MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY

Transcription

1 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY PLATES INTRODUCTION Jv/AI ATTPAINTED pottery was first identified as a particular variety in-1879 and was dated to the Middle Helladic period in A considerable amount of the ware has now been excavated, enough to warrant a close investigation; for it has been the subject of much controversy. Some scholars suggest that it represents a continuation of Early Helladic ceramic tradition, others that it has a Neolithic derivation, still others that it is an offshoot from the Cyclades, or even that a wave of migration brought it from Asia Minor. Equally varying opinions are held about the course of its development, the external influences thereon, and its relationship to Late Helladic pottery. It is hoped that this work will shed some light on these problems. First, the distribution w'ill be surveyed province by province and the pottery shapes and decorative motifs classified and catalogued; sites and references will be given for all shapes and motifs. Then, it will be shown on stratigraphic grounds which shapes and motifs are early and which are late, and, by comparing early Mattpainted pottery with earlier Aegean wares,- conclusions will be drawn about its origins. Finally, by comparing later Mattpainted pottery with other ceramics of the Middle Bronze Age, its course of development may be indicated.' In addition to the customary abbreviations I have employed the following: Aberg Xberg, N. F. Brontzezeitliche und Friiheisenzeitliche Chronologie, Teil IV, Griechenland, Stockholm, A.H. Waldstein, C., ed., The Argive Heraeum, Boston and New York, Aigina Welter, G., Aigina, Berlin, Aigina2 Welter, G., Atytva, SeeXW rewpyts KovXtcwo'pSq, 'AOivat, A.K. Mylonas, G., Agios Kosmas, Princeton, Anc. Myc. Mylonas, G., Ancient Mycentae, Princeton, 'ApX. E/,8. MEX. 'Ape'ov Ebj80oiKWv MEXET4v. A.S.C.S. Coll. Collection of Sherds at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 1 This work is based on a dissertation submitted to. the Graduate,School of.the University of Cincinnati in 1956, which in turn grew out of research carried on at the American School while I was a Fellow in, I am grateful to the University of Alberta Research Committee and the Canada Council for their aid in enabling me to carry on further researches in Greece in I should like to express my thanks to Professor C. W. Blegen and the other members of the Department of Classics of the University of Cincinnati for their counsel and guidance;-,to Professor J. L. Caskey, especially, for his advice and for the opportunity. of exatining the unpublished material from Lerna; to Dr.. Henry S. Robinson for his assistance; to Mr. Makaronas, Mr. Kallipolitis, Mr. Verdelis, Miss_ Konstantinou and Mrs.. 'Stasinopoulou-Touloupa for the opportunity of examining Mattpainted pottery in the museums. The plates of the profiles and motifs are by: the Draughting Department of the University of Alberta from square-grid drawings by the author. Hesperica XXXIII, 3 American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Hesperia

2 232 ROBERT J. BUCK Asea Holmberg, E. J., The Swedish Excavations at Asea in Arcadia, Lund, Asine Fr6din, D., and A. W. Persson, Asine, Stockholm, BG Buff-Green Ware. B.S.A. Coll. Collection of Sherds at the British School at Athens. D.S. Tsountas, C., At' IlpoaToptKat 'AKPo7ro'Xets ALyMVVOV Ka'i :EaKXov, 'AOiIvat, Eutresis Goldman, H., Excavations at Eutresis in Boeotia, Cambridge, Mass., Fimmen Fimmen, D., Die Kretisch-Mykenische Kultur, 2nd ed., Berlin, Furumark Furumark, A., The Mycenaean Pottery, Stockholm, GY Green-Yellow Ware. Heurtley Heurtley, W. A., Prehistoric Macedonia, Cambridge, Kirrha Dor, L. et al., Kirrha, Paris, Korakou Blegen, C. W., Korakou, Boston, LD Light-on-Dark Mattpainted. Malthi Valmin, N., The Swedish Messe ia Expedition, Lund, M.T. Furtwangler, A., Mykenische Thongefaesse, Berlin, M.V. Furtw-angler, A. and G. Loeschcke,, Mykenische Vasen, Berlin, Orchomeenos Bulle, H., Orchomenos, Teil I, Munchen, PC Polychrome Ware P.M. Evans, Sir Arthur, The Palace of Minos, London, Pendlebury Pendlebury, J. D. S., The Archaeology of Crete, London, Phylakopi Atkinson, T. D. et al., Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos, London, Pr. Aiqina Harland, J. P., Prehistoric Aigina, Paris, Pr. Eleusis Mylonas, G., npolrotopl' 'EAXvct's, 'AO6vat, Prosymnxa Blegen, C. W., Prosymnna, Cambridge, Red Red Ware Schachtgriber Karo, G., Die Schachtgriber von Mykenai, Munich, Tiryns Archaeologisches Institut des deutschen Reichs, Tiryns, Athens, 1912-(in progress). Vasen Akr. Graef B. and E. Langlotz, Die Antiken Vasen von der Akropolis zu Athen, Vol. I, Berlin, WS White-Slipped Ware. W.T. Wace, A. J. B. and M. S. Thompson, Prehistoric Thessaly, Cambridge, YM Yellow Minyan Zygouries Blegen, C. W., Zygouries, Cambridge, Mass., MESSENIA THE DISTRIBUTION OF MATTPAINTED -POTTERY 1. Kyparissia. Surface finds: Mattpainted pottery. Valmin,?itudes Topographiques sur la Messenie ancienne, p. 131; A.J.A., LXV, 1961, p. 232, no Peristeria (Myron). M.H. and L.H. settlement. Mattpainted pottery in dromos of tholos tomb, B.C.H., LXXXV, 1961, pp ; LXXXVI, 1962, pp ; *Epyov, 1960, pp ; 1961, pp ; 1962, pp Malthi. Bronze Age settlement, ash layer separating E.H. and M.H. strata. Minyan wi'thout Mattpainted in earliest M.H. levels. Malthi, esp. pp Koutsouveri (Margeli). Surface finds: M.H. pottery. A.J.A., LXV, 1961, p. 235, no Ordhines (Langouvardhos). Surface finds: sherds tentatively identified as M.H. AJ.A.J LXV, 1961, p. 236, no. 37.

3 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY Kanalos (Gargaliani). Surface finds: M.H. pottery. A.J.A. LXV, 1961, pp , no Tsouka (Pyrgaki). Surface finds: Mattpainted and imitation Minyan. A.J.A., LXV, 1961, p. 237, no Palace of Nestor (Ano Englianos). Mattpainted and Minyan on palace site and around tholos tomb. A.J.A., LVIII, 1954, pp ; LXIII, 1959, pp ; LXV, 1961, p. 238, no Voroulia (Tragana). Mattpainted pottery in M.H. settlement. 'Epyov, 1956, p. 90; B.C.H., LXXXI, 1959, pp ; A.J.A., LXV, 1961, pp , no Agios foannes (Papoulia). Tumulus with several pithos burials credited to E.H. and early M.H. 'Epyov, 1954, pp ; B.C.H., LXXIX, 1955, pp ; LXXX, 1956, p. 286; A.J.A., LXV, 1961, pp , no Traganes (Iklaina). Trial excavations: M.H. pottery. A.J.A., LXV, 1961, p. 241, no Koryphasion (Charatsari). Small tholos tomb with Mattpainted pottery as well as L.H. material. lpaktlkaj, , pp ; Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pp ; A.J.A., LXV, 1961, p. 242, no Voidokoilia. Surface finds: sherds tentatively identified as M.H. A.J.A4., LXV, 1961, pp , no Cave of Nestor. Traces of M.H. occupation. A.J.A., LVIII, 1954, p. 32; LXV, 1961, p. 243, no Koukounara (Gouvalari). M.H. and L.H. tombs and traces of M.H. settlement, 'Epyov, 1958, pp ; 1959, pp ; 1960, pp ; A.J.A., LXV, 1961, p. 244, no.65; B.C.H., LXXXV, 1961, pp Agia Analipsis (Phoinikounta). Surface finds: M.H. pottery. A.J.A., LXV, 1961, p. 248, no Kaphiro (Longa). Trial excavations: M.H. material. A.J.A., LXV, 1961, pp. 248, no Nichoria. Trial excavations: M.H. material. A.J.A., LXV, 1961, pp , no. 76. LAKONIA 19. Astros. M.H. graves and pottery. Arch. Anz., 1927, p. 365; B.S.A., LV, 1960, p Antyklaiont. Gray and Argive Minyan and Mattpainted in traces of M.H. occupation. 'E4. 'Apx., 1892, p. 12; Jahrb., XXXIII, 1918, pp ; Ath. Mitt., LII, 1927, pp. 4-23; B.S.A., LV, 1960, pp Vaphio and 22. Palaiopyrgi. Surface finds: imitation Minyan. B.S.A., LV, 1960, pp Geraki. Trial excavations: Gray and Argive Minyan and Mattpainted. B.S.A., XVI, , pp ; LV, 1960, pp Apidia. Surface finds: Gray and Argive Minyan and Mattpainted. B.S.A., LI, 1954, pp ; LV, 1960, pp Agios Vasilios. Surface finds: Gray and Argive Minyan. B.S.A., LI, 1954, p. 170; LV, 1960, pp Goritsa. Surface finds: Gray and Yellow Minyan. B.S.A., LV, 1960, pp Agios Strategos. Surface finds: Minyan and Mattpainted. B.S.A., LV, 1960, pp Asteri. Trial excavations: M.H. material. B.S.A., LV, 1960, pp ; J.H.S., LXXX, 1960, Supp. p Skala. Surface finds: Gray and Argive Minyan, polychrome light-on-dark. B.S.A., LI, 1954, pp ; LV, 1960, pp Xeronisi. Surface finds: Gray Minyan. B.S.A., LV, 1960, p Panagiotis (Lekas). Surface finds: Gray Minyan and Mattpainted. B.S.A., LV, 1960, pp Agios Stephattos. Bronze Age settlement, M.H. occupation. Excavations continuing. B.S.A., LV, 1960, pp ; J.H.S., LXXX, 1960, Supp. pp. 9-10; LXXXI, 1961, Supp. pp ; B.C.H., LXXXV, 1961, pp

4 234 ROBERT J. BUCK 33. Paizoulia. Surface finds: Gray Minyan. B.S.A., LV, 1960, p Daimonia. M.H. grave and surface finds: Gray Minyan. B.S.A., XIV, , p. 166; LV,41960, p Gangania. Surface finds: Gray and Argive Minyan, polychrome light-on-dark. B.S.A., LV, 1960-, p ;36. - Goulas (Plitra). Surface finds: Gray and Argive Minyan. B.S.A., LV, 1960, pp Kythera. Surface finds: Gray and Argive Minyan. AcXT. I 1915, p ARCADIA 38. Asea. Bronze Age settlement, ash layer separating: E.H. and M.H. strata. Minyan without Mattpainted in lowest M.H. levels. Asea, esp. pp Orchomenos. Surface finds: Mattpainted. Fimmen, pp. 10, 77. ELIS 40. Elis. M.H. pottery in material from old Austrian excavations. Arch. Anz., 1962, p Agios Andreas (Pheia). Surface finds: Gray and Yellow Minyan and Mattpainted. A.J.A., XLVI, 1942, p. 82, no. 10; LXV, 1961, p. 224, no Vromoneri (Varvaisana). Surface finds: M.H. pottery. A.J.A., LXV, 1961, pp , no Olympia. M.H. incised ware below and near Heraion and Kroneion. Prehistoric pottery below Stadium. Ath. Mitt., XXXVI, 1911, pp ; J.H.S., LXXXI, 1961, Supp. pp ; B.C.H., LXXXV, 1961, p Meraka (Pisa). Surface finds: Mattpainted pottery. Fimmen, p. 77; A.J.A., XLVI, 1942, pp , no. 24; LXV, 1961, pp , no ; Agios Elias (Makrisia). Surface finds: sherds tentatively identified as M.H. A.J.A., LXV, 1961, p. 229, no Kastro (Tripiti). Surface finds: M.H. pottery. A.J.A., XLVI, 1942, p. 81, no. 5; LXV, 1961, p. 230, no Klidhi (Samikon). Tumulus: Argive Minyan decorated with white mat paint. Surface finds: Mattpainted pottery. A.J.A., XLVI, 1942, p. 82, no. 11; LXV, 1961, p. 230, no. 19; B-.C.H., -LXXX, 1956, p Kakovatos. M.H. pottery from excavations and surface finds. Ath. Mitt., XXXIII, 1908, pp ; A.J.A., LXV, 1961, pp , no Agios Demetrios (near Lepreon). Surface finds: Gray and Yellow Minyan and Mattpainted. A.J.A., LXV, 1961, pp , no Agios Andreas (Katakolon). Surface finds:. M.H. pottery. Arch. Anz., 1962, p ACHAIA 51. Katarrakti (Lopesi). Tombs and traces of settlement: Yellow and imitation Gray Minyan and -Mattpainted. IIpaKTtKa, 1954, pp ; 'Epyov, 1958, pp ; B.C.H., LXXXIII, 1959, p. 619; J.H.S., LXXIX, 1959, Supp. p. 11; Arch. Ansz., 1962, pp Arrovonitsa (Aigion). M.H. graves. B.C.H., LXXX, 1956, p Kastro tis Kalogrias (Paralimni). Surface finds: M.H. pottery. *Epyov, 1962, p. 175; Arch. Rep., , p Provenance Unknown. Mattpainted pottery in Patras Museum. A.J.A., LXIV, 1960, p. 4. ARGOLID AND CORINTHIA 55. Lerna. Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements. Destruction at end of E.H. II, but not between E.H. and M.H. Minyan earlier than Mattpainted. Extensive and excellent series of Mattpainlted pots. Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pp. 3-30; XXIV, 1955, pp ; XXV, 1956, pp. 147-

5 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY ; XXVI, 1957, pp ; XXVII, 1958, pp ; XXVIII, -1959, pp ; Arc,3. Anz., 1962, p Argos.- M.H. settlements: on Aspis, B.C.H., XXX, 1906, pp ;- in south quarter; three strata distinguished, B.C.H., LXXIX, 1955, pp ; LXXX, 1956, pp. 209, ; LXXXIII, 1959, p. 755; A.J.A., LX, 1956, p. 270; J.H.S., LXXIX, 1959, Supp. p. 6; Arch. AnL, 1962, p Tiryns. Traces of M.H. settlement below L.H. city, pottery unpublished. Thryns, III, pp ; R.E., II, 6, s.v. " Tiryns," cols.' ; Arch. Anz., 1962, p Asine. Bronze Age settlement. Burnt stratum separating E.H. and M.H. Minyan earlier than Mattpainted.' Asine, esp. pp Dendra. Traces of M.H. settlement on Acropolis. A. W. Persson, New Tombs at Dendra near Midea, pp Excavations continuing. 60. Argive Heraion. Gray and Argive Minyan and Mattpainted on upper terrace of sanctuary. A.H., II, pp M.H. tombs nearby. Prosyimna. 61. Mycenae. Traces of M.H. settlement below L.H. buildings on Acropolis: B.S.A., XXV, ; U1paKTVKa, 1957, pp ; "Epyov, 1959, p. 93; B.C.H., LXXXIV, 1960, p. 678; LXXXV, 1961, p. 667; Arch. Anz., 1962, p Old Grave Circle and Schliemann's excavations: Schliemann, Mycenae and IIpaKTtKa, 1955, pp Pottery from Circle'in M.T., other pottery in M.V. Re-examination in Schachtgriber. New Grave Circle: Ancient Mycenae and IIpaKTKa, 1952, p. 438; 1954, pp ; 1955, pp ; I.L.N., 1952, p. 506; 1954, pp , ; B.C.H., LXXVII, 1953, pp ; LXXVIII, 1954, pp '; J.H.S.,LXXIII, 1953, pp ; A.J.A., LVII, 1953, pp ; B.S.A., LII, 1957, pp M.H. remains in buildings outside Acropolis:- *Epyov, 1961, p. 158; B.C.H., LXXXVI, 1962, p M.H. finds in general: 'ApX.'E4., 1958, pp Asklepieion. Mattpainted sherds below Temple of Apollo Maleatis. IpaKTtKa, 1950, pp Haliki and 64. Hermione. Surface fin'ds: Gray Minyan and Mattpainted sherds. Welter, Troezen und Kalauria, pp Karakasi. M.H. grave: Minyan and Mattpainted pottery. HpaKTLKa, 1909, pp Galata. Surface finds: Gray Minyan and Mattpainted sherds. A.S.C.S. Coll. 67. Zygouries. Small M.H. settlement over ashes of E.H. site. Zygouries. 68. Gonia. Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements. Minyan earlier than' Mattpainted. Metr. Mus. Stud., III, , pp Arapiza. Surface finds: Mattpainted sherds. A.J.A., XXIV, 1920, pp Corinth. M.H. cemetery near Mylos Cheliotou, northwest of ancient townsite. A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930, pp ; Aberg, pp Aetopetra. Surface finds: Minyan and Mattpainted sherds. A.J.A., XXIV, 1920, pp Korakou. Bronze Age settlement. Ash layer between E.H. III and M.H. Korakou. MEGARID 73. Nisaia. Trial trenches: unstratified Minyan and Mattpainted sherds. Ath. Mitt., XXIX, 1904, p. 95; HpaKTLKaL, 1934, pp ATTICA 74. Eleusis. M.H. and L.H. settlements on hill: 'Apx. 'ET., 1912, pp. 1-28; Pr. Eleusis, pp. 1-64; Mylonas, Eleusis and the Eleusinian Mysteries, pp Several' M.H. graves to west: IlpaKrtKa', 1952, p. 64; 1953, pp ; 1955, pp ; 1956, pp ; I.L.N., 1953, pp ; B.C.H., LXXIX, 1955, p. 220; LXXX, 1956, pp. 24Z-243; LXXXI, 1957, pp ; A.J.A., LIX, 1955, p. 224; LX, 1956, p. 269, pl Salanmis. Surface finds: Mattpainted sherds. German'Arch. Inst. at Athens Coll.

