM forbidden symbol comparison
& forbidden symbol comparison Forbidden symbols and their relatives Symbol 2000 (Long, Middle) 2007 (Sprint) 201 Impassable cliff An impassable cliff, quarry or earth bank (see 106) is shown with a 0.35
More informationSpecula Catalogue. Specula. Opening the eyes of the world.
Specula Catalogue Specula Opening the eyes of the world Variations of Specula Single Piece All Duckworth & Kent single piece specula are made from a single piece of titanium. There are no joints or welds
More informationA Study of Ancient Resharpening
A Study of Ancient Resharpening By James R. Bennett, Jim Fisher, & Dan Long Published in Identifying Altered Ancient Flint Artifacts: Relics & Reproductions Series Book II by James R. Bennett The goal
More informationThe promotion of tourism in Wales
The promotion of tourism in Wales AN OUTLINE OF THE POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ADVANCING CLOCKS BY AN ADDITIONAL HOUR IN SUMMER AND WINTER Dr. Mayer Hillman Senior Fellow Emeritus, Policy
More informationNational Rail Passenger Survey: User Guidance Report. Autumn 2013 (wave 29)
National Rail Passenger Survey: User Guidance Report Autumn 2013 (wave 29) Rebecca Joyner Research Director Tel: 020 7490 9148 rebecca.joyner@bdrc continental.com Contents Page No. 1. Background... 1 2.
More informationLATENCY OF TOURISM PERMITS IN THE GREAT BARRIER REEF MARINE PARK AUDIT FOR THE YEAR 2000
LATENCY OF TOURISM PERMITS IN THE GREAT BARRIER REEF MARINE PARK AUDIT FOR THE YEAR 2 Tourism and Recreation Group December 2 DISCLAIMER The information provided in this Audit is for information and discussion
More informationGUIDE TO THE DETERMINATION OF HISTORIC PRECEDENCE FOR INNSBRUCK AIRPORT ON DAYS 6/7 IN A WINTER SEASON. Valid as of Winter period 2016/17
GUIDE TO THE DETERMINATION OF HISTORIC PRECEDENCE FOR INNSBRUCK AIRPORT ON DAYS 6/7 IN A WINTER SEASON Valid as of Winter period 2016/17 1. Introduction 1.1 This document sets out SCA s guidance for the
More informationSpecification for Grip blocking using Peat Dams
Technical Guidance Note 1 Specification for Grip blocking using Peat Dams 1. Introduction Moorland drains (grips) have been dug across much of the Yorkshire upland peatlands. Many of these grips have become
More information3: Views on region-wide support
3: Views on region-wide support Respondents were asked to think about council support for each amenity. They were asked to think whether the amenity should be from all of the councils in the region together,
More informationBen Trott Expert of the Sphingidae Gallery on BiodiversidadVirtual.org Essex (United Kingdom),
First identified wild shot photographs of Erinnyis yucatana (Druce, 1888) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae: Macroglossinae: Dilophonotini) on the Internet Primeras fotografías de campo identificadas en la red
More informationStreet Based Lifestyle Monitor
Street Based Lifestyle Monitor Cardiff (October 2013-October 2015) 0 Executive Summary Those living a street based lifestyle are the public face of homelessness and yet accurate data around how many people
More informationThe Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa,Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club.
http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ The Canadian field-naturalist. Ottawa,Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/39970 v.114 (2000): http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/106750
More informationAccuracy of Flight Delays Caused by Low Ceilings and Visibilities at Chicago s Midway and O Hare International Airports
Meteorology Senior Theses Undergraduate Theses and Capstone Projects 12-2016 Accuracy of Flight Delays Caused by Low Ceilings and Visibilities at Chicago s Midway and O Hare International Airports Kerry
More informationNational Rail Passenger Survey: User Guidance Report
National Rail Passenger Survey: User Guidance Report Spring 2015 (Wave 32) Rebecca Joyner Director Tel: 020 7490 9148 rebecca.joyner@bdrc continental.com Contents Page No. 1. Background... 1 2. Summary
More informationHOW TO IMPROVE HIGH-FREQUENCY BUS SERVICE RELIABILITY THROUGH SCHEDULING
HOW TO IMPROVE HIGH-FREQUENCY BUS SERVICE RELIABILITY THROUGH SCHEDULING Ms. Grace Fattouche Abstract This paper outlines a scheduling process for improving high-frequency bus service reliability based
More informationMEASURING ACCESSIBILITY TO PASSENGER FLIGHTS IN EUROPE: TOWARDS HARMONISED INDICATORS AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL. Regional Focus.