6 236 ROBERT J. BUCK 76. Athens. (a) Acropolis: Gray and Argive Minyan and Mattpainted in unstratified deposits on Acropolis surface and on north and south slopes. M.H. grave in south slope. Acropolis surface: Vasen Akr., pp South slope: Annuario, XIII-XIV, , pp ; Arch. Anz., 1962, p Arch. Rep., , p. 3 (Sanctuary of Dionysos), p. 4 (M.H. grave). North Slope: Hesperita, II, 1933, pp ; VI, 1937, pp ; VII, 1938, pp (b) Olympieion: Prehistoric stratum with M.H. sherds. B.C.H., LXXXIV, 1960, p. 634; Arch. Anz., 1962,, p (c) Agora: M.H. material from Agora proper not yet published; for material from southeast of Agora, Hesperia, VII, 1938, pp (d) Academy: Traces of E.H. and M.H. settlements. Arch. Anz., 1937, p. 117; A.J.A., XLI, 1937, p. 138; B.C.H., LXXX, 1956, p Agios Kosmas. Mattpainted pottery in L.H. I-II layers. A.K. 78. Thorikos. Soundings in M.H. remains on Acropolis. 'E4. 'Apx., 1895, pp , 255; Fimmen, pp. 7, Steiria. M.H. graves. 'E4. 'Apx., 1895, pp Brauron. Minyan and Mattpainted sherds in trials on Acropolis. 'E4. 'ApX., 1895, pp ; Hpa:TuKa 1950, pp ; 1955, pp ; A.J.A., LXI, 1957, p. 282; B.C.H., LXXXII, 1958, p. 678; LXXXV, 1961, p. 638; LXXXVI, 1962, p. 681; Arch. Anz., 1962, p Raphina. Traces of M.H. settlement. IIpaKTrKa, 1952, pp ; B.C.H., LXXVII, 1953, pp Marathon. M.H. layer in cave near Soros. A.J.A., LXII, 1958, p. 321; J.H.S., LXXIX, 1959, Supp. p Aphidna. M.H. cemetery: Mattpainted and incised ware. Ath. Mitt., XXI, 1896, pp Skcla Oropou (three km. south of Oropos). Traces of M.H. settlement. Arch. Anz., 1962, p Mikro Kavuri (Vouliagmeni). Trial excavation: M.H. sherds. Arch. A4nz., 1962, p AEGINA 86. Kolona. Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements around and under the temple of Aphrodite (or perhaps more correctly of Apollo). Mattpainted very common, but the excavations not fully published. Aigina, pp ; Aigina,2 pp ; Pr. Aigina, pp. 7-18; 'Ec., 'ApX., 1895, pp ; Arch. Anz., 1925, pp. 1-12, Oros. Surface finds: Gray Minyan and Mattpainted sherds. Pr. Aigina, p. 28. BOEOTIA AND PHOKIS 88. Eutresis. Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements. Ash layer separates E.IH. III and M.H. layers. Eutresis; Hesperia, XXIX, 1960, pp Thebes. Mattpainted pottery from Cadmeia. 'ApX.'E4., 1910, pp Thespiai. Surface finds: Gray Minyan and Mattpainted. B.S.A. and A.S.C.S. Collections. 91. Dracmesi. Trial excavtations: Minyan and Mattpainted. Ilpawtvra, 1911, p. 142; Hesperia, Supp. VIII, pp ; 'Apx. 'E , pp Vlicha (opp. Chalkis). Surface finds: 3ApX. Euf/3. McX., 1959, p Haliartos. Minyan and Mattpainted from Acropolis. Fimmen, pp. 6, 78; B.S.A., XXXII, , p Kalami (3 km. N. of Koronea). Surface finds: Mattpainted and Gray Minyan. A.S.C.S. Coll. 95. Orchomenos. Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements. M.H. material not yet published. Orchomenos, pp. 57, 61; W.T., pp Poliyira and 97. Pirghos. Trial excavations: Mattpainted and Minyan. Orchomenos, pp ; W.T., p. 196.

7 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY Agios loannes. M.H. tombs. Ath. Mitt., XIX, 1894, pp Daulis. Mattpainted sherds from well. M.V., p. 43; Fimmen, p Agia Marina. Traces of M.H. settlement over large E.H. site. R.E.G., XXV, 1912, pp ; W.T., pp. 11, 24 note 5; J.H.S., XXXV, 1915, pp Drachmani (Elatea). M.H. graves and traces of settlement. R.E.G., XXV, 1912, pp ; 'El. 'ApX., 1908, pp ; J.H.S., XXXV, 1915, pp ; W.T., pp Mangounes (Agoriani). Surface finds: Mattpainted. A.S.C.S. Coll Delphi. Mattpainted sherds under Roman baths east of Temple of Apollo. J.H.S., LXXVIII, 1958, Supp. p Kirrha. Bronze Age settlements. Ash layer separates E.H. and M.H. strata. Minyan appears earlier than Mattpainted. Kirrha Krisa. M.H. and L.H. settlement.,b.c.h., LXI, 1937, pp ; LXII, 1938, pp WEST LoKRIS AND AETOLIA 106. Palaiopanagia. Trial excavation: Minyan and " M.H. " sherds. 'ApX. 'ET., 1956, p. 22; Arch. Anz., 1962, p Thermnon.. Gray Minyan and Mattpainted recovered. ACXr., I, 1915, pp EUBOEA 108. Oreos. Trial excavations: graves and Mattpainted ware. 'ApX. EUP. MeX., 1959, pp Aidhepsos. Surface finds: M.H. wares. 'ApX. E/,8. McX., 1959, p Kaki Kefali (Chalkis). Surface finds: M.H. pottery. 'ApX. Ef. MEX., 1959, p Xeropoli. Surface finds: Minyan and Mattpainted pottery. 'ApX. Ev3. McX., 1959, pp. 283, Palaiokastro. Surface finds: M.H. wares. 'ApX. Ev,8. MEX., 1959, p Aliveri. Surface finds: Minyan and Mattpainted. 'ApX. Evif/. MEX., 1959, p Manika. Trial excavations: considerable Mattpainted. 'ApX. EV,l/. MEX., 1959, pp , Palaiochori. Surface finds: M.H. wares. Arch. Anz., 1962, p MALIS AND THESSALY Lianokladhi. Bronze Age settlement. Gray Minyan and a local type of Mattpainted from upper stratum. W.T., pp ; Heurtley, pp Rakhita (near Vardhates). Surface finds: M.H. wares. Antiquity, XXXIII, 1959, pp Platania (near Lamia). Surface finds: M.H. wares. Antiquity, XXXIII, 1959, pp, Echinous (Achinos). Surface finds: Gray Minyan. Anttiquity, XXXIII, 1959, p Pteleon. M.H. tombs. llpawrtka, 1951, pp ; 1952, p. 175; B.C.H., LXXVIIJ. 1954, p Zerelia. A few Mattpainted sherds in soundings. W.T., p Souphli (near Larissa). M.H. tombs. A.J.A., LXIII, 1959, p Grentnos (Argissa). Bronze Age settlement; ash layer in topmost part of E.B. strata; E.H. III wares appear with Gray Minyan in levels immediately above this ash layer. Mattpainted rare. Arch. Ainz., 1955, pp ; 1956, pp ; 1962, p Melitea (Taxiarchos). Trial excavations: Gray Minyan and Mattpainted, some resembling that from Lianokladhi.?caoTaXtKJa, II, 1959, pp ; Arch. Anz., 1962, p Agrilia (Smolia). Traces of M.H. settlement. A.J.A., LIX, 1955, p. 227.

8 238 ROBERT J. BlUCK 126. Trikala. M.H-.'levels in soundings. J.H.S., LXXIX, 1959, Supp. p. 12; B.C.HU., LXXXI, 1958, p. 754; LXXXII, 1959, p Rini..Trial excavations: a few Mattpainted sherds, resembling in style, the Lianokladhi material. W.T., p Tsangli. Trial excavations: Mattpainted sherds, resembling the Lianokladhi material. W.T., pp Tsani. Minyan sherds. W.T., p Aidhiniotiki. Mattpainted pottery from trial and illegal excavations. Ath.- Aitt., XIV, 1899, pl. 11, fig. 8; W.T., p. 169; D.S., p Sesklo. Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements. Mattpainted and Minyan rare. D.S., pp. 139, 249; W.T., p Dimini. Neolithic and Bronze Age settlements. Mattpainted and Minyan' rare. D.S., pp. 147, 249; W.T., p Neleia (Pevkakia). Bronze Age settlement. Five M.H. levels above ash layer. J.H.S., LXXVIII, 1958, Supp. p. 12; B.C.H., LXXXII, 1958, pp ; flpaparica, 1957, pp. 61, Volos. Bronze Age settlement. Four M.H. levels. Archaeology, XI, 1958, pp ; 4.J.A., LXI, 1957, p. 284; IpaKrrKa, 1956, pp ; B.C.H., LXXXI, 1957, pp Pyrasos. Trial excavations: M.H. material. &EaraXtKK?, II, 1959, p. 60. MACEDONIA A variety of pottery with mat decoration ascribed by Heurtley to L.B., is found in Chalkidike and Central Macedonia. It has no relationship with M.H. Mattpainted, but is derived from earlier Macedonian incised wares. Minyan wares occur in M.B. strata, quite commonly in Chalkidike and in smaller amounts in Central Macedonia. Most examples seem domestic, though some from Molyvopyrgo may be imported. Heurtley, pp. 94, ASIA MINOR 136. Troy. A few imported Mattpainted sherds in Troy VI; Gray Minyan domestically produced throughout Troy VI. Troy, III, pp. 10, 13, 19. CYCLADES 137. Melos: (a) Phylakopt. Bronze Age settlement. Minyan Ware imported and imitated; Mattpainted locally produced. Phylakopi; B.S.A., XVII, , pp (b) Agios Elias. Surface finds: M.C. sherds. B.S.A., LI, 1956, p Siphnos: Kastra. Traces of M.C. settlement; Minyan and Mattpainted sherds. B.S.A., XLIV, 1949, pp Thera: (a) Therasia. M.C. wares in houses buried below volcanic ash. Fouque, Santorin et ses eruptions, pp (b) Akrotiri. As above. Fouque, pp ; B.C.H., XLVI, 1922, pp ; Xberg, pp (c) Kamura, (d) Kottlo wvon and (e) Meravouno. M.C. wares reported. B.S.A., LI, 1956, p Paros: (a) Paroikia. Bronze Age settlement. M.C., village abandoned before end of period. 4th. Mitt., XLII, 1917, pp. 1-96; R.E., XXXVI, 3, s.v. "Paros," cols ; 'EP. 'ApX., 1898, pp (b) Pyrgos. Traces of M.C. settlement. 'E+. 'ApX., 1898, pp Amorgos; (a) Atgiale (Vigli). Surface finds: M.C. sherds. B.S.A., LI, 1956, p. 11. (b) Arkesine. M.C. tombs. Ath. Mitt., XI, 1886, p. 22; Festschrift fiir Peter Goessler (Tiibinger Beitrige zur Vor- und Friihgeschichte, Stuttgart, 1954),.pp

9 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY Delos. Traces of M.C. settlement on Mt. Kynthos. B.S.A., LI, 1956, p. 11; De'los, XI, pp Mykoncos: Palaikastro. Surface finds: M.C. sherds. B.S.A., LI, 1956, p Keos: Agia Irini. Bronze Age settlement; excavations in progress. Hesperia, XXXI, 1962, pp ; Archaeology, XV, 1962, pp Kythnos. Surface finds: M.C. sherds. B.S.A., LI, 1956, p Naxos: Rizokastelli. Test pits and surface finds: M.C. remains. Fimmen, p. 83; B.S.A., LI, 1956, p. 12; B.-C.H., LXXXVI, 1962, pp Syros: Agios Loukas. Late E.C. or early M.C. tomb. 'E+. 'ApX., 1899, pi Tenos. Surface finds: Minyan and Mattpainted sherds at Akroterion Aurion. B.S.A., LI, 1956, p Skyros. Traces of M.B. settlement. 'Apx. EvON. MEX., 1959, p CRETE 150. Knossos. Mattpainted pottery, probably M.C., one fragment of Gray Minyan. P.M., I, pp ; IV, p IONIAN ISLANDS 151. Ithaka. Gray Minyan and Mattpainted sherds at Polis; Gray Minyan at Pelikata. B.S.A., XXXV, , pp , 41-42, 52; XXXIX, , pp Levkas. M.H. tombs. Doerpfeld, Alt-Ithaka, pp Kephallenia. Graves and traces of settlement, probably M.H. IIpaKTLKa, 1912, p SICILY AND THE LIPARI ISLANDS 154. Monte Sallia. Imported Mattpainted sherds and one cup in M.B. levels. Taylour, Mycenaean Pottery in Italy, pp. 55, Filicudi. Imported Mattpainted sherds. Taylour, op. cit., pp SUMMARY Over 150 sites are included in this list: 134 on the Mainland; Troy; about sixteen in the Cyclades; three in the Ionian Islands; and two in the Sicilian area. On the Mainland twenty-two sites provide some evidence of stratification; at twenty-nine, trial excavations only have been made; at nineteen the deposits are mixed or too small to be of use; at fourteen, only tombs have been found; and at least fifty are identified solely from surface finds. Among these last, some sites have been included at which Mattpainted pottery has not been picked up. They do show M.H. wares, and later excavation or closer exploration will probably show the presence of Mattpainted pottery. Four sites in the Cyclades provide stratigraphic evidence; three have small deposits or no stratification; two are known from trial excavations; the remainder are marked by the presence of tombs or from surface finds.

10 240 ROBERT J. BUCK FABRICS CLASSIFICATION II OF THE POTTERY The first classification, done by Furtwangler and Loeschcke,' based on the color of the clay, was superseded by Blegen's more precise division into three groups, Coarse, Fine and Polychrome.2 Miss Goldman further elaborated Blegen's system and distinguished Yellow Minyan Mattpainted, in two varieties, from ordinary Mattpainted, in five.3 I have followed Blegen's classification and have employed a simplified version of Miss Goldman's local subdivisions in an effort to create a system applicable to the whole Greek Mainland. COARSE FABRICS Buff-Green Ware Coarse clay, biscuit dark or reddish buff to pale green in color, in many instances with a cream core, and often burnt unevenly; particles of dark-colored tempering matter; slip of same color as surface; paint varies from black to brown-red. Found at all Mainland sites. Shapes recognized: Al, A2, A7, B2, B3, B4, B5, B7, B8, B9, B10, B13, Cl, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, D3. White-Slipped Ware Coarse, poorly levigated clay, biscuit reddish; thick white or cream-colored wash that rubs off easily; paint varies from black to brown-red; occasionally black and brown-red form a bichrome decoration. Found at: Agios Stephanos, Aphidna, Asea, Asine, Athens, Eleusis, Eutresis, Kirrha, Lerna, Mycenae. Shapes recognized: Al, A7, All, Bl, B2, B10, Cl, C3. Light-on-Dark Mattpainted Coarse, poorly levigated clay; biscuit reddish brown at edge and dark gray to black at core; surface dark red to black with creamy white mat paint applied thinly in designs. Not to be confused with Light-on-Dark Glazed Ware. Found at: Aegina, Athens, Asine, Eleusis, Gangania, Gonia, Lerna, Volos. Shapes recognized: B4, B10, Cl, C7. Red Ware Coarse, fairly well-baked clay, deep red, no tempering matter; surface smooth, paint black to red. I M.V., p. vi. 2 B.S.A., XXII, , pp ; Pre-Mycenaean Pottery, pp ' Eutresis, p. 144.

11 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 241 Found at: Argive Heraion, Eutresis, Kirrha, Lianokladhi, Mycenae, Rini, Trikala, Tsangli, Zerelia. Shapes recognized: A8, B10, B15, C10 (?) FINE FABRICS Green-Yellow Ware Fine, carefully sifted clay; biscuit from greenish yellow to buff; surface smoothed; slip of same color -as clay either hard and polished or soft and powdery; paint varies from black or violet to red-brown. Found at nearly all Mainland sites save those in Thessaly. Shapes recognized: A4, A5, A6, A7, A9, A10, All, A12, A13, A14, A15, A16, B7, B10, Bli, B12, B14, C8, Dl, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8. Yellow Minyan Clay fine, carefully sifted; biscuit from yellow to khaki, much of it pinkish buff; surface smoothed and usually slipped; slip from orange-yellow to pinkish buff; paint from dark purple to mauve or dark brown. Found at most of the sites on the Mainland, but, apparently, rare at Aegina and Argos. Shapes recognized: A3, A5, A6, A7, A9, A10, A15, A16, B6, B7, B14, C6, C7, C10. Polychrome Ware Clay fine, carefully sifted; biscuit red to pink-buff; surface smoothed and slipped in buff. Paint in two colors, red-purple and black-brown, red for main decoration and black for outlines; occasionally white also used. Found at: Aidhiniotiki, Aphidna, Argive Heraion, Asine, Athens, Brauron, Drachmani, Dramnesi, Eleusis, Epidauros, Eutresis, Gonia, Kalamni, Kirrha, Korakou, Krisa, Lerna, Malthi, Mycenae, Neleia, Orchomenos, Pylos, Thebes, Thespiai, Tiryns, Volos, Zygouries. Shapes recognized: A3, A7, A15, A17, B6, B7, Bll, C8, C9. Distinct variations can be seen in each of the above categories, because of differences in local clays and firing techniques. The differences are especially noticeable in the commoner wares, e.g., Buff-Green. On the other hand, no hard-and-fast lines can be drawn between the various types, e.g., between Green-Yellow and Yellow Minyan, which merge into one another. SHAPES (Pls ) Some fifty shapes have been distinguished. They are grouped into four categories in accordance with the principle adopted for Troy: A. Vessels for eating and drinking; B. Vessels for pouring; C. Vessels for storing; and D. Miscellaneous Vessels. As B3legen remarks,4 the division is arbitrary, and many pots under one category might have as good claims to be put under another. Since the vases are not made with templates, variations occur among the examples of any one shape. 4 Troy, I, pp. 23f.

12 242 ROBERT J. BUCK The following list of shapes and their provenances is based on material published up to July A1-Basin-shaped Bowl. Aegina--'Ep. 'Apx., 1895, pl. 10, 7; B.S.A. Coll. Aphidna-Ath. Mitt., XXI, 1896, pl. 16, 4, 5, 6. Argive Heraion-A.H., II, p. 72 pl. 51, 1; Prosymnac, II, p. 159, fig. 642, 6. Argos-B.C.H.,- XXX, 1906, p. 22, figs. 27, 28, 29; p. 23, fig. 30; p. 25, fig. 37. Asea-Asea, p. 98, fig. 97(c). Athens-Vasen Akr., p1. 1, 11. Drachmani-A.S.C.S. Coll. Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 90, fig. 68; p. 91, fig. 69(a). Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 152, fig. 209, 1, 2; p. 153, fig. 211, 2, 3, 4. (Yonia-Metr. Mus. Stud., III, , p. 75. Kalami--B.S.A. Coll. Korakotu-Korakou, p. 22, fig. 30. Lerna--H-esperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 42, a; A.S.C.S. Coll. MIveenae-M.T., p1. 5, 26; B.S.A., XXV, , p. 85. Pteleon-llparrtKau, 1951, p. 136, fig. 6. A2-Wide-mouthed Bowl. Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 23, fig. 33. Lerna--Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, pl. 17, a. MTycenae--MY.T., ja. 4, 17. A3-Deep Bowl. Argive Heraion-A.H., II, pl. 50, 9. Eleusis-'Apx. 'EX., 1912, p. 3, fig. 1, 1. Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 18, 2; p. 173, fig. 241, 3. Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 53, no. 55. Korakou-Korakou, p. 29, figs. 40, 41. Mycenae-llpaKrucaJ, 1954, p. 263, fig. 12 right. A4-Angular Bowl. Aegina-B.S.A. Coll. Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 25, fig. 38; p. 28, figs. 47, 48, 49. Asea-Asea, p. 98, fig. 97 (m, o); p. 99, fig. 98(a, b, c, e). Korakou-Korakou, p. 28, fig. 39. Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 43, e. A5-Carinated Bowl. Aegina-B.S.A., Coll.; Aigina2, pl. 30. Asine-Asine, p. 273; fig. 189, 3. Brauron-B.S.A. Coll. Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 102, fig. 82, 14. Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 153, fig. 210.

13 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 243 A6-Small Carinated Bowl. Asine-A sine, p. 273, fig. 189, 2. Kirrha-Kirrha, p. 134, no. 54(c). Lerna-Unpublished in the Argos Museum. Orchomenos-Unpublished in the National Museum. A7-Rim Bowl. Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Argive Heraion-A.H., II, pl. 51, 3. Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 29, fig. 55. Asine-A sine, p. 290, fig. 199, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; p. 291, fig. 200, 1. Dramesi-Hesperia, Suppl. VIII, pl. 7, 1. Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 89, fig. 67, 1-11, 16; p. 102, fig. 82, 4, 5, 6, 11. Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 17, 2, 3; p. 153, figs. 212, 213; p. 154, fig. 214; p. 169, fig. 239; p. 171, fig. 240, 2; p. 173, fig. 241, 2, 4. Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 35, 1, 2, 4; p. 26, fig. 36, 3, 9, 13, 17. Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, fig. 13, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18. Lerna-Unpublished examples in the Argos Museum. Malthi-Malthi, pl. 18, 26. Mycenae-M.T., pl. 1, 6; M.V., pl. 24, 181, 182. Pylos-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 37, 5 (Double bowl). A8-Two-handled Tankard.5 Aegina-Aigina2, pl. 30. Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 50, no. 53. Lianokladhi-W.T., p. 182, fig. 126(c, d, g, h). Mycenae-ipaicTucca, 1954, p. 263, fig. 12 left. Orchomenos-Unpublished material in the Chaeronea Museum. A9-Rim Cup or Bowl with vertically placed ring handle. Without handle at back: Aegina-Unpublished material in the Aegina Museum. Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 160, no. 574; p. 14, fig. 79, no. 585; p. 13, fig. 75, tio. 1201; p. 7, fig. 43, no Dimini-D.S., p. 133, fig. 33; p. 147, fig. 56; p. 151, fig. 66. Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 153, fig. 211, 6. Geraki- B.S.A., XI, ' , p. 74, figs. 3, 4. Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 48, no. 59; pl. 51, no. 60. Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, pl. 22, 4. Lerna-Unpublished in the Argos Museum. Mycenae-Unpublished in the Nauplia Museum. Steiria-'E4E. 'ApX., 1895, pp Zygouries-Zygouries, pl. 14, 2. With handle at back: Amyklaion-Ath. Mitt., LII, 1927, Beil. 1, 4, 5. Corinth-Aberg, p. 37, fig. 57; A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930, p. 407, fig. 2. Unpainted example from Old Grave Circle at Mycenae. Schachtgrdber, pl. 171, no. 615.

14 244 ROBERT J. BUCK AlO-Shallow Cup or Bowl with high-swung handles. Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 8, fig. 31, no Epidauros-IIpaKTtKa, 1950, p. 198, fig. 3. Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 7, a, left and right. Malthi-Malthi, pl. 23, C4. Mycenae-M.V., pl. 24, 181, 182. Thermon-AcXT., I, 1915, p. 263, fig. 34. All-Deep Concave Cup, sometimes called Kantharos. Cups with one handle: Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum Aetopetra-A.S.C.S. Coll. Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 28, figs. 50, 51, 52, 53; B.C.H., LXXX, 1956, p. 374, fig. 23. Asine-Asine, p. 268, fig. 186, 1; p Corinth-Unpublished in the Corinth Museum. Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 102, fig. 82, 1, 2, 3. Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 15, 1, 2; p. 159, no. 56. Gonia-Korakou, p. 29, fig. 38. Korakou-Korak.ou, p. 27. Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 43, f. Mycenae-M.V., pl. 24, 179. Cups known to have two handles: Aegina-Aberg, p. 45, figs. 72, 73; Aigina, p. 21, fig. 24, 1, 2; Aigina2, pl. 30. Athens-Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 554, fig. 10(k). Corinth-Aberg, p. 37, fig. 56. Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 43, b. Mycenae-I.L.N., 1954, p. 363, fig. 2(b). A 12-Angular Cup. Aegina-A igina, p. 20, fig. 23. Lerna-Unpublished in the Argos Museum. Monte Sallia-Taylour, Mycenaean Pottery in Italy, pl. 16, 1; pp. 55, 65. A13-Keftiu Cup. Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 7, fig. 39, no. 588; p. 11, fig. 63, no. 587; p. 160, nos. 577, 578. Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, 2; p. 293, fig Eleusis-llpaKWKma, 1952, p. 64, fig. 5 left, center, right. Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12; pl. 3, 4. Lerna-Hesperia, XXV, 1956, pls. 39, d, 40, c. Magounes-A.S.C.S. Coll. Mycenae-M.T., pl. 11, 53. Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 132, fig. 126, 1, 2. A14- Rim Cup. Argive Heraion-A.H., II, p. 74, fig. 9. Asine-A sine, p. 273, fig. 189, 1. Dramesi-A.S.C.S. Coll.

15 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 245 Eleusis-'Apx. TE4., 1912, p. 3, fig. 1, 4. Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 50, nos. 56, 57, 58. Lerna-Hesperia, XXV, 1956, pl. 39, e. Al 5-Pedestalled Cup. Aegina-B.S.A. Coll.; unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Corinth-A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930, p Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 102, fig. 82, 8; p. 103, fig. 83, 1. Geraki-B.S.A., XI, , p. 73, fig. 2(a). Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 2, 6, 11, 14. Lerna-Unpublished in the Argos Museum. Malthi-Malthi, pp. 298 f. Mycenae-M.T., pl. 11, 54. A16-Goblet. Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Argive Heraion--A.H., II, p. 74, fig. 8. Argos-B.M.C., I, no Eleusis-'ApX. 'E4., 1912, p. 3, figs. 1, 3. Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 18, 1; p. 153, fig. 211, 8, 10; p. 169, fig. 238, 1, 2. Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 13. Lerna-Unpublished in the Corinth Museum. Mycenae-B.S.A., XXV, , p. 227, fig. 43; M.T., pl. 11, 52; M.V., pl. 24, 176, 177, 178. Orchomenos-A.S.C.S. Coll. Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 132, fig. 126, 3. A17-Kylix. Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 17, 1. B1-Shallow Bowl with channel spout. Asine-Asine, p Mycenae-Unpublished in the Nauplia Museum. B2-Deep Jar with channel spout. Aegina-Aigina2, pl. 30. Aetopetra-A.S.C.S. Coll. Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 91, fig. 70, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7. Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 156, fig Korakou-Korakou, p. 21, fig. 29. Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 8, a. Orchomenos-M.V., p. 42. B3-Deep Jar with bridged spout. Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 159, fig. 642, 1, 2. Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 91, fig. 70, 5. Korakou-A.S.C.S. Coll. B -Deep Bowl with tubular spout. Athens-Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 339, fig. 21. Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 91, fig. 70, 6.

16 246 ROBERT J. BUCK Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 157, fig. 218; p Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 51, no. 70 (Miniature). Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 43(b). Pylos-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 37, 2, 3. B5-Closed Jar with tubular spout. Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 160, fig Corinth-Aberg, p. 36, fig. 54. B6-Hole-mouthed Jar. Athens-Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 337, fig. 19. Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 35, B7-Jug. Achaia-A.J.A., LXIV, 1960, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 1 (ic). Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 7, fig. 43, no. 576; p. 12, fig. 67, nos. 579, 583; p. 160, fig. 645; p. 161, nos. 501, 573, 586, 567, 522, 570, 580, 569, 590; p. 162, fig Asine-Asine, p. 291, fig. 200, 2, 3, 4; p. 295, fig. 203, 2. Corinth-A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930, p. 407; Aberg, p. 36, fig. 53. Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 95, fig. 76, 2; p. 103, fig. 83, 2. Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 158, fig. 220, 1; p. 172; pl. 15, 4. Gremnos-.Arch. Anz.,. 1955, p. 211, fig. 14, 2. Kirrha-Kirrha, p. 132, no. 48(b). Korakou-A.S.C.S. Coll. Koukounara-B.C.H., LXXXV, 1961, p. 704, fig. 1. Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 7, b. Malthi-Malthi, pl. 18, 79. Mycenae-M.V., pl. 24, 175; M.T., pl. 5, 25; I.L.N., 1954, p. 363, fig. 2(a); Anc. Myc., fig. 48; IIpaKTtKa, 1954, p. 261, fig. 10. Neleia-HpaKTtKac, 1957, p. 67, fig. 6. Orchomenos-Orchomenos, pl. 36, 2. Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 130, fig. 124; pl. 14, 1, 3. B8-Jug with cutaway neck. Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 158, fig. 220, 2. Lerna-Unpublished in the Argos Museum. Orchomenos-Unpublished in the Chaeronea Museum. B9-Jug with cutaway neck and long spout. Kirrha-ICirrha, pl. 41; pl. 42, no. 27. Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 9, b. Malthi-Malthi, pl. 23, Cl. Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 130, fig B10-Jug with beaked spout. Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 160, fig. 644, no. 53; p. 162, fig. 649, no Corinth-Aberg, p. 35, fig. 50. Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 95, fig. 76 right.

17 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 247 Korakou-Korakou, p. 22, fig. 31 (angular); p. 26, fig. 36, 4. Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 7, a; XXIV, 1955, pl. 12, c. Lopesi-B.C.H., LXXXIII, 1959, p. 619, fig. 2 left. Malthi-Malthi, pl. 23, B5, 6. Mycenae-M.T., pl. 4, 13; I.L.N., 1952, p. 506, fig. 5 (a, b); J.H.S., LXXIII, 1953, pl. 2, 3; HpaLKTKcta, 1954, p. 263, fig. 12 center; Anc. Myc., fig. 73. Pteleon-llpaKTUca, 1953, p. 175, fig. 12(b) and p. 177, fig. 13. B 11-Jug with beaked spout on very short neck (Bird Jug). Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Agia Marina-Unpublished in the Chaeronea Museum. Drachmani-'TEh. 'ApX., 1908, p. 87, fig. 13; pl. 5, 2. Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 95, fig. 76, 1. Eutresis- Eutresis, p. 174, fig. 242, 1. Galata-A.S.C.S. Coll. Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 35, 3; fig. 36, 5, 6; p. 28, fig. 42. Mycenae-M.T., pl. 1, 1; pl. 9, 44; pl. 10, 46; pl. 11, 51; B.C.H., LXXVII, 1953, p. 209, fig. 13; P.M., I, fig. 406(b). B 12-Cylindrical Jug with beaked spout. Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 7, b. B 13-Jug with sloping rim to spout. Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 11, 4; and perhaps p. 160, and fig. 221, 1. Kirrha.Kirrha, pl. 42, nos. 28, 29. Pteleon-lfpaxcTtica, 1953, p. 175, fig. 12(a); p. 176, fig. 13. Volos-Ath. Mitt., XIV, 1889, pl. 11, 8, 8b. B 14 Small Jug. Corinth-Aberg, p. 36, fig. 52. Mycenae-M.T., pl. 4, 16. B15-Lianokladki Jug. Lianokladhi-W.T., p. 181, fig Melitaia-0wo-aXua', II, 1959, p. 89, fig. 13. Cl-Barrel Jar. Aegina-'E4. 'ApX., 1895, pl. 10, 1, 2, 3, 4; Aigina, p. 17, figs. 19, 20; Aigina2, pl. 24. Agios Kosmas-A.K., fig. 135, no. 71. Agios Stephanos-B.S.A., LV, 1960, pl. 22, b, 4. Argos-B.M.C., A 272, 4; B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 21, fig. 24; p. 22, fig. 26; p. 23, figs. 31, 32. Athens-Vasen Akr., pl. 1, 10; Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 553, fig. 9(a); p. 555, fig. 11(b, c); M. V., p. 34. Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 96, fig. 77; p. 97, fig. 78; p. 98, fig. 79; B.C.H., LXXXI, 1957, p. 514, fig. 9. Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 147, fig. 201; p. 149, fig. 205; p. 150, fig. 206, 3; pl. 14; p. 151, fig. *207; p. 169, fig. 236, *2; pl. 16, *7, *8; p. 157, fig. 219 (miniature). Gonia-A.S.C.S. Coll. Kalami-A.S.C.S. Coll. * Indicates polychromy.

18 248 ROBERT J. BUCK Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 49, no. 41. Korakou-Korakou, p. 21, fig. 28. Lerna-Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, p1. 12,b. Magounes-A.S.C.S. Coll. Mycenae-M.V., pl. 23, *166, *167, *168. Orchomenos-Korakou, p. 19, note 1 (*Unpublished in the National Museum). Volos-Archaeology, XI, 1958, p. 14. C2-Wide-mouthed Storage Jar. Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 20, fig. 23; p. 21, fig. 25; p. 24, fig. 34; B.C.H., LXXIX, 1955, p. 313, fig. 8; B.C.H., LXXX, 1956, p. 375, fig. 24. Asea-Asea, p. 98, fig. 97(a and 1). Athens-Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 555, fig. 11. Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 147, figs. 200, 202; p. 149, no. 37. Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 8, b. C3-Bulbous Jar. Aegina-Aigina, p. 18, fig. 21. Drachmani-'E4. 'ApX., 1908, pl. 5, 1. Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 88, fig. 66, 8 (doubtful fragment). Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 13, and p. 147, fig Korakou-Korakou, p. 20, fig. 27, 2 (doubtful fragment). C4Oval Jar. Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 24, fig. 38. Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 151, fig. 208, 6, 7; p. 157, fig C5-Closed Jar. Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Agios Kosmas-A.K., fig. 135, no. 59. Asea-Asea, p. 98, fig. 97(f, m). Asine-Asine, p. 273, fig. 189, 4. Brauron-flpacraT, 1950, pp. 191f. Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 150, fig. 206, 6. Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 45. Korakou-Korakou, p. 23, fig. 33. Lerna-Unpublished in the Argos Museum. Magounes-A.S.C.S. Coll. Mycenae-M.V., pl. 24, 184; I.L.N., 1954, p. 323, fig. 3. C6-Hydria, vertical handles from neck to shoulder. Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 93, fig. 72; p. 94, fig. 73, left and right. Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 163, fig. 228, 1; p. 166, fig. 232, 2. Lerna-Unpublished in the Argos Museum. Mycenae-Anc. Myc., pl. 46. C7-Hydria, vertical handles below neck. Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 92, fig. 71. Gremnos-Arch Ansz., 1955, p. 210, fig. 13, 4. Korakou-Korakou, p. 23, fig. 32.

19 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 2z Mycenae-M.T., pl. 8, 43; B.C.H., LXXVII, 1953, p. 206, fig. 12. Thermon-AcXr., I, 1915, p. 266, fig. 33. C8-Amphora. Athens-Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 336, fig. 18. Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 51, no. 67. Korakou-ICorakou, p. 27, fig. 37. Magounes-A.S.C.S., Coll. Mycenae-Anc. Myc., figs. 43(a), 64(a, b), 81 (a, b); B.C.H., LXXVIII, 1954, p. 114, 4. Olympia-Ath. Mitt., XXXVI, 1911, p. 176, fig. 19. C9-Large Storage Jar. Argive Heraion-Prosymna, I, pl. 4, 1, 2; II, p. 162, fig. 651, no Eutresis-Eutresis, p Lopesi-B.C.H., LXXXIII, 1959, p. 619, fig. 2, right. Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 59. Thebes-'Apx. 'ET., 1910, p. 231, figs. 22, 23. C1O-Krisa Amphora. Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, pl. 22, 5, 6, 7; R.A., VIII, 1936, p. 143, fig. 7, 5. DI-Duck Vase. Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 160, fig Mycenae-M.T., pl. 10, 42. D2-Askos. Mycenae--Anc. Myc., fig. 82. D3-Lid, sometimes with interior handle. Aegina-Aigina2, pl. 30. Malthi-Malthi, pl. 23, B10. Pylos-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 37, 4. D4 Double Bowl.' Pylos-Hesperica, XXIII, 1954, pl. 37, 5. D5-Small Handleless Jar. Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 49, b. D6-Small two-handled Jar. Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 150, fig Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 51, no. 66. Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 43, d. Mycenae-Unpublished in the Nauplia Museum. D7-Three-legged Cup. Argive Heraion-A.H., II, p. 74, fig. 10. D8-Side-spouted Jug. Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Asine-Asine, p. 291, fig. 200, 5. 6 Unpainted example from Malthi. Malthi, p. 304, fig. 68.