Regional Focus A series of short papers on regional research and indicators produced by the Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy 01/2013 SEPTEMBER 2013 MEASURING ACCESSIBILITY TO PASSENGER
More information2/5/2015. Copyright 2015, SCBKA 1 WBC. Langstroth
The Beehive Types and variations Types of hives National Commercial WBC Langstroth Copyright 2015, SCBKA 1 Hive components Roof Queen excluder Crown board Super Brood box Floor Stand Composition of a hive
More informationConserving Koala Country 2011 FIELD REPORT
Conserving Koala Country 2011 FIELD REPORT Background Information Lead PI: Dr Desley Whisson Project scientists: Dr. Desley Whisson and Alistair Melzer Report completed by: Dr Desley Whisson Period Covered
More informationDiscriminate Analysis of Synthetic Vision System Equivalent Safety Metric 4 (SVS-ESM-4)
Discriminate Analysis of Synthetic Vision System Equivalent Safety Metric 4 (SVS-ESM-4) Cicely J. Daye Morgan State University Louis Glaab Aviation Safety and Security, SVS GA Discriminate Analysis of
More informationThe Economic Impact of Tourism on Scarborough District 2014
The Economic Impact of Tourism on Scarborough District 2014 Prepared by: Tourism South East Research Unit 40 Chamberlayne Road Eastleigh Hampshire SO50 5JH CONTENTS 1. Summary of Results 1 2. Table of
More informationMaking the most of school-level per-student spending data
InterstateFinancial Making the most of school-level per-student spending data Interstate Financial (IFR) was created by states, for states, to meet the financial data reporting requirement under ESSA and
More informationThe regional value of tourism in the UK: 2013
Article: The regional value of tourism in the UK: 2013 Estimates of the economic value of tourism within UK regions and sub-regions. It includes supply and demand data relating to tourism and tourism industries.
More informationSURVEY OF U3A MEMBERS (PART 1)
SURVEY OF U3A MEMBERS (PART 1) Introduction To provide a satisfactory service to its member U3As, The Third Age Trust recognised that it needs to be aware of the diversity of individual U3A members and
More informationKINGS WILDEBEEST BREEDING PROGRAM
KINGS WILDEBEEST BREEDING PROGRAM OVERVIEW 2 The breeding of rare animals has become an investment with potentially high returns. Giraffae Game Breeders has compiled a programme that offers the opportunity
More informationOak Ridges Moraine: Southern Ontario's Sponge
Oak Ridges Moraine: Southern Ontario's Sponge Lesson Overview Students will examine the location and the importance of the Oak Ridges Moraine and investigate ongoing conflicts concerning its development.
More informationHOTFIRE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT MODEL A CASE STUDY
1 HOTFIRE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT MODEL A CASE STUDY Sub-theme: Economics / business venture, livelihood strategies Format: Poster Bruce Fletcher Hotfire Hunting and Fishing Safaris P O Box 11 Cathcart 5310
More informationEFFECT OF THE COASTAL CONSERVATION DUE TO BEACH NOURISHMENT OF TOTORI SAND DUNE COAST
Proceedings of the 7 th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 203) Bali, Indonesia, September 2-26, 203 EFFECT OF THE COASTAL CONSERVATION DUE TO BEACH NOURISHMENT OF TOTORI SAND DUNE
More informationSizing up Australia s eastern Grey Nurse Shark population
Image: David Harasti A new estimate of adult population size for Australia s eastern Grey Nurse Shark drew on widespread genetic sampling and forensic exploration of family trees. Grey Nurse Sharks are
More informationExemplar for Internal Achievement Standard Geography Level 1. Conduct geographic research, with direction
Exemplar for internal assessment resource Geography for Achievement Standard 91011 Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard Geography Level 1 This exemplar supports assessment against: Achievement Standard
More informationAERO TEC LABORATORIES
IMPORTANT INFORMATION FROM ATL SAFETY FUEL CELLS FOR HISTORIC RACE CARS, CLASSIC BOATS AND VINTAGE AIRCRAFT 1.) REPLACING AN OLD OR DETERIORATED FUEL BLADDER a.) Remember, modern fuel bladder materials
More informationProduced by: Destination Research Sergi Jarques, Director
Produced by: Destination Research Sergi Jarques, Director Economic Impact of Tourism Oxfordshire - 2015 Economic Impact of Tourism Headline Figures Oxfordshire - 2015 Total number of trips (day & staying)
More informationThe Economic Impact of Tourism Brighton & Hove Prepared by: Tourism South East Research Unit 40 Chamberlayne Road Eastleigh Hampshire SO50 5JH
The Economic Impact of Tourism Brighton & Hove 2013 Prepared by: Tourism South East Research Unit 40 Chamberlayne Road Eastleigh Hampshire SO50 5JH CONTENTS 1. Summary of Results 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2
More informationRAILWAY BOUNDARY MARKERS IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. John Putley
Reprinted from: Gloucestershire Society for Industrial Archaeology Journal for 2005 pages 52-56 RAILWAY BOUNDARY MARKERS IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE John Putley Recently the author became aware of some railway
More information