20 250 ROBERT J. BUCK III THE DECORATION Nearly every Mattpainted pot is decorated in one of three orderly systems: horizontal bands, pendant motifs or vertical panels. Examples of the so-called "unity decoration," 1 which was popular in Crete, are very rare. (1) Horizontal bands encircle a pot, marking divisions or emphasizing features. Plain bands, either grouped together at the belly as a main zone or enclosing a main zone, occur chiefly on jugs and are comparatively rare. Narrow bands of decorative patterns are quite common, notably on basins and bowls. They consist either of " triglyphs and metopes," in which a given motif alternates with parallel vertical lines, or of motifs like the zigzags which run without interruption. Broad bands of decorative patterns are often found on jugs and hydriai. The upper half of the body, delimited by horizontal lines, is filled with large panels or a zone of triangles. Below horizontal bands there are sometimes free-standing motifs in a subordinate position, usually on jugs. These follow one another about the body at regular intervals and might be considered as pendant motifs. (2) Pendant motifs hang from a horizontal line, either below the rim or on the shoulder below the neck. They are very common, especially triangles, circles and vertical dashes, with the motifs alternating by threes, or with the same motif all the way around. (3) Vertical panels are used on large pots such as barrel jars (Shape Cl). They are tall and narrow, running between horizontal lines at rim and handle zone. They may contain motifs repeated in every second or third panel, or be empty. Often the panels are halved by a secondary horizontal zone midway up the side of the pot. On the examples of "unity decoration " an oblique band runs in a spiral about the body with subordinate motifs between the lines. THE MOTIFS (P ) The 140 motifs listed below include all those published up to July, They are grouped arbitrarily, starting with the simplest linear decorations and proceeding through the more complicated forms. It must be emphasized that the simpler forms are not necessarily the earlier. For every motif there is indicated the system of decoration in which it is found, the type of pot and the provenance, as far as it is possible to do so. For parallels see Appendix. The abbreviation BG stands for Buff- Green Ware; GY for Green-Yellow; LD for Light-on-dark Mattpainted; PC for Polychrome Ware; Red for Red Ware; WS for White-Slipped Ware; and YM for Yellow-Minyan. See pages for tables of motifs and shapes. 1 Furumark, pp

21 MOTIFS 1 and 2: Oblique lines MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 251 On a few jugs, bowls and an occasional cup. Usually in horizontal zones. The Drachmani pot shows groups of obliques standing free. Similar decoration is employed in the Cyclades, but it would be unwise to make too much of this. Motif 1: Groups of oblique lines In horizontal zones on body, save on jug from Drachmani. B1l GY Drachmani-'E+. 'Apx., 1908, p. 87, fig. 13. C6 YM Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 166, fig. 232, 2. D5 GY Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 40, b. - YM Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 163, fig. 228, Malthi-Malthi, pl. 23, C2. Motif 2: Zone of oblique lines Below rim. Al BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 90, fig. 68, 3. A16 YM Eutresis-Eutresis, pi. 18, 1. C2 BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 21, fig BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 131, fig. 175, 7. MOTIFS 3 to 11: Zigzags Commonest M.H. motifs and widely distributed. Occur (a) in horizontal zones below rims of bowls and cups; (b) on the belly of a few jugs and amphoras; (c) in vertical panels on large storage jars and one or two goblets. Close parallels in systems of decoration and shapes employed in Cycladic pottery and less close to E.H. Patterned Ware. Motif 3: Single zigzag line (a) Horizontal zones. Most commonly below lip of bowls; on belly of Krisa amphoras. Al BG Argive Heraion-A.H., pl. 51, 1. Al BG Athens-Vasen Akr., p1. 1, 11. Al BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 152, fig. 209, 1. A6 GY Kirrha-Kirrha, p. 134, no. 54(c). A9 GY Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, pl. 22, 4. A14 GY Asine-A sinie, p. 273, fig. 189, 1. Clo YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, pl. 22, 5, 6. BG Korakou-Korakou, p. 20, fig. 27, 5. BG Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 120, fig. 121, 6. GY Asine-B.S.A. Coll. GY Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 153, fig. 211, YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, fig. 13, 8. PC Dramesi-A.S.C.S. Coll. PC Korakou-Korakou, p. 29, fig. 41, 2.

22 252 ROBERT J. BUCK (b) Vertical panels. A16 YM Eutresis-Eutresis, pi. 18, 1. B9 BG Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 41. Cl BG Agios Kosmas-A.K., fig. 135, no. 7. Cl BG Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 49. BG Achaia-Unpublished in the Patras Museum. BG Athens-Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 360, fig. 31(f, h). - BG Asea-Asea, p. 98, fig. 97(g). Motif 4: Double zigzag lines with angles cut by enclosing lines (a) In single zone below lip of bowls. Al BG Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 159, fig. 642, 6. Al BG Asea-Asea, p. 98, fig. 97(c). Al BG Mycenae-Unpublished in the Nauplia Museum. A5 YM Asine-Asine, p. 273, fig. 189, 3. A5 YM Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 102, fig. 82, 14. A6 YM Asine-Asine, p. 273, fig. 189, 2. A6 YM Lerna-Unpublished in the Argos Museum. Geraki-B.S.A., XVI, , p. 73, fig. 2. (b) In vertical panels on large storage jars. Cl BG Aegina-'E-p. 'ApX., 1895, pl. 10, 1. Cl BG Korakou-Korakou, p. 21, fig. 28. C2 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 147, fig C5 BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Motif 5: Double zigzag lines with angles uncut In horizontal zones below rim or on shoulder. All GY Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. D5 GY Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 40, b. GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 88, fig. 66, 10; p. 102, fig. 82, GY Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 159, fig. 221, 3. Motif 6: Triple zigzag lines (a) In lhorizontal zones below lip or at neck or shoulder. Al BG Aphidna-AIth. Mitt., XXI, 1896, pl. 15, 5. Al BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 22, fig. 28. Al BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 90, fig. 68, 10. A4 GY Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 25, fig. 38. A7 GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 89, fig. 67, 9, 10. A7 GY Mycenae-M.V., pl. 24, 182. All BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Cl BG Aegina-'Tp. 'ApX., 1895, pl. 10, 3. Cl BG Lerna-Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, pl. 12, b. - BG Argos-B.M.C., p. 50, A273, 3. - BG Athens-Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 555, fig. 9(j). BG Malthi-Malthi, pl. 23, Cl.

23 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 253 (b) In vertical panels. C1 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 14. Motif 7: Multiple zigzag lines (a) In horizontal zones, usually at neck and handle zone. A8 GY Aegina-Aigina2, pl. 30. C3 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 13. C3 BG Korakou-Korakou, p. 20, fig. 27, 2. C8 BG C9 BG Olympia-Ath. Mitt., XXXVI, 1911, p. 176, fig. 19. Lopesi-B.C.H., LXXXIII, 1959, p. 619, fig. 2(rt). - Asea-Asea, p. 98, fig. 97(j). - BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 89, fig. 67, 18; p. 90, fig. 68, 9. BG (b) In vertical panels. C1 BG Aegina-1EXP. 'ApX., 1895, pl. 10, 3. - YM Achaia-Unpublished in the Patras Museum. Motif 8: Zigzag pattern with vertical lines at each angle. In horizontal zone below rim. B6 BG Athens-Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 337, fig BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 102, fig. 82, 15. Motif 9: Zigzag pattern filled with dots In horizontal zones, as a subordinate motif. A7 GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 89, fig. 67, 10. All GY Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 15, 2. C3 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 13. Motif 10: Flanked zigzag lines In vertical panels; commonly one narrow flanker each side of heavy line; bichrome example from Eutresis has two flankers. C1 BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 22, fig. 26. C1 BG Athens-Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 553, fig. 9(a). C1 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 149, fig. 205; p. 150, fig. 206, 3. C1 BG Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 49. C1 BG Lerna-Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, pl. 12, b. C1 Bichr. Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 16, 7, 8. Cl Bichr. Orchomenos-Unpublished in the National Museum. BG Athens-Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 360, figs. 31(d), 32(a, c); Iles periac VI, 1937, p. 553, fig. 9(d, f). Motif 11: Crosshatched zigzag lines In vertical panels. - BG Dramesi-'ApX. TE4., 1956, p. 26, fig. 10. MOTIFS 12 to 14: Crossing zigzag lines In vertical panels.

24 254 ROBERT J. BUCK Motif 12: Single zigzag lines crossing one another A16 YM Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 18, 1. C1 Bichr. Orchomenos-Unpublished in the National Museum. C2 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 147, fig _-- BG Athens-Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 554, fig. 10(a, b). Motif 13: Double and triple zigzag lines crossing one another C1 BG Aegina-'E+b. 'ApX., 1895, pl. 10, 1. C1 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 14. C1 Bichr. Orchomenos-Unpublished in the National Museum. Motif 14: Flanked zigzag lines crossing one another Cl BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 149, fig Cl BG Lerna-Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, pl. 12, b. C9 PC Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 59 (Horizontal zones). MOTIFS 15 to 22: Lozenges Generally in horizontal zones below rim or on shoulder; less common in filling area (Motif 20) or standing independently (Motifs 21 and 22). Chiefly on Fine Wares. Parallels in E.H. Patterned and in Cycladic Wares. Motif 15: Hatched lozenges touching enclosing parallel lines In horizontal zone below lip. Two interesting examples of Gray Minyan Ware so decorated. C1 BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. - WS Agios Stephanos-B.S.A., LV, 1960, pl. 22, b, 5. - GM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 119, fig. 11, 1, 2. - YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 120, fig. 12, 5. PC Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 173, fig. 241, 6. PC Mycenae-M.T., pl. 1, 2. Motif 16: Crosshatched lozenges (a) Touching enclosing lines. Al BG 'Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 90, fig. 68, 7. A14 YM Lerna-Hesperia, XXV, 1956, pl. 39, e. B10 PC Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 73. C8 PC Magounes-A.S.C.S. Coll. Red Lianokladhi-W.T., p. 183, fig YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 120, fig. 12, 1. - YM Mycenae-M.T., pl. 5, 24. (b) Not touching enclosing lines - GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 82, fig. 82, 9. Motif 17: Filled lozenges (a) Touching enclosing lines in horizontal zones below rim. A3 PC Korakou-Korakou, p. 29, fig YM Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 168, fig. 235, 3. - YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, fig. 13, 2.

25 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 255 (b) Touching enclosing lines in vertical panel. A4 GY Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 43,e. (c) Not touching enclosing lines BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 159, fig. 221, 1. Motif 18: Lozenges filled with dots In horizontal zones. YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 30(e). YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, fig. 13, 1. PC Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 174, fig. 242, 8. Motif 19: Elaborate lozenge pattern in a zone From Old Grave Circle. Perhaps late M.H., but more likely L.H. PC Mycenae-M.V., pl. 24, fig Motif 20: Crosshatched lozenges filling a large area (a) Covering neck. - Red Lianokladhi-W.T., p. 182, fig. 126(a, b). (b) In semicircular panels. C3 BG Aegina-Unpublished the Aegina Museum. C3 BG Drachmani-'T. 'ApX., 1908, pl. 5, 1. C3 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 13. (c) In triangular panels. B9 BG Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 41, pl. 42, no. 27. B13 BG Pteleon-HpaivrwaK, 1952, p. 176, fig. 13. B13 BG Volos-Ath. Mitt., XIV, 1889, pl. 11, 8, 8(b). Motif 21: Free-standing crosshatched lozenges Dl BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 160, fig Motif 22: Free-standing concentric lozenges Filling decoration C3 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 13. Motif 23: Hatched hook In horizontal zones, subsidiary decoration. C3 BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. MOTIFS 24 and 25: Checkers Bands of decoration composed of squares with the sides perpendicular and parallel to lines of zones; not very common. Generally in vertical panels or on body of small cups. Similar motifs in the Cyclades.

26 256 ROBERT J. BUCK Motif 24: Checkered zones and panels (a) Horizontal zones, squares alternately blank and vertically hatched. - GY Athens-H esperia, VI, 1937, p. 554, fig. 10(f). (b) Horizontal zones of parallelograms, alternately blank and filled or hatched. All GY Aegina-Aigina2, pl. 30. D5 GY Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 49, b. (c) Vertical panels, separating other motifs. B7 BG Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 7, b. BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 27, figs. 43, 45, 46 (Dishes or bowls). - BG Asea-A sea, p. 98, fig. 97(p). Red Lianokladhi-W.T., p. 182, fig. 126(e). Motif 25: Checkered square A8 GY Aegina-Aigina2, pl. 30. Cl BG Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Cl BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 157, fig. 219 (Miniature). - BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 88, fig. 66, 4, 9. Motif 26: Groups of vertical lines separating empty panels On shoulder. Datable examples late. A5 YM Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 153, fig B5 BG Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 160, fig B7 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 161, nos. 570, 580. B7 GY Mycenae-I.L.N., 1954, p. 363, fig. 2(a). B9 GY Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 130, fig B15 Red Lianokladhi-W.T., p. 181, fig C9 BG Argive Heraion-Prosymna, I, pl. 4. BG Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 129, fig. 121, 1. - GY Athens-Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 554, fig. 10(e). MOTIFS 27 to 35: Saltires Very common Mattpainted motifs; chiefly below rim of bowls in horizontal bands in triglyph-and-metope scheme, with vertical parallel lines as triglyphs, and saltires filling metopes. Also inside triangles on bodies of jugs and in circles on storage jars. See also Motifs 44 and 91. Motif 27: Single saltires Inside triangles, in filling ornaments and on feet. A9 YM Dimini-D.S., p. 151, fig. 66 (in triangle). (?)B13 GY Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 159, fig. 221, 1 (on foot). - GY Mycenae-M.1V., pl. 23, 106 (on foot). - PC Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 169, fig. 236, 3.

27 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 257 Motif 28: Double saltires Below rim in zone of triglyphs and metopes. Occasionally on handles and feet. (a) One to a metope. Al BG Aegina-'Th. 'ApX., 1895, pl. 10, 7. Al BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 23, fig. 30. Al BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 90, fig. 68, 1, 2, 4, 5, 11. Al BG Kalami-B.S.A. Coll. Al BG Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 42, a. A7 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 154, fig Cl Bichr. Orchomenos-Unpublished in the National Museum. BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 153, figs. 210, 211, 2. (b) More than one to a metope and bands of saltires. Al BG Aphidna-Ath. Mitt., XXI, 1896, pl. 15, 4. Al BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 22, fig. 29. Al BG Korakou-Korakou, p. 22, fig. 30. Cl BG Volos-Archaeology, XI, 1958, p. 14. BG Argos-B.M.C., p. 50, A272, 2, 5. Motif 29: Triple and quadruple saltires (a) Enclosed in triangles. B8 BG Eutresis-Eutrests, p. 158, fig. 220, 2. B8 BG Lerna-Unpublished in the Argos Museum. (b) In triglyph-and-metope like Motif 28(a), and in subdivision of vertical panels on barrel jars. Al BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 90, fig. 68, 6. Cl BG Aegina-'ET4. 'ApX., 1895, pl. 10, 4. Cl BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 21, fig BG Argos-B.M.C., p. 50 (Bowl). Motif 30: Flanked saltires Two flankers on each side of main crossing lines. In upper part of vertical panel. Cl BG Aegina-'E4. 'Apx., 1895, pl. 10, 4. Motif 31: Hatched saltires In triangle on fragments of Lianokladhi Ware. B15 Red Melitaia-?EouaALKa, II, 1959, p. 89, fig. 13. Red Gremnos-Arch. Ans., 1955, p. 211, fig. 14, Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 30(d). Motif 32: Hourglass triangles enclosing narrow lines In subdivision of vertical panels. Cl BG Aegina-Aigina, p. 17, fig. 20. Cl BG Athens-Vasen Akr., pl. 1, 10. Cl BG Lerna-Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, pl. 12, b. C3 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 13. BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 88, fig. 66, 4.

28 258 ROBERT J. BUCK Motif 33: Crosshatched hourglass triangles Used like Motif 32. B12 BG Pteleon-HpaK'n6a, 1952, p. 175, fig. 12(b); p. 177, fig. 13. C1 BG Aegina-Aigina, p. 17, fig. 19. C1 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 147, fig C1 PC Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 169, fig. 236, 2. C3 BG Aegina-Aigina, p. 18, fig. 21. C3 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, pl BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. - - BG Athens-M.V., pl. 2, BG Dramesi-'ApX. 'EP., 1956, p. 27, fig BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 88, fig. 66, 8, 16. BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 150, fig. 206, 1. - YM Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 171, fig. 240, 2. YM Mycenae-M. V., pl. 24, 183. Motif 34: Filled saltires (double axe) Below rim in triglyph-and-metope zone. Elongated form edged with dots on C4. A4 GY Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 28, figs. 47, 48, 49. A4 GY Asea-A sea, p. 98, fig. 97(n, o). A4 GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 28, fig. 39. A4 GY Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 43, e. C4 GY Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 157, fig Motif 35: Butterfly pattern Filling ornament on jugs and jars, often in " unity decoration." B7 BG Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 7, b. Bli GY Drachmani-Ecp. 'ApX., 1908, p. 87, fig. 13. C3 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 13. GY Drachmani-A.S.C.S. Coll. GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 89, fig. 67, 8. MOTIFS 36 to 48: Triangles Motifs 36 to 40 are fairly large and hang point downward from line below rim or neck of basins, jugs and jars in pendant style; each stands alone, either one to a side or separated by some distance from the next. The motifs themselves and pendant style in which they occur are best paralleled in Early Cycladic pottery. No examples of pendant style are reported from E.H. Motifs 41 to 48 are used in rows below neck or rim, or around belly in continuous zone or, especially Motifs 46 to 48, as filler ornament on borders, etc. Motif 36: Double triangle, apex downward Never used in continuous row; each separated from next. In pendant system below line at neck or rim. Al BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. A14 GY Dramesi-A.S.C.S. Coll.

29 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 259 B2 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 156, fig B7 BG Neleia-lpaKrrKa, 1957, p. 67, fig. 6. C2 BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 99, fig. 89, 2, 10. C2 BG Asea-Asea, p. 98, fig. 97(a). Motif 37: Triple triangle, apex downward Used like Motif 36. A9 BG Dimini-D.S., p. 151, fig. 66. B10 BG Malthi-Malthi, pl. 23, B5, 6. C2 BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 99, fig. 80, BG Argive Heraion-A.H., I, pl. 51, 4. Motif 38: Triangle enclosing narrow lines, apex downward Used like Motif 36, commonly on deep jars with spout and wide-mouthed storage jars. B2 BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. B2 BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 90, fig. 70, 7. B2 BG Korakou-Korakou, p. 21, fig. 29. B2 BG Lerna-Hesperita, XXIII, 1954, pl. 8, a. B4 LD Athens-Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 339, fig. 21. B7 BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. B7 BG Achaia--A.J.A., LXIV, 1960, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 1(lc). Cl BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 97, fig. 78. C2 BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 20, fig. 23; p. 24, fig. 34. C2 BG Argos-B.C.H., LXXIX, 1955, p. 313, fig. 8. C2 BG Argos-B.C.H., LXXX, 1956, p. 375, fig. 24. C2 BG Asea-Asea, p. 98, fig. 97(a, 1). C2 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 147, fig C2 BG Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 8, b. C4 BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 24, fig. 36. C5 BG ',Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. C5 BG Korakou-Korakou, p. 23, fig. 33. C8 BG Athens-Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 336, fig BG Aetopetra-A.S.C.S. Coll. - BG Argos-B.M.C., pp. 50, 51, A272, 3, 4. - BG Gonia-A.S.C.S. Coll. - BG Korakou-Korakou, p. 20, fig. 27, 3. - BG Mycenae-IIpaxrtKa', 1957, pl. 46(a). - BG Pteleon-IlpaKrra, 1951, p. 138, fig Manika--'Apx. Evf. MeX., 1959, p. 302, fig. 24, 1. Motif 39: Hatched triangle, apex downward Usually smaller and closer together than preceding, but in same pendanlt style. Al BG Aphidna-Ath. Mitt., XXI, 1896, pl. 15, 5. B10 Red Mycenae-M.T., pl. 4, 13. C2 BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 99, fig. 80, 1, 4. C5 BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. D8 GY Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum.

30 260 ROBERT J. BUCK Motif 40: Crosshatched triangle, apex downward Used like Motif 36. Cf. Motif 47 for other crosshatched triangles. B2 BG Aegina-Aigina2, pl. 30. B2 BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 91, fig. 70, 4. D8 GY Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. - - iperisteria-b.c.h., LXXXVI, 1962, p. 729, fig. 7. Motif 41: Single triangles in row Below neck or above band at belly. B7 BG Gremnos-Arch. Anz., 1955, p. 211, fig. 14, 2. B10 BG Lerna-Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, pl. 12, c. Bi1 GY Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. B13 BG Kirrha-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 469, fig. 25, 3. - BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 89, fig. 67, 5. GY Eutresis-Eutresis, p1. 15, 3. Motif 42: Triple triangles in row (a) On jugs, on kantharoi rising from carination, with, sometimes, others depending from rim; the two sets do not touch points. All GY Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. All GY Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 28, fig. 50. All GY Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 15, 1; p. 159, no. 56. All GY Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 43, b, f. B7 BG Achaia-A.J.A., LXIV, 1960, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 1 (lc). B7 BG Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 7, b, no. 3. B12 GY Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 7, b, no. 1. GY Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 159, fig. 221, 3. GY Mycenae-M.V., p1. 24, Manika-'Apx. EWfl. MEX., 1959, p. 302, fig. 24, 2. (b) Triple triangles from rim touch points with those rising from carination. All GY Aegina-Aigina, p. 21, fig. 24, 1, 2. All GY Aetopetra-A.S.C.S. Coll. All GY Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 28, figs. 52, 53. All GY Corinth-Unpublished in the Corinth Museum. All GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 102, fig. 82, 1, 2. All GY Gonia-Korakou, p. 28, fig. 38. All GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 27; A.S.C.S. Coll. All GY Mycenae-M.V., pl. 24, 179. Motif 43: Triple triangle, dot in center, in horizontal zone - GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 89, fig. 67, 7. Motif 44: Multiple triangles in row Usually quadruple in broad zone about shoulder of jugs; occasionally in vertical panel on barrel jars. B8 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 158, fig 220, 2. B8 BG Lerna-Unpublished in the Argos Museum.

31 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 261 B9 BG Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 9, b. B10 BG Korakou-Korakou, p. 22, fig. 31. B13 BG Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 42, no. 29. C1 BG Aegina-Aigina2, pl. 24. C1 BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 21, fig. 24. C1 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 157, fig Motif 45: Multiple triangles, Lianokladhi style Triangles edged with dashes, sometimes crosshatched, all elaborated. A8 Red Lianokladhi-W.T., p. 182, fig. 126(c). B13 BG Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 42, no. 28. B15 Red Melitaia-?e:raatKKa, II, 1959, p. 89, fig. 13. Red Gremnos-Arch. Anz., 1955, p. 211, fig. 14, 1. Motif 46: Hatched triangles in row or in fillers As filling ornament or in rows as pendant decoration. C1 BG Aegina-Aigina2, pl. 24. C1 BG Athens-Vasen Akr., p1. 1, 10. C5 BG Kirrha-Kirrha, pl BG Asea-Asea, p. 101, fig. 99(h, i, j). -"- BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 88, fig. 66, 15; p. 89, fig. 67, 12. GY Korakotu-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 36, 19. YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 30(b). PC Athens-Vasen Akr., pl. 1, 15, no. 14. PC Mycenae-M.T., pl. 8, PC Thebes-'ApX. 'E4., 1910, p. 232, fig. 23. Motif 47: Crosshatched triangles in row or as fillers As main decoration on a few jars, but usually as filler ornament, usually flanking reserved zigzags. C1 BG Aegina-Aigina2, pl. 24. C1 BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 98, fig. 79. C3 BG Drachmani-'ESo. 'ApX., 1908, pl. 5, 1. C3 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 13. (?)C3 BG Korakou-Korakou, p. 20, fig. 27, 2. C5 PC Mycenae-I.L.N., 1954, p. 323, 3. C7 BG Mycenae-B.C.H., LXXVII, 1953, p. 206, fig BG Aegina-Aigina, p. 19, fig BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 26, fig BG Asea-Asea, p. 98, fig. 97(e). BG Athens-Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 552, fig. 9(n). - BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 89, fig. 67, BG Korakou-Korakost, p. 20, fig. 27, 4. BG Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 120, fig. 12, PC Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 169, fig. 236, 1; pl. 16, 5; p. 171, fig. 240, 6. Motif 48: Solid-filled triangles in row or as fillers Used below rim and as border ornaments. A7 PC Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 169, fig. 239.

32 262 ROBERT J. BUCK A9 GY Mycenae-Unpublished in the Nauplia Museum. - GY Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, 7. YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 30(a). Motif 49: V's in bands (a) Used as vertical sides of frame of panel C1 BG Aegina-'ETb. 'ApX., 1895, pl. 10, 2. C1 BG Kirrha-Kirrhva, pl. 49. C8 PC Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 81(b). - BG Argive Heraion-A.H., II, pl. 51, 6. (b) In horizontal zone below rim, usually V's in pairs. A14 GY Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 50, no GY Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. MOTIFS 50 to 60: Fringe decorations Include chevrons, Motifs 50-53, small zigzags, Motifs 54-56, festoons, Motifs 57 and 58, and dots, Motifs 59 and 60. Commonly these border lines and bands at neck, rim and belly, and vertical lines marking off handles or panels. Occasionally like Motif 51 they form main decoration. Usually on Fine Ware, occasionally on late Coarse Ware or Lianokladhi style. Motif 50: Chevrons, flanking lines Below band at rim and flanking bands at belly. Examples at stratified sites from upper M.H. layers. A9 GY Geraki-B.S.A., XVI, , p. 74, 3, 4. A13 GY Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. A15 GY Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. A15 GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 102, fig. 82, 9. A15 GY Lerna-Unpublished in the Argos Museum. B5 BG AArgive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 160, fig GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 88, fig. 66, GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 35, 9. GY Mycenae-M.V., pl. 23, 174; B.S.A., XXV, , pl. 31(b). - GY Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 132, fig. 126, YM -Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, fig. 13, 4. Motif 51: Chevrons, covering entire body A15 GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 14. A16 YM Mycenae-Unpublished in the Nauplia Museum. Motif 52: Epsilons, flanking lines - GY Lerna-Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, p1. 16, a. Motif 53: Sigmas and reversed sigmas Below lip usually in " reversed sigma " form. A13 GY Korakou-Korakou, pl. 3, 4. A16 GY Aegina-Unpublished the Aegina Museum.

33 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 263 A16 GY Mycenae-M.V., pl. 24, 176. A16 GY Eleusis-'Apx. 'Ec., 1912, p. 3, fig. 1, 3. - GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 1. Motif 54: Zigzag line, continuous Continuous, sharply angular zigzag line used to flank band at neck, rim or enlclosing vertical panels. One example, A12, shows motif in center of panel. A9 GY Geraki-B.S.A., XVI, , p. 74, fig. 4. A12 GY Monte Sallia, Sicily-Taylour, Mycenean Pottery tn Italy, pl. 16, 1. A13 GY Eleusis-lpaKrKac, 1952, p. 64, fig. 5 center. A13 GY Korakou-K'orakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 3, 8, 9. A15 GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 2, 11. B- - Athens-Hesperia, II, 1933 p. 362, fig. 33(e). - GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 36, 2, 7. Motif 55: Zigzag line, interrupted Below bands at neck; of late date B7 BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum B10 BG Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 160, fig Motif 56: Solid-filled zigzags, continuous Variation of Motif 54. A16 GY Eleusis- 'Apx. 'ES., 1912, p. 3, fig. 1, 3. GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 5. Motif 57: Small loops, continuous Used like Motif 54, which is perhaps a cursive form of Motif 57. A10 GY Mycenae-Unpublished in the Nauplia Museum. A16 GY Mycenae-M.V., p1. 24, 178. A16 PC Orchomenos-A.S.C.S. Coll. B4 GY Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 43(b) B5 BG Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 160, fig B7 BG Achaia-A.J.A., LXIV, 1960, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 1(1c). B7 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 161, nos. 567, 586, 590. B7 GY Mycenae-M.T., pl. 5, 25. B7 GY Zygouries-Zygouries, pl. 14, 1. B9 BG Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 130, fig B10 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 162, fig B10 GY Mycenae-J.H.S., LXXIII, 1953, pl. 2, 3. B14 GY Mycenae-M.T., pl. 4, 16. D2 YM Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 82. D6 GY Lerna-H-esperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 43, d. BG Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 129, fig. 121, 1, 7. GY Malthi-Malthi, pl. 23, C GY Mycenae-M.V., pl. 24, 175.

34 26i4 ROBERT J. BUCK Motif 58: Small loops, in interrupted groups Used like Motif 55. A16 GY Mycenae-M.V., pl. 24, ~ GY Argive Heraion, A.H., II, pl. 51, 6. GY Athens-Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 362, fig. 33(h). Motif 59: Dots, flanking lines Below bands at neck or rim or lining edges of panels. A9 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 160, no All GY Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 15, 2. A13 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 161, no B7 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 161, nos. 522, 570, 573, 580. B7 GY Mycenae-I.L.N., 1954, p. 363, fig. 2(a). B7 GY Zygouries-Zygouries, pl. 14, 3. B7 PC Asine-Asine, p. 295, fig. 203, 2. C4 GY Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 157, fig C9 PC Argive Heraion-Prosymna, I, pl. 4, 2. GY Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, 12. GY Mycenae-M.T., pl. 4, 18; B.S.A., XXV, , pl. 31 (a, b, c). MOTIFS 60-65: Dashes Motifs 60 to 62 are long lines, perpendicular to band below rim on jugs and storage jars. Motifs 63 and 64 are shorter, along horizontal bands or along vertical lines marking off handle on Fine Ware. Motif 65 consists of groups of free-standing dashes. Motif 60: Two vertical dashes depending from band at rim Always between large triangles in pendant style. B2 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 156, fig B7 BG Neleia-HIpawruca, 1957, p. 67, fig. 6. B10 BG Aegina-Unpublished the Aegina Museum. C8 BG Athens-Il esperia, VII, 1938, p. 336, fig. 18. Motif 61: Broad vertical dash flanked by narrow lines Used like Motif 60. B2 BG Aegina-Aigina2, pl. 30. B2 BG Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 8, a. C2 BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 99, fig. 80, 9. C2 BG Argos-B.C.H., LXXX, 1956, p. 375, fig. 24. C2 BG Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 8, b. Motif 62: Two narrow vertical dashes crossed by narrow horizontal lines. Used like Motif 60. C2 BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 20, fig. 23.

35 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 265 Motif 63: Dashes, continuous row, depending from bands (a) Used below horizontal bands in the Lianokladhi style. A8 Red Lianokladhi-W.T., p. 182, fig. 126(c, d, g, h). A8 Red Orchomenos-Unpublished in the Chaeronea Museum. Red Lianokladhi-W.T., p. 182, figs. 126(e), 128. (b) Perpendicular to vertical lines marking off handles. A13 GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 3. A15 GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 11. A16 GY Mycenae-M.V., pl. 24, 177, 178. Motif 64: Dashes, in groups, depending from bands (a) Along band at rim and along sides of triangles. B2 BG Korakou-Korakou, p. 21, fig. 29. B9 BG Kirrha-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 469, fig. 25, 4. B13 BG Kirrha-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 469, fig. 25, 3. (b) Used like Motif 63(b). A13 PC Lerna-Hesperia, XXV, 1956, pl. 40, c. A1S GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 6. A16 GY Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 132, fig. 126, 3. Motif 65: Free-standing groups of dashes Usually in threes, as fillers or independant motifs. A2 PC Lerna-Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, pl. 17, a. - GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 11. MOTIFS 66 to 71: Bands, dotted or hatched These are sometimes used in the center of a group of horizontal bands, occasionally in vertical strips bordering panels. Similar motifs not infrequent in the Cyclades. Motif 66: Band, containing vertical dashes separated from enclosing lines YM Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 153, fig. 211, 11. Motif 67: Band filled with vertical dashes A8 Red Lianokladhi-W.T., p. 182, fig. 126(c, d, g, h). B15 Red Lianokladhi-W.T., p. 181, fig BG Aegina-Unpublished the Aegina Museum. BG Asea-Asea, p. 98, fig. 97(g). GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 36, 11. Motif 68: Bands enclosing single row of dots- On plastic ridges on bulbous jar and at center of a number of horizontal bands. B7 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 161, no C3 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 13. BG Athens-Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 553, fig. 9(j). GY Aegina-Unpublished the Aegina Museum.

36 266 ROBERT J. BUCK - GY Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 132, fig. 126, 5. YM Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 169, fig. 236, 3. YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, fig. 13, 3. Motif 69: Bands enclosing double row of dots GY Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 132, fig. 126, 7, 8, 9. Motif 70: Hatched band A4 GY Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 43, e. - GY Asine-A sine, p. 290, fig. 199, 16. YM Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 168, fig. 235, 2. Motif 71: Crosshatched bands At center of a number of horizontal bands or in vertical panel. All GY Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. B4 GY 'Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 43(b). B5 BG Argive Heraion-Prosymnna, II, p. 160, fig C9 PC Thebes-'Apx. 'E4., 1910, p. 231, fig. 22. Red Lianokladhi-W.T., p. 182, fig. 126(g). GY Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, 15. PC Lerna-Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, pl. 17, b. - PC Peristeria-B.C.H., LXXXV, 1961, p. 711, fig. 19. MOTIFS 72 to 75: Wavy lines Close connection between these and fringe zigzags and many examples difficult to classify as one or the other. Common on Fine Ware as fringe decoration and as filler for narrow bands and panels. Datable examples all belong to later part of M.H. Motif 72: Single wavy line (a) Between parallel lines. In horizontal bands below neck or rim. One storage jar uses motif to enclose top and bottom of decorated area. Al BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 153, fig. 211, 4. A2 PC Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 173, fig. 241, 3. A3 PC Lerna-Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, pl. 17, a. A5 GY Aegina-Aigina2, pl. 30. A7 Red Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. A7 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 153, fig A7 GY Asine-Asine, p. 291, fig. 200, 1. All YM Mycenae-I.L.N., 1954, p. 363, fig. 2(b). A14 YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pi. 50, no. 57. A16 YM Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 169, fig. 238, 1. B7 GY Asine-Asine, p. 291, fig. 200, 4. B7 GY Malthi-Malthi, pl. 18, 79. B10 YM Mycenae-M.T., pl. 4, 13; I.L.N., 1952, p. 506, fig. 5(b). Cl BG Aegina-'E4. 'ApX., 1895, pl. 10, BG Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 129, fig. 121, 2. GY Mycenae-M.V., pl. 24, 178; M.T., pl. 4, YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, fig. 13, 6.

37 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 267 (b) Single wavy line below rim or neck band. As a kind of fringe ornament below band at neck or rim. A3 PC Korakou-Korakou, p. 29, fig. 40. A7 GY Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 154, fig A7 GY Malthi-Malthi, pi. 18, 26. A13 GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 7. B6 GY Athens-Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 337, fig. 19. B10 GY Mycenae-I.L.N., 1952, p. 506, fig. 5(a). - GY Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, 8. PC Brauron-A.S.C.S. Coll. - PC Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 174, fig. 242, 4. Motif 73: Wavy line of small arcs (a) Below rims as a fringe ornament. More angular and smaller pattern than Motif 72. A6 GY Orchomenos-Unpublished in the National Museum. A9 YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 51, no. 60. A10 PC Asklepieion-TIparrta', 1950, p. 198, fig. 3, 4. A13 GY Eleusis-llparrta', 1952, p. 64, fig. 5 left. B7 BG Achaia-A.J.A., LXIV, 1960, p. 4, pl. 1, fig. 1 (ic). - YM Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, 11. PC Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 171, fig. 240, 3, 5. - PC Orchomenos-A.S.C.S. Coll. (b) In vertical bands on upper parts of globular vessels and cups of Fine Ware. A15 GY Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 153, fig. 211, 8. GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 88, fig. 66, 7, 11, 12. YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 30(c, k). - - PC Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 168, fig. 235, PC Korakou-Korakou, p. 29, figs. 40, 41. PC Lerna-H-esperia, XXIV, 1955, pl. 17, b. PC Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 129, fig. 121, 8. Motif 74: Double wavy lines In horizontal zone below rim. A7 YM Dramesi-Hesperia, Suppl. VIII, pl. 7, 1. A14 YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 50, no. 58. YM Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 4. - YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 30(h, i). - YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, fig. 13, 7. Motif 75: Multiple wavy lines Probably L.H. rather than M.H.2 - GY Eleusis-'Apx. 'E4., 1912, p. 3, fig. 1, Cf. Furumark, motifs and 58.2.

38 268 ROBERT J. BUCK MOTIFS 76 to 79: Festoons Large loops are here termed festoons. Commonly on lower part of body below main zone, chiefly on shapes similar to those of Minyan Ware. Likely that festoons imitate incisions on Minyan pottery. Inverted festoons not recorded for Mattpainted pottery, though they occur on Red-burnished and Light-on-Dark Wares.' Motif 76: Single festoons A2 BG Mycenae-M.T., pl. 4, 17. A5 YM Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 102, fig. 82, 14. All GY Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. All YM Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 15, 2. YM Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 169, fig. 236, 1. Motiff 77: Double festoons A5 YM Asine-A sine, p. 273, fig. 189, 3. A9 YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, pl. 22, 4. All GY Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 15, 1. D3 BG Aegina-Aigina2, pl GY Asea-A sea, p. 98, fig. 96(j, k). -- GY Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 153, fig. 211, 7. - YM Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 169, fig. 236, 9. Motif 78: Overlapping festoons Below main zone or rim. A5 GY Aegina-Aigina2, pl. 30. A7 GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 89, fig. 67, 11; p. 102, fig. 82, 11. A7 YM Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 153, fig All GY Argos-B.C.H., LXXX, 1956, p. 374, fig. 23. All GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 102, fig. 82, 1, 2. C5 BG Kirrha-Kirrha, pl GY Aegina-B.S.A., Coll. GY Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, 1, 2. YM Brauron-A.S.C.S. Coll. YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 30(f). Motif 79: Festoons with triangles depending from arc - - Athens-Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 362, fig. 33(a). - - Athens-Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 553, fig. 9(m, k, e). MOTIFS 80 to 84: Arcs of various types Motif 80: Semicircles opposed in panel (a) In subdivisions of vertical panels on barrel jars; single semicircles set vertically. Cl BG Aegina-Aigina, p. 17, fig. 19; 'E4. 'ApX., 1895, pl. 10, 4. Cl BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 22, fig. 26. BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. 8 Red-burnished: Eutresis, p. 128, 131; Light-on-Dark: Hesperia, VII, 1938, p. 338.

39 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 269 (b) From latest phases of M.H. or early L.H.; multiple semicircles set horizontally. PC Lerna-Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, pl. 17, b. Motif 81: Chains of arcs In vertical panels on large jars. Cl BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Motif 82: Arcs on lips of storage jars Convex sides inwards, groups touching neighbors but never overlapping. (a) Two concentric arcs to group A5 GY Asine-Asine, p. 273, fig. 189, 3. Cl BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 22, fig. 26. Cl BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 149, fig (b) Three concentric arcs to group Cl BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Cl BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 23, figs. 31, 32. Cl BG Athens-M.V., p. 34, no. 1. Cl BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 96, fig. 77. Cl BG Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 49. C5 BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. Motif 83: Crescents between bands Below rim or on belly. All GY Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 43, b. C8 PC Mycenae-I.L.N., 1952, p. 506, fig. 4. -" PC Eutresis-Eutresis, pi. 17, 2. Motif 84: Inverted V and segment of arc depending from band B4 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 157, fig MOTIFS 85 to 95: Semicircles Motifs 85 to 90 usually as fringe to horizontal lines at rim or divisions of the body; occasionally as fringe to vertical bands. Motifs 91 to 93 never in series but always as single ornaments. Apart from Motif 91 all seem to occur only in the later stages of M.H. Motif 85: Single semicircles Fringe below rim or horizontal bands. A7 PC Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 17, 3. GY Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 169, fig. 236, 1. GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 25, fig. 35, 11. YM Athens-Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 553, fig. 9(c). - PC Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 174, fig. 242, 3.

40 270 ROBERT J. BUCK Motif 86: Single semicircles, dot in centers Perhaps L.H. A14 GY Argive Heraion-A.H., II, p. 74, fig. 9. Motif 87: Double semicircles Used like Motif 85. A7 GY Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 173, fig. 241, 4. A9 GY Zygouries-Zygouries, pl. 14, 2. A13 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 160, no B7 GY Mycenae-M.T., pl. 5, 25. C7 PC Mycenae-M.T., pl. 7, 39. Dl GY Mycenae-M.T., pl. 10, 47. GY Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, 10. GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 36, 1, 8. Motif 88: Double semicircles, dot in centers As a fringe on vertical as well as horizontal lines. -- GY Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, 9. - GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 36, 5. Motif 89: Triple semicircles Used like Motif 85; apparently very late. A7 YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, fig. 13, 12. A13 GY Mycenae-Unpublished in the National Museum. C9 PC Thebes-'ApX. 'E-., 1910, p. 231, fig. 23. YM Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, 13. Motif 90: Multiple semicircles Used like Motif 85. A7 GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 36, 9. B6 GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 35, 14. Motif 91: Semicircles enclosing saltire Depending from band at rim. Perhaps modification of a circle, such as Motif 97 or 100. C2 BG Asea-Asea, p. 98, fig. 97(1). C2 BG Lerna-Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 8, b. - BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 23, fig. 35. Motif 92: Hatched semicircle Used singly below rim. A3 YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 53, no. 55. A7 GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 36, YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, fig. 13, 9. Motif 93: Crosshatched semicircle Used like Motif 92. A7 PC Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 18, 2.

41 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 271 Motif 94: Dot-filled semicircle (dots omitted by error on P1. 43) Used like Motif 92. C8 YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 51, no. 67. Motif 95: Solid semicircles (a) " Rock pattern "; from time of shaft graves at Lerna. A13 PC Lerna-Hesperia, XXV, 1956, pl. 39, d. B4 PC Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 51, no. 70. (b) Reverse of above. On cup from Grave Circle A at Mycenae. A16 PC Mycenae-M.T., pl. 11, 52. MOTIFS 96 to 104: Circles Large circles are often found below band at rim of storage jars and hydriai, usually alternating with pendant triangles. Occasionally in vertical rows in panels on barrel jars. Small circles on Fine Ware as free-standing motifs or as fringe ornaments. Both small and large circles with parallels in Cyclades. Motif 96: Single circles Large circles in vertical panels on storage jars. Small circles as fringe decoration on Fine Ware fragments. C1 BG Agios Kosmas-A.K., fig. 135, no. 71. C5 BG Korakou-Korakou, p. 23, fig WS Athens-Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 360, fig. 32(b). - GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 88, fig. 66, 1. Motif 97: Double circles In vertical panels and below neck band. From earliest M.H. levels. C1 BG Aegina-'E+. 'ApX., 1895, pl. 10, 3. C1 BG Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 49. C1 Bichr. Orchomenos-Unpublished in the National Museum. C2 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 147, fig C5 BG Asine-Asine, p. 273, fig. 189, 4. C5 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 150, fig. 206, 6. C5 BG Agios Kosmos-A.K., fig. 135, no. 59. C6 GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 94, fig. 73, no C6 GY Mycenae-B.C.H., LXVII, 1953, p. 209, fig BG Argos-B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 26, fig. 42. BG Asea-Asea, p. 98, fig. 97(m). BG Athens-Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 360, fig. 31(e) BG Brauron-llpaKrKca, 1950, p. 191, fig. 5 (k, 1). BG Epidauros-rlpaKrtKa, 1949, p. 95, fig. 5; 1950, p. 198, fig. 3, 3. BG Thorikos-A.S.C.S. Coll.

42 272 ROBERT J. BUCK Motif 98: Multiple concentric circles On B4 around jug spout; on other used like Motif 97. B4 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 157, fig Cl BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, P. 98, fig. 79. BG Galata-A.S.C.S. Coll, - BG G-Tonia-A.S.C.S. Coll. - GY Korakout-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 10. Motif 99: Roundel In horizontal rows. A9 GY Amyklaion-Ath. Mitt., LII, 1927, Beil. 1, 4, 5. All YM Aegina-Aigina, p. 21, fig. 24. C7 GY Thermon-AcXr., 1915, p. 266, fig YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 30(i). GY Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 129, fig. 121, 7. Motif 100: Single circle enclosing saltires Nearly always in vertical panels, joined by parallel lines to one another. Cl BG Aegina-'E4. 19, 20. 'ApX., 1895, pl. 10, 4; B.S.A. Coll.; Aigina, p. 17, figs. Cl BG Athens-M.V., p. 34, no. 1. Cl BG Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 14. Cl BG Korakou-Korakou, p. 21, fig. 28. C5 BG Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. C6 YM Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 183, fig. 228, 1. - BG Athens-Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 553, fig. 9(p). - BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 89, fig. 67, BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 150, fig. 206, BG Mycenae-M.V., pl. 23, 170. Peristeria-B.C.H., LXXXVI, 1962, p. 729, fig. 7. Motif 101: Double circle enclosing saltires Used like Motif 100. Cl BG Aegina-'E4. 'ApX., 1895, pl.1 0, 1. - BBG Athens-Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 553, fig. 9(h). - BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 89, fig. 67, 13. Motif 102: Circle enclosing crosshatching Used like Motif 100. Cl BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 97, fig. 78; p. 98, fig. 79. Motif 103: Circle with arcs in quadrants Perhaps L.H.. l YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 30(m). - PC Mycenae-M.V., pl. 23, 166.

43 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 273 Motif 104: Solid circle rimmed with dashes-" rising sun" C8 PC Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 81(b). MOTIFS 105 to 120: Running dog and spiraliform decorations All these, with the exception of Motif 105, are variations, combinations or developments based upon the S-curve; in most cases set between lines. Parallels in Cyclades and Crete. Motif 105: Rope pattern of semicircular arcs In horizontal zone. GY Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 88, fig. 66, 1. Motif 106: Running dog In horizontal zones; two types, the simple of single lines without incurving tails, elaborate of outlined, heavy pattern with incurving tails. (a) Simple B7 YM Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 15, 4. C1o YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, pl. 22, 7. - GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 88, fig. 66, 6; p. 89, fig. 67, 3. (b) Elaborate A7 BG Mycenae-M.T., pl. 1, 6. A9 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 14, fig. 79, no Motif 107: Running dogs, end of one joining middle of next In bands below lip. A7 GY Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, 6. - GY Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, 21. Motif 108: Running dogs, overlapping, ends joined A7 GY Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, 5. A7 GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 102, fig. 82, 5. A7 GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 36, 17. A13 GY Eleusis-flpacKma, 1952, p. 64, fig. 5 right. A13 GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 8. B10 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 162, fig GY Mycenae-M.V., pl. 23, 172. Motif 109: Flame pattern In zones at neck or belly. A7 GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 35, 2, 4. A7 GY Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, fig. 13, 13. All GY Argos-B.C.H., LXXX, 1956, p. 374, fig. 23. B7 GY Asine-Asine, p. 291, fig. 200, 3. B7 GY Mycenae-M.V., pl. 24, 175. D4 BG Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 160, fig GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 35, 5; fig. 36, 16.

44 274 ROBERT J. BUCK Motif 110: Running spiral, simple In zones at neck or belly. A16 YM Argive Heraion-A.H., II, p. 74, fig. 8. B7 GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 103, fig. 83, 2. - GY Asine-Asine, p. 290, fig. 199, 14. GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 102, fig. 82, 7. - GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 36, 12, YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 30(h). Motif 111: Running spiral, elaborate A larger, heavier motif than Motif 110, with more convolutions to the spiral. A15 GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 103, fig. 83, 1. GY Athens-Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 362, fig. 9(j). - - Peristeria-B.C.H., LXXXVI, 1962, p. 729, fig. 7. Motif 112: Isolated running spirals In main zone or below lip. A13 GY Lerna-Hesperia, XXV, 1956, pl. 40, c. B7 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 161, fig B10 GY Mycenae-I.L.N., 1952, p. 506, fig. 5(b). - YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 30(g). Motif 113: Hook spirals connected by tangents At neck. B4 GY Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 43(b). - PC Peristeria-B.C.H., LXXXV, 1961, p. 711, fig. 19. Motif 114: False spirals Small concentric circles connected by tangent lines, running in horizontal zone. BG Athens-Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 553, fig. 9(g). - GY Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 153, fig. 211, 1. Two facing rows on neck of globular jug from 1Mycenae. BIi PC Mycenae-M.T., pl. 1, 1. Motif 115: Dots connected by tangents Filler ornament on barrel jars and as main decoration on cup and bowl fragments. A12 GY Aegina-Aigina, p. 20, fig. 23. C1 BG Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 98, fig. 79. BG Mycenae-M.V., pl. 23, 173. Motif 116: Dots connected by hatched tangents Used like Motif 115. C1 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 147, fig C1 PC Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 169, fig. 236, 2. - YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, fig. 13, 10.

45 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 275 Motif 117: Pothook spirals (a) In horizontal zones between parallel lines as main decoration. B7 GY Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 15, 4. (b) In corners of panels forming zone at belly. A8 Red Lianokladhi-W.T., p. 182, fig. 126(c, d, g, h). B7 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 161, nos. 567, 570. B15 Red Lianokladhi-W.T., p. 181, fig B15 Red Melitaia-ecrcaxtKa, II, 1959, p. 89, fig. 13. (c) Dependant from semicircles. All GY Mycenae-I.L.N., 1954, p. 363, fig. 2(b). (d) As fringes to lines. A4 GY Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 43, e. B4 GY Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 43(b). YM Mycenae-M.V., pl. 23, 168, 174; B.S.A., XXV, , pl. 31, 1. Motif 118: S-scrolls (a) Simple type, free-standing; on shoulder alternating with other motifs. Jug from Korakou covered with rows of S-scrolls. B7 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 161, nos. 522, 569, 573, 586, 590; p. 7, fig. 43, no B7 GY Mycenae-llpartKaT, 1954, p. 261, fig. 10. B7 GY Zygouries-Zygouries, pl. 14, 1; p. 130, fig B10 GY Mycenae-J.H.S., LXXIII, 1953, pl. 2, 3. Bli GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 35, 3. D6 YM Mycenae-Unpublished in the Nauplia Museum. GY Athens-Vasen Akr., pl. 1, GY Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 15, 3; p. 158, fig. 220, 1. - GY Lerna-Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, pl. 16, a. - GY Mycenae-M.T., pl. 4, 18. (b) Heavier, outlined version. YM Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 36, 3. YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, fig. 13, 11. Motif 119: Cable pattern Below rim as fringe ornament. A9 GY Geraki-B.S.A., XVI, , p. 74, fig. 3. Motif 120: Opposed spirals C8 PC AMycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 64(a). Motif 121: Swastika Chiefly as spacer between S-scrolls, occasionally as main motif. A9 GY Corinth-A.J.A., XXXIV, 1930, p. 407, fig. 2. B7 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 161, nos. 569, 522; p. 7, fig. 43, no. 576.

46 276 ROBERT J. BUCK D6 GY Lerna-Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, pl. 43, d. GY Mycenae-Ml.T., pl. 4, 18; Schachtgraber, pl. 149, nos. 161, 162. Motif 122: Star Filler in triangles formed by zigzags and saltires in panels of barrel jars and other Coarse Ware. C1 BG Aegina-'ET. 'ApX., 1895, pl. 10, 3. C1 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 150, fig. 206, 3. C1 BG Lerna-Unpublished in the Argos Museum. BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 150, fig. 206, 1. Red Gremnos-Arch. Anz., 1955, p. 211, fig. 14, 1. Motif 123: Rosette (a) Used like Motif 121. A13 GY Eleusis-Iupacrrma, 1952, p. 64, fig. 5 center. A15 PC Mycenae-M.T., pl. 11, 54. B4 GY Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 43(b) - GY Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. GY Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 153, fig. 211, 5. - GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, 5. (b) Star with dots on points C4 BG Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 157, fig (c) Flower, with dashes surrounding dot in center - GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 88, fig. 66, 2, 3. - PC Mycenae-M.V., pl. 23, 171. Motif 124: Petal pattern B7 GY Argive Heraion-Prosymna, II, p. 161, nlo D8 GY Asine-Asine, p. 291, fig. 200, 5. GY Eutresis-Eutresis, pl. 15, 3. MOTIFS 125 to 128: Plants and leaves Apparently of Minoan derivation, all very late and most probably belong in transitional period or in L.H. Motif 125: Lily spiral C8 PC Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 64(a). - PC Peristeria-B.C.H., LXXXV, 1961, p. 711, fig. 19. Motif 126: Tennis racket (hatched loop) A3 YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 53, no. 55. C8 GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 27, fig. 37. Clo YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, pl. 22, 5. - GY Aegina-Unpublished the Aegina Museum.

47 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 277 Motif 127: Ivy leaf In bands or oblique belts; very late. A13 GY Asine-Asine, p. 293, fig C6 GY Mycenae-B.C.H., LXXVII, 1953, p. 209, fig. 13. C8 YM Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 43(a). C8 PC Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 64(b). Motif 128: Deciduous leaf - - YM Athens-Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 360, fig. 31(g); VI, 1937, p. 554, fig. 10(c). -YM Kirrha-Kirrha, p1. 31 (a, d, e). - YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, figs. 13, 15, 16. Motif 129: Seaweed C8 YM Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 43(a). MOTIFS 130 to 133: Birds Set around bellies of jugs, hydriai and storage jars; originated in the Cyclades. Motifs 132 and 133 not closely paralleled in the Islands. Motif 130: Flying birds, wings full length of back In shoulder zones. B7 YM Asine-Asine, p. 291, fig. 200, 2. B7 PC Asine-Asine, p. 295, fig. 203, 2. - GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 26, fig. 35, 6, YM Eutresis-Eutresis, p. 169, fig. 236, Athens-Vasen Akr., pl. 1, 16. Motif 131: Flying birds, wings outspread Body outlined, filled with zigzags Bll PC Mycenae-M.T., pl. 9, PC Mycenae-M.T., pl. 1, 5; pl. 9, 45; B.S.A., XXV, , pl YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 31 (h, i, k, m,-all fragmentary). Motif 132: Birds, wings rudimentary or non-existent C6 GY Eleusis-Pr. Eleusis, p. 94, fig GY Mycenae-M.V., pl. 24, 185, 186, GY Zygouries-Zygouries, p. 132, fig. 126, 7. Pair of fighting birds on Polychrome jar. C8 PC Mycenae-Anc. Myc., fig. 81 (a). Motif 133.' Head of bird C8 PC Mycenae-B.C.H., LXXVIII, 1954, p. 114,4. Motif 134: Human figures - GY Korakou-Korakou, p. 24, fig. 34, Aegina-Aigina, p. 19, fig. 22.

48 278 ROBERT J. BUCK Motif 135: Animal motifs (a) Bull - = XMycenae-M.V., pl. 23, 169. (b) Goat - (Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 32(a). Motif 136: Palm Cf. Furumark, p. 277, fig. 38, Motif 14, nos PC Mycenae-M.T., pl. 7, Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 32(i). Motif 137: Dolphin A9 YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 48, nos. 59, YM Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 32(d) ; pl. 33(b, c). --- YM Krisa-B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 122, fig. 13, Argos-B.C.H., LXXX, 1956, p. 375, fig. 25. Motif 138: Fish(?) - - GY Aegina-Unpublished in the Aegina Museum. GY Kirrha-Kirrha, pl. 32(b, f, i, j). YM Krisa-Kirrha, pl. 32(c, e). PC Mycenae-M.T., pl. 7, Argos-B.C.H., LXXX, 1956, p. 375, fig. 25. Motif 139: Griffin types Evans traces development of this motif from Crete, through the Cyclades to tlle Mainland.4 Bli PC Mycenae-P.M., I, fig. 406(b). C7 PC Mycenae-M.T., pl. 8, 43. Motif 140: Boat GY Aegina-Aigina, p. 19, fig. 22 (man on board). GY Athens-Hesperia, II, 1933, p. 362, fig. 33(a). PC Mycenae-M.T., pl. 7, PC Volos-Archaeology, XI, 1958, p. 15. IV EVIDENCE FROM STRATIFICATION Twenty-two of the one hundred and thirty-odd sites where Mattpainted pottery has been found on the Mainland provide some evidence for the study of stratification: Aegina, Agia Marina, Agios Stephanos, Argos, Asea, Asine, Eleusis, Eutresis, Gonia, Gremnos, Kirrha, Korakou, Krisa, Lerna, Lianokladhi, Malthi, Mycenae, Neleia, P.M., I, p. 559.

49 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 279 Orcliormienos, Tiryns, Volos and Zygouries. Mycenae and Tiryns, however, underwent such reconstruction in the Late Helladic period that the layers of previous settlements were much disturbed or were covered. The excavations of Aegina, Agia Marina and Orchomenos have newr been fully published, and the brief notices present an extremely sketchy picture. Those at Agios Stephanos, Argos, Gremnos, Neleia and Volos have not yet been completed. The final publication of Lerna is in preparation. All these settlements overlie Early Helladic sites, except Eleusis and Krisa. At Eleusis the Early Helladic settlement, if any existed, must have been elsewhere on the hill.' At Krisa there is no indication of any Early Helladic settlement.2 At Eutresis and Korakou a destruction level separates the E.H. III from the M.H. strata.3 At Lerna, however, severe conflagrations occurred at the end of E.H. II, and no break appears between E.H. III and M.H. layers.4 It has been most cogently argued recently that the ash layers at Asine, Tiryns and Zygouries should also be ascribed to the end of E.H. II, rather than to the end of E.H. III, as had been thought previously. The same argument could be applied to the dating of the ash layer at Kirrha.' Sherds of Gray Minyan fabric have been recovered from the E.H. III strata at Eutresis and Gray Minyan bowls with out-turned rims at Lerna, i.e., Gray Minyan appears at one site before and at the other after the destruction levels.7 The bowls continue in use at Lerna until after the introduction of Mattpainted Pottery in Lerna V and form a particular class of Minyan Ware. Similar bowls were found at Gremnos above an ash layer together with imported E.H. III pottery.8 Fragments of such bowls were found at Asine, Kirrha and Malthi in layers below those in which Mattpainted wares first appeared, but above the destruction levels.9 If the previously mentioned argument is correct, this early Minyan Ware should be from E.H. III levels at Asine and Kirrha, and, probably too, at Malthi. Similar Minyan shapes have been noted at Berbati in the latest levels before the final destruction, which took place " before the appearance of Mattpainted pottery." 10 Minyan Ware, shapes unrecorded, occurs earlier than the first introduction of 'Pr. Eleusis, p B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p Cf. Caskey, Hesperias, XXIX, 1960, pp. 157, 166 f. for Eutresis and pp. 301 f. for Korakou. I follow his usage for E.H. diavisions. 4 Ibid., pp Ibid., pp The sherds of E.H. III in the uppermost levels should be ascribed to intrusions from post-destruction settlements which disappeared in subsequent levellings. 6"{ E.H. IIII" at Kirrha, like that at Agios Kosmas, shows virtually no patterned ware, but many sauceboats (66-68); cf. review by Caskey, A.J.A., LXVI, 1962, p Hesperia, XXIX, 1960, pp. 158, 167 for Eutresis and pp. 296 f. for Lerna. 8Arch. Anz., LXX, 1955, pp. 206 f.; LXXI, 1956, pp. 147 f. 9Asine, pp. 259 f.; Kirrha, pp ; Maltlhi, pp '? J.H.S., LVII, 1937, p. 127.

50 280 ROBERT J. BUCK Mattpainted pottery at Asea,"1 Gonia,"2 and Orchomenos,'3 in the first two immediately above destruction levels. Minyan Ware and E.H. III Patterned Ware seem to have been found together at Agia Marina in levels below that in which Mattpainted pottery occurred,14 but it cannot be regarded as certain. One is, nonetheless, led to consider whether these rather limited or incompletely published levels where Minyan occurs without Mattpainted should not be ascribed to E.H. III. At any rate, three conclusions emerge. First, since Minyan Ware has been recovered from well-excavated E.H. III levels at sites with destruction layers at the end of E.H. II or E.H. III, its presence, with or without evidence of destruction, cannot be used as a criterion for marking the beginning of Middle Helladic settlement. Second, in these circumstances, the beginning of the Middle Helladic period must be equated with the introduction of Mattpainted pottery. Third, sites where Minyan Ware first appears together with Mattpainted Pottery must have been unoccupied at the end of Early Helladic and, in some cases, for part of the Middle Helladic. Such sites include, besides Eleusis and Krisa, Lianokladhi and Zygouries. At Lianokladhi only one M.H. stratum was uncovered, and in it Minyan and Mattpainted appeared together. Zygouries did not, as Blegen noted, possess a M.H. settlement until the later phases of the period. Korakou might be included, but the E.H. stratification was obtained from test pits of very limited size, and it is likely that the very small sampling of E.H. III did not show the early type of Minyan; this type wcas found at the site, however. The evidence seems to bear out the contention of Caskey that two waves or impulses spread through Greece with varying degrees of destructiveness, one at the end of E.H. II and another at the end of E.H. III. The idea that the second wave spread fairly rapidly, i.e., the transition from E.H. to M.H. took place fairly contemporaneously throughout Greece, seems to be supported by the evidence of Minoan ceramics. A dozen or so fragments of pots from the early layers of Lerna V are " assignable with considerable certainty to M.M. I (a)." 1' At Eutresis sherds of " Imitation Cretan Ware " that have M.M. I affinities were found in the lowest M.H. levels."5 Thus the M.H. period must have begun after the beginning of M.M. I. Minyan Ware, apparently of developed M.H. shapes, occurs with late M.M. I (b) and M.M. II wares in the early layers of the Second City at Phylakopi.17 Therefore the beginning of the M.H. period cannot be placed later than the end of M.M. I (b). At Aegina 11 Asea, pp. 89 f. 12Metr. Mus. Stud., III, , pp. 78 f. "I Orchomenos, p JjH.S., XXXV, 1915, pp. 196, 198 f. 15 Hesperia, XXIX, 1960, p Eutresis, p B.S.A., XVII, , pp. 17 f.; Pendlebury, p. 122; P.M., I, p. 247; Childe, Dawn4, p. 69.

51 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 281 M.M. II pottery is found in M.H. levels, and, so it is claimed, E.M. III and M.M. I come from the latest E.H. stratum.18 Although the evidence from Aegina should be treated with some reserve, it shows that the end of M.M. I(b) is the latest possible date for the introduction of M.H. culture. Thus the transition to M.H., i.e., the introduction of Mattpainted pottery, seems to have occurred during the course of M.M. I. Since the commencement of M.M. I is usually set around 2000 B.C.,19 and M.M. II began in 1850 B.C. at the latest, B.C. would mark, approximately, the start of M.H. The Middle Helladic strata of the various sites are divided into two or three phases dependant upon local variations. Thus the M.H. II phase at Korakou does not correspond with the M.H. II phase at Asine and neither of these with M.H. II at Kirrha. Nonetheless the evidence from nine sites shows that they follow a similar general scheme of development. In the lower layers of Aegina, Asine, Eutresis, Gonia, Kirrha, Korakou, Krisa, Malthi and Neleia, and at Asea, Eleusis, Lerna and Lianokladhi where Mattpainted pottery first appears, the most common other wares are Gray Minyan, Argive Minyan, and a ware called Red Burnished or Red Monochrome. The proportion of each ware varies from section to section of Greece: Argive Minyan seems to predominate over Gray in Central and Southern Peloponnese; 21 Gray Minyan seems more popular in Central Greece and parts of the Argolid; 22 Red Monochrome seems unpopular outside Central Greece.2" The Mattpainted pottery is chiefly Coarse Ware, but Fine Ware, in Shapes A4, A5, A6 and All, is not unknown.2" Yellow Minyan usually appears " shortly after" Mattpainted pottery and in small amounts at first, particularly in Central Greece. At Asine, however, it does not occur until the beginning of the " M.H. III " phase. The paucity of the " M.H. II ' remains and the comparative rarity of Yellow Minyan in early M.H. might explain its absence. In the upper layers of the nine sites, and at Zygouries as well, Yellow Minyan is very common and is often the most popular ware. Fine Mattpainted pottery, in a Arch Anz., XL, 1925, p. 7; LII, 1937, p Ehrich, R. W., ed. Relative Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, pp Ibid., pp. 11 f. 21 Asea, pp. 90 f.; Malthi, pp. 71, 81, 89, , 403; see also Amyklaion, Ath. Mitt., LII, 1927, pp. 6, Asine, pp ; Eleusis: Pr. Eleusis, pp ; Eutresis, pp. 124 f.; Gonia: Metr. Mus. Stud., III, , pp. 75 f.; Agia Marina: J.H.S., XXV, 1915, p. 196; Kirrha: B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 111, n. 6; Korakou, pp. 34f.; Krisa, B.C.H., LXI, 1937, p. 301; Lerna: Hesperia, XXIX, 1960, p At the (unstratified) site on the Aspis, Red Monochrome is the least common M.H. ware. B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p Asea, p. 99, fig. 98; Asine, p. 273, fig. 189, 2, 3; Eutresis, pl. 15, 1; Lerna: Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, p1. 43, e.

52 282 ROBERT J. BUCK variety of shapes, is found in fairly large quantities. Argive Minyan, Gray Minyan and Red Monochrome occur in smaller and smaller quantities. Mattpainted Coarse Ware seems to be used for large storage jars, Shapes C6, C7, C9 and C10, although a few older shapes still occur. From the evidence of these nine sites, then, it is possible to make a division between the levels where Gray and Argive Minyan, Red Monochrome, and Mattpainted Coarse Ware predominate, and those where Yellow Minyan, Mattpainted Polychrome, and Mattpainted Fine Wares occur frequently. The lower levels might be termed M.H. I and the upper M.H. II. Since the wares of M.H. II make their appearance with gradually i'ncreasing frequency, no hard-and-fast line can be drawn. Any division must be based primarily on the variations in the amounts of the different types and must be tested in the field. Asea, Eleusis, Krisa, and Lerna are defective according to this tentative scheme, as well as Lianokladhi and Zygouries. Asea was abandoned before M.H. II; no Mattpainted Fine Ware was found, save for a few sherds of Shape A4, and no Polychrome Ware. Very small amounts of Yellow Minyan appear and only in the highest layers. Argive and Gray Minyan predominate.25 Eleusis was destroyed by fire at about the same stage of develoment as Asea. Yellow Minyan begins to appear in quantity immediately below the ash layer, together with a few sherds of Mattpainted Fine and Polychrome Wares. Gray Minyan, however, is still the most common pottery.26 Krisa shows Gray Minyan in use throughout, but Yellow Minyan becomes predominant at an early stage. Mattpainted Ware not of Yellow Minyan fabric is both rare and early. Mattpainted Polychrome and other Fine Wares are not uncommon. No Argive Minyan and only one piece of Red Monochrome appear, the latter in the lowest layer. Hence it seems likely that the site was settled near the end of M.H. L"27 The site of Lerna is much denuded. In the present uppermost layers Gray Minyan predominates. Almost no yellow Minyan and only small amounts of Mattpainted Fine Ware, save for Shapes A4 and A1l, have been recovered. Only the fill of the Shaft Graves gives any appreciable amount of late M.H. wares. Hence it seems likely that the later M.H. levels have disappeared.28 Throughout Greece no break exists between M.H. and L.H. strata; the commencement of the L.H. period is marked only by the presence of L.H. I pottery, although Mattpainted pottery soon declines in popularity. There is a steady evolution, similar to that seen during M.H.29 Very little L.H. I pottery has been found at several stratified sites, e.g., Eutresis, 25 Asea, pp. 90 f., Pr. Eleusis, pp ; cf. Furumark, The Chronology of Mycenaean Pottery, p. 29 note 1 for discussion of the so-called L.H. I stratum at Eleusis. 27B.C.H., LXII, 1938, pp. 112f. 28Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, p. 30; XXV, 1956, p. 173; XXVII, 1958, p Cf. Wace, Historia, II, 1953, p. 85.

53 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 283 and the question has arisen whether or not the L.H. I period existed at all sites, that is, whether the M.H. period ended at roughly the same time throughout Greece or whether it survived in some areas to the beginning of L.H. III. It should be remembered that many sites, Asine, Eutresis, Lerna and Neleia, are badly denuded, while at others, Kirrha, Krisa, Malthi, Mycenae and Tiryns, the stratification is in such a condition as to show merely that the sites were occupied in L.H. I. Only at Korakou and Nemea have well-stratified L.H. I and II levels been uncovered. Until evidence to the contrary is forthcoming, it seems best to consider that the M.H. period came to an end at about the same time throughout the Mainland. There seems to be no justification for the theory that M.H. may have lasted until L.H. III in some areas.80 On the other hand, a close relationship in shapes and schemes of decorations of the Mattpainted pottery of corresponding levels from widely separated sites might well argue for a close chronological agreement. This stylistic relationship will be discussed below. According to Wace " and Furumark,32 a date of marks the beginning of L.H. I. Hence M.H. lasts about 300 years, ca to ca THE ORIGINS OF MATTPAINTED V WARE The method to be used in ascertaining the origins of Mattpainted Ware is the examination of parallels in shape and decoration between the ware and earlier ones from the Aegean area. Fairly close similarities can be seen between Mattpainted pottery and the wares of many primitive peoples in various parts of the world,1 since the shapes are not very complex and the decorations are largely of geometric patterns. Mattpainted Ware, however, is limited to the Aegean area and has not been found in significant quantities even as far north as Macedonia and Troy; therefore, it seems unwise to look too far afield for its antecedents. Thus, if close similarities in shape, manner of decoration and use of decorative motifs can be shown between early Mattpainted pottery and an Aegean ware of the Early Bronze Age, then there will be firm grounds for belief that Mattpainted Ware had its origins in that class. The obvious earlier Aegean wares are those of E.C. and E.H. Therefore, Mattpainted vessels that are demonstrably early in M.H. I will be compared shape by shape, decoration by 80 Ibid. 31 Op. cit., P The Chronology of Mycencaean Pottery, p Frankfort, Studies in Early Pottery of the Near East, London, , II, pp. 1-3, jokingly compares Mattpainted and Hopi Indian pottery; Fuchs, Die griechischen Fundgruppen der friihen Bronzezeit, Berlin, 1937, pp , solemnly draws wide conclusions from resemblances between Mattpainted and German Neolithic.

54 284 ROBERT J. BUCK decoration, with E.H. and E.C. pottery to see where the resemblances lie. The greatest number of close parallels will be seen between Mattpainted and E.C. Bowls of Shape Al are found in the first building period at Eutresis 2 and in the earlier phases at Lerna. Hence they make their first appearance in early stages of M.H. The decoration is usually of broad horizontal bands below the rim, commonly filled with triple zigzags (Motif 6, a), single zigzags (Motif 3, a), pendant hatched triangles (Motif 39) or saltires (Motifs 28, 29). The shape is so simple and universal that no conclusions can be drawn about the derivation of the Mattpainted examples. Similar bowls were made nearly everywhere during E.B. Nonetheless it is worth noting that no E.H. bowls with dark-onlight decoration have yet been found bearing horizontal bands filled with zigzags or saltires, while such bowls were quite common in E.C. Bowls of Shape A4 were found at Asea, which was abandoned by the end of M.H. I, and in early levels at Lerna and so are obviously early. At Argos they and some cups of Shape Al1 are the only examples of Fine Ware in a considerable quantity of Coarse Ware. These bowls always are decorated with bands below the rim filled with double-axe patterns (Motif 34). The closest parallels seem to be the E.C. bowls with vertical rims from Phylakopi; 'there is nothing comparable from E.H. A bowl of Shape A5 can be dated to " M.H. II," i.e., early M.H., at Asine. There are points of resemblance to Shape Al in its size and use of flattened handles. The angular shoulder and the treatment of the lip, however, show a close relationship to Minyan Ware and resemble nothing from E.H. or E.C. The decoration, zigzags in a zone below the rim, is usual on early bowls; but festoons painted on the body below the shoulder (Motif 76) imitate the loops incised on many Minyan vessels. Therefore this shape seems to be a combination of Minyan with Mattpainted Fine fabric and technique. A bowl of Shape A6 from Asine can also be assigned to the early stages of M.H. It is obviously modelled after a shape of Minyan ware of an early date. Bowls of such shape were recovered at Troy in levels below those in which the few pieces of Mattpainted Ware occur ' and are not uncommon on the Mainland.6 The decoration is like that on Shape A5. Shape A6 seems to be another combination of Minyan shape and Mattpainted technique. Cups of Shape Al 1 are of two varieties, one-handled and two-handled. Onehandled cups were found in the first building period at Eutresis and in " M.H. II " levels at Asine and so must have come into use in early M.H. Two-handled cups were 2 Only where confusion might result will references be given. In all other cases refer to Section II. Eutresis, p. 152, figs. 209, 1, 2. 3 Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, p Phylakopi, pl. 12, Troy, III, fig. 425, no. 25, Shape A62. " M.T., pl. 10, 49.

55 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 285 used as late as the time of the Shaft Graves at Mycenae, but probably were produced much earlier (cf. Lerna). The most common decoration consists of rows of hourglass patterns (Motif 42, b) or triple triangles (Motif 42, a); only on two-handled cups do elaborate decorations appear.7 The shape of Al 1 is taken from Minyan Ware; for Gray Minyan cups of almost identical form occur in early levels at Troy and are quite common on the Mainland.8 Mylonas has suggested that an E.H. cup which he found at Agios Kosmas 9 is ancestral to Shape All. This is most unlikely, since Minyan Ware provides far better parallels, but it is possible that knowledge of such designs from the Early Bronze Age had some influence on the early adoption of this shape. The workmanship and the quality of the fabric, as in Shapes A4, A5 and A6, are much finer than those of the usual Mattpainted pottery of the early stages, so much so that some authorities have supposed that the cups of Shape A1l (at least) were produced at a common center. But the cups from Korakou, e.g., were produced from local clay; 10 and the colors of the fabric vary considerably from site to site. Furthermore, although Minyan Ware is of finer fabric than most Mattpainted pottery, few would argue for other than local production. Shapes A4, A5, A6 and A1l seem to be the local product of potters with a knowledge of fabrics of Mattpainted pottery and of Minyan techniques, who were attempting to apply mat paint to something other than coarse vessels. The spouted bowl of Shape B 1 from the " M.H. II " levels at Asine is identical with the spouted bowls of E.C. and M.C. from Phylakopi.1 It is quite possible that it is a Cycladic import. Spouted jars of Shape B2 appear in the first building period at Eutresis and in the lower M.H. layers at Lerna, immediately above the level in which the earliest Mattpainted vessel was found. These jars from Eutresis and Lerna bear vertical dashes (Motifs 60 and 61) flanked by pendant triangles (Motif 38). Most of the other jars bear only triangles (Motifs 36 and 38), but two, a fragment from Eleusis and an example from Aegina, show crosshatched pendant triangles (Motif 40). These two are probably from later stages of M.H., since the closest parallels for the treatment of their rims and spouts are spouted jars from Phylakopi of the " later local Mycenaean " period.12 The closest parallels to Shape B2 come from the Cyclades. An almost identical spouted jar was discovered at Paros; 13 very similar ones were found in late E.C.- 7 Cf. I.L.N., 1954, p. 363, fig. 2(b). 8 Troy, III, fig. 317; Eutresis, p. 142, fig. 195, 3. 9 A.J.A., XXXVIII, 1934, p. 272; A.K., p. 83, no. 189, type C-13d. 0 Korakou, p Asine, p Phylakopi, pl. 27, 12, p Ath. Mitt., XLII, 1917, p. 20, fig. 10.

56 286 ROBERT J. BUCK early M.C. tombs on Syros 14 and in E.C. remains from Amorgos.'5 The large E.H. sauceboats, which some have claimed as the ancestral forms of Shape B2, do not show as close a resemblance to the M.H. vessels in the form of the body as do the Cycladic pieces and have no resemblance at all in the treatment of the spout and handle. Furthermore, vertical dashes and pendant triangles are common on E.C. pottery,16 but have not been reported for E.H. Spouted bowls of Shape B4 were in use in the early phases of M.H., since one is claimed as the earliest Mattpainted pot at Eutresis. The shape continued in use until the end of M.H., with some changes in design, since examples come from the Shaft Graves at Mycenae and a tholos tomb at Koryphasion. The closest parallels are from the Cyclades. Spouted bowls from Melos '7 and Thera"8 have bodies almost identical to the one from Eutresis; their spouts, however, have a more exaggerated protrusion at the tip; none from the Cyclades is reported as having a basket handle. A small E.H. nursing bottle 19 possessed a basket handle, but presented no similarities in the shape of the body or the form of the spout to the M.H. bowl. The decoration on the pot from Eutresis (Motif 84) is unique. The only motif which bears the slightest resemblance occurs on a jug from Paros.20 The pendant style of decoration is well known in the Cyclades. Thus there is a closer affinity to Cycladic than to E.H. wares. Jugs of Shape B8 come from the first building period at Eutresis and the early levels at Lerna, at the latter site from a level higher than that in which a jug of Shape B9 was found. The shape seems to be a successor of B9 rather than derived from the wares of preceding periods. Technically, it is a more finished work, with a less pronounced cutaway lip and a crisper outline of the body. It could be a " Minyanized " version of the older shape, i.e., made by potters used to Minyan techniques. The decoration follows a similar scheme, although of more careful workmanship. Jugs of Shape B9 are the earliest Mattpainted pots from Lerna and Kirrha. The decoration is composed of large triangular panels on the upper part of the body, the oblique lines of which form either multiple triangles (Motif 44) or, with the interstices filled in, patterns of lozenges (Motif 20, c). No close parallels have been found in the Cyclades. E.H. dark-on-light jugs from Asine 21 and Tiryns 22 show 4'EE4. 'ApX., 1899, col. 94, pl. 9, 'E4. 'ApX., 1898, col. 167, pl. 9, Cf. PhylakoPi, pi Phylakopi, pl. 19, Aberg, p. 130, fig Zygouries, p. 104, fig. 89; p. 123, fig Ath. Mitt., XLII, 1917, p. 68, fig Asine, p. 218, fig. 160, 5; cf. p. 229, fig. 167, Tiryns, IV, p. 80, motifs 28 to 34, p. 83.

57 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 287 types of decoration very similar to those on B9, even to the crosses between the apices of the large triangular patterns, and a shape quite similar. These E.H. jugs have a flattish, almost mat, paint. Thus in shape and decoration the closest parallels to Shape B9 are from E.H. It should be noted, however, that jugs somewhat similar in shape are known from Northern Greece.23 Beaked jugs of Shape B10 of Coarse Ware come from the early levels at Lerna and Korakou. This shape remained in use throughout M.H., with the later pots showing a more rounded outline. The decoration in the early stages consists of triangular motifs (Motifs 37, 39, 41, 44): later parallel bands with fringes (Motifs 16, 55, 57, 72, a), often with spiraliform motifs in the shoulder (Motifs 108, 112, 118, a), were commonest. Beaked jugs of shape very similar to B10 are known both in E.H. and E.C.; the pendant Motifs 37, 39, 41, reminiscent of the Cyclades, are offset by Motif 44 of E.H. affinities. Hence no conclusions can be made about the derivation. Jugs of Shape B13 occur in the early phases at Eutresis and Kirrha. The closest parallels in shape are among the wares of Northern Greece, not of E.H. or E.C.24 The decoration (Motifs 20, c, 44, 45), though with close E.H. parallels, could also reflect Northern influence.25 Thus it seems probable that Shape B13 is the product of some contact with Macedonia. Barrel jars, Shape Cl, come from the lowest layers of the first building period at Eutresis and from early M.H. levels at Lerna.26 They continued to be produced throughout the M.H. period; for fragments with polychrome decoration come from the late stages.27 The decoration is always arranged in vertical panels that contain zigzag and wheel-like motifs. No convincing parallels exist in E.H., but jars virtually indistinguishable from those of Shape Cl are common in E.C.28 The Cycladic pithoi, however, may be decorated in other ways than simply with vertical panels; e.g., horizontal zones or ornaments in " free field," just as if Mattpainted were using one style out of many available in the preceding period. A basket imitating the shape of Cl, a miniature barrel jar, comes from the first building period at Eutresis. The decoration is of checker patterns (Motif 25) separating multiple triangles (Motif 44). The closest parallels are in E.C.29 Wide-mouthed storage jars, Shape C2, appear among the earliest Mattpainted pottery at Eutresis, Lerna, Korakou and Asea. The shape remained in use throughout 23 Heurtley, p. 176, no The excavators of Kirrha postulate a return of E.H. people to explain these Mattpainted examples (Kirrha, p. 31), but this is not necessary. 24 Heurtley, p. 182, no. 248; p. 186, no. 273; p. 187, no. 275; p Cf. Heurtley, p. 173, no Hesperia, XXV, 1956, pp. 159f. 27 Eutresis, p. 169, fig. 236, Phylakopi, pl. 7, 1; 8, 4; pp. 96f, 103, Ibid.

58 288 ROBERT J. BUCK M.H.; for an unpainted example comes from a layer at Eutresis transitional from M.H. to L.H.30 The usual decoration consists of ornaments depending from a line below the rim: triangles (usually Motif 38, occasionally Motifs 36, 37, 39) alternate with vertical bars (Motifs 61, 62), circles (Motif 97) or semicircles (Motif 91). Only one decorated pithos has been discovered without the pendant ornamentation.3' Undecorated storage jars with " baggy " bodies and flaring rims have been found in the E.H. layers at Gonia,32 and Malthi.3" These do not present as close parallels to Shape C2 as does a jar from Paros,34 which has a similar shape and a treatment of the lug handles almost identical with that on the M.H. pithoi. The style of decoration discussed above has its closest affinities to that on E.C. wares. The pendant scheme, using alternately triangles and some other ornamnent, is common on E.C. pottery,35 but has not been found on E.H. wares. Closed jars, Shape C5, have been found in" M.H. II " layers at Asine and among the early Mattpainted pottery from Kirrha, Lerna and Asea. The decoration is of the same type as that on Shape C2. Storage jars resembling C5 occur in both E.H.36 and E.C.,37 but those from E.C. show far closer similarities to the M.H. pithoi than do those of E.H., in the proportions, treatment of handles and the decoration. Amphoras of Shape C8 resemble closely E.C. vessels of Phylakopi Type 6,38 but cannot be paralleled from E.H. pottery. Although the examples that can be dated (those from Kirrha and Mycenae) come from late M.H., one from Athens, of Coarse Ware, has decoration identical to that on bowls of Shape B2 (Motif 61) and like them may belong to the early part of M.H. The duck vase, Shape Dl, is from the first building period at Eutresis. There are good parallels in E.C. and in Anatolian pottery,39 but none have been found so far in E.H. The decoration (Motif 21) is unique in M.H., but with both E.H. and E.C. parallels.40 From the foregoing it can be seen that seventeen shapes are demonstrably from the early stages of M.H. Nine (A4, B1, B2, B4, Cl, C2, C5, C8, D1) have their closest parallels in E.C. pottery and less close or none in E.HI. Three (Al, B8, B10) are either of such unspecialized shapes that no conclusions can be drawn, or are not comparable to anything in other wares. Three (A5, A6, All) are patterned after 30Eutresis, p. 180, fig. 251, B.C.H., XXX, 1906, p. 21, fig. 25 (Motif 2). 32 Metr. Mus. Stud., III, , p. 75, fig Malthi, p. 279, pl. 17, Ath. Mitt., XLII, 1917, p. 26, fig Cf. Phylalaopi, pls Asice, p. 213, fig. 158, Phylakopi, pl. 8, 5, 6, and p. 249 where closed find group reported. 38 Phylakopi, p Eutresis, p E.H.: Tiryns, IV, pl. 29, 18. E.C.: Phylakopi, pl. 12, 28.

59 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 289 Minyan shapes, and one apiece show clear affinities to Macedonian (B 13) and E.H. (B9). Thus E.C. and Minyan Wares appear to have been most influential on the shapes employed in early Mattpainted pottery. Five schemes of decoration appear on early Mattpainted pottery. Two, the long panels (as on Shape Cl) and the pendant style, occur on E.C. but not on E.H. vessels, although some analogies to the vertical panels have been observed.4' Two others, the " triglyph-and-metope" and belts of zigzags, occur on both E.C. and E.H. material, but especially in E.C. on shapes like those of Mattpainted Ware. Only the panel of large triangles, the scheme used on Shape B9, has closer affinities in E.H. than in E.C.; for in the Islands the scheme is rare and restricted to pyxides. Thus the way in which the decorations were organlized owes much to E.C. At least thirty-two decorative motifs were used on early Mattpainted vessels: 42 Motifs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 20 c, 21, 25, 28, 29, 34, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 60, 61, 76, 77, 82, 84, 91, 97, 100, 101. Twenty-one are identical to motifs employed on E.C. pottery: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12) 13, 17, 21, 28, 34, 39, 41, 60, 61, 82, 91, 97, 100, 101. Of the eleven remaining three are uncommon in M.H., but motifs with certain affinities to them exist in E.C.: 14, 25, 84; three are common geometric designs with nothing identical in E.C. (or E.H.) but with related patterns in the Cyclades: 29, 38, 42; two are imitations of incisions on Minyan Ware: 76, 77; and three, 20, c, 44 and 45, have nothing resembling them from E.C. but do have correspondences in E.H. Sixteen of the thirty-two motifs are not found on E.H. material: 10, 14, 17, 28, 29, 38, 60, 61, 76, 77, 82, 84, 91, 97, 100, 101. For thirteen of the remaining sixteen there are as good or better parallels in E.C.: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 21, 25, 34, 39, 41, 42. Only for Motifs 20, c, 44 and 45, those on Shapes B8, B9 and B13, can closer affinities be shown between E.H. and M.H. It should, however, be mentioned that some of the motifs that cannot at present be given an early dating show marked resemblances to E.H. patterns. Of these, Motifs 7, 15, 33, 48, 63 and 64 have no Cycladic parallels, while Motifs 24, 40, 46, 47, 67, 69, 70, 71 do. These are all fairly simple geometric patterns, most of which, I believe, were actually M.H. developments. Therefore the decorative motifs of Mattpainted pottery show heavy Cycladic influence, some relationship to E.H., and, perhaps, to Macedonian wares. On Mattpainted pottery there is a predilection for forming decorative motifs from broad lines flanked by one or more narrow ones. This practice apparently does not occur in E.H., but is fairly common on E.C. wares.43 The fringe or limiting motifs, so common on E.H. wares, have their counterparts in Mattpainted pottery. But their common use seems to be a later innovation. Only very rarely do such motifs 41 Hesperica XXIX, 1960, pl. 70, j. 42 For references, see Appendix. 43 Cf. Phylakopi, pls. 8, 3; 10, 13.

60 290 ROBERT J. BUCK occur on early Mattpainted, and on pots of E.H. ancestry, such as Shapes B8 and B9. Although the E.H. pottery played some part, the idea is strengthened that Mattpainted Ware developed under heavy Cycladic influence. Technically a mat paint is an ordinary earth-pigment with some gloss-producing alkaline substance, like potash, omitted. The technique of decorating with mat paint has evolved independently in many places, and, consequently, there is no reason to look beyond the Aegean area for its origin in this particular instance. At Phylakopi Lustrous Wares slowly gave place to Mattpainted pottery, and the two types of paint were used on similar shapes contemporaneously. Some of the pottery, as Edgar implies,44 is so slightly lustrous or so nearly mat that it is difficult to place in one category or another. At Malthi, Valmin found sherds of varying degrees of " mattness," as he terms it, at the beginning of M.H.45 A few E.H. III pots from Asine, among them parallels for Shape B9, are decorated with a " black, dull paint " very close to a mat.46 Apparently, then, the change from lustrous to mat was a gradual process taking place at the close of the Early Bronze Age and known in both the Mainland and the Cyclades, though perhaps the transitional type of painting was not produced everywhere. Many close parallels can be shown between Mattpainted and E.C. pottery in shape, styles of decoration, decorative motifs and even in the types of lines used. On the other hand, few parallels are demonstrable between Mattpainted and E.H. wares. Therefore, it seems most probable that the main source of influence in the formation of Mattpainted pottery was the ceramics of E.C., and that E.H. and Minyan Wares play only subordinate parts. When this fact is taken together with that of the presence of Cycladic wares in the early M.H. levels at Eutresis, Eleusis, Kirrha and Lerna,47 one can argue for a very strong Cycladic influence at the beginning of M.H. If Caskey's arguments on the change from E.H. to M.H. are valid, then Minyan and Patterned Wares were used together on the Mainland in E.H. III. It may also be believed that flattish paints were gradually becoming employed on the Mainland and in the Islands during the late stages of E.B. Then, at the beginning of M.H., a wave of influence from the Islands introduced sufficient knowledge of Cycladic shapes and decorative techniques to mark the start of Mattpainted pottery. A few shapes, decorative schemes and motifs were adopted from the preceding E.H. wares; perhaps the earlier flat paints made acceptance easier; but the ware remains predominantly Cycladic in origin. 44 Cf. Phylakopi, p Malthi, pp. 298f. 46 Asine, p. 218, fig. 160, 5; p. 229, fig. 167, 1, Eutresis, p. 233; Eleusis: Pr. Eleusis, p. 87; Kirrha, p. 71; Lerna: Hesperic, XXVI, 1957, p. 152.

61 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 291 VI THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATTPAINTED POTTERY Three points should be emphasized. First, many of the shapes of early Mattpainted Ware continued in use throughout much of M.H., e.g., Al, B2, Cl and C2. The changes in their decoration are instructive, but attention is directed to the shapes which first appear, on present evidence, in the later stages. Second, although Gray and Argive Minyan were found, after some experimentation, unsuitable for mat decoration,' Yellow Minyan, which is actually Gray Minyan fired without reducing,2 became quite popular, especially in Central Greece, and was used for much Mattpainted Fine Ware. Therefore, if a given shape occurs in this fabric, it does not necessarily follow that it is derived from an earlier Minyan shape. Such a relationship must be shown by direct comparison. Third, a few Mattpainted shapes of Yellow Minyan fabric have been discovered only in tombs, e.g., Shape A9. Their occurrence with vessels demonstrably late and their production in Yellow Minyan give strong grounds for believing that they also belong to later M.H. Wide-mouthed bowls of Shape A2 appear in upper levels at Lerna and the Shaft Graves at Mycenae. The outline of body is not distinctive, and the decoration consists of loops or wavy lines in the handle zone (Motifs 72, a, 76), occasionally with filling ornaments (Motif 65). Furumark has suggested that A2 is a typological descendant of Shape Al,3 and this seems-quite likely. Nothing else can be brought forward as a close parallel. Deep bowls of Shape A3 come from the third building period at Eutresis and the later M.H. layers at Korakou and Krisa. Nearly all bear polychrome decoration. A Gray Minyan bowl of earlier date is the only comnparable shape.4 Polychromy seems to appear earlier in the Cyclades than on the Mainland and to be derived in late M.H. from the Islands.5 The combination of Mainland shape with a decoration of Cycladic affinities will be seen to be quite common in late M.H. Rim bowls, Shape A7, occur, on present evidence, in the middle and upper M.H. levels. Examples come from the second and third building levels at Eutresis, and the topmost layers at Eleusis. The shape is that of a class of Minyan bowls in use from 'Decorated Gray Minyan: B.C.H., LXII, 1938, p. 120, fig. 11; Argive: Unpublished goblet in Chaeronea Museum. 2 Professor Harold S. Nash, now retired, formerly of the Ceramics Department of the University of Cincinnati, told me that he has been able to change Gray to Yellow Minyan by refiring under full oxidation and back again by refiring under reduced oxidation. 3 Furumark, p Kirrha, pl. 44, no. 45 and p We disregard the polychromy of early M.H., except to observe that it indicates the early date of the technique in the Cyclades; cf. Eutresis, p. 150.

62 292 ROBERT J. BUCK early M.H.6 The decoration sometimes consists of parallel lines below the rim enclosing zigzags (Motifs 6, a, 9), saltires (Motif 28, a), triangles (Motif 48) or wavy lines (Motif 72, a). These motifs can be paralleled in early Mattpainted Ware, the wavy line as a weakened form of a zigzag. More often, however, one line runs below the lip and from it depend wavy lines (Motifs 72, b, 74) interlocking festoons (Motif 78), semicircles (Motifs 85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93), running dogs (Motifs ) and flame patterns (Motif 109). None of these were used in early M.H.; there are parallels from the Cyclades and Crete, for some of the semicircles, the running dog and the flame pattern, but as will be emphasized below, most of these motifs are arranged on the M.H. vessels in a manner not usually found outside the Mainland. The two-handled tankards, Shape A8, occur in the later levels at Kirrha and at Lianokladhi. The best parallels are the tankards of the Macedonian E.B. period.7 The decoration, with its preference for close crosshatching of the zigzags and saltires, for fringes of dashes and for pothook spirals, has many affinities to the incised ornamentation of Macedonian pottery, as does much of the decoration on other pottery from Kirrha.8 Furthermore the presence at Lianokladhi of wishbone handles, which are a Macedonian characteristic, serves to strengthen the belief that an outpost of Macedonian influence existed in Malis.9 It is interesting that unpainted vessels of Shape A8 were found in the Old Shaft Graves.1' All examples so far published of Shape A9 are from graves, but the associated pottery is all late. Nothing in the Cyclades or Crete bears a close resemblance to it, but similarities to earlier Minyan Ware can be seen in the treatment of the rim and the sharp outline of the body. Other late forms provide the closest parallels, Shape B7 for the body, A7 for the rim and A13 and A14 for the treatment of the handle. Therefore it seems reasonable to believe that this shape was developed by M.H. potters, during the course of the period, as Fine Ware for funeral rites. The decoration is nearly always of parallel lines below the rim and at the belly. Usually a fringe ornament depends from the former, composed of zigzags (Motifs 54, 73), chevrons (Motif 50), dots (Motif 59), semicircles (Motif 87), or cable (Motif 119). Sometimes triangles (Motif 37), roundels (Motif 99), running dog (Motif 106), swastikas (Motif 121) or dolphins (Motif 137) are placed on the shoulder between the bands. Fringe ornaments seem not to be used on Cycladic pottery of this period, nor to decorate M.M. pieces in the manner found in M.H. Fringe zigzags, chevrons and cable patterns have not been discovered outside the Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age; dots, semicircles, and the shoulder ornaments have Cretan or Cycladic affinities. 6 Cf. Eutresis, p. 139, figs. 187, 3, 4; Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pl. 7, b. ' Heurtley, pp. 81f. 8 Cf. Kirrha, pl. 41, 42; Shapes B9 and B13. 9 Heurtley, p '0M.T., pl. 5, 23.

63 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 293 Bowls or cups of Shape A10 are simply small Minyan bowls with two handles, but bearing a decoration of parallel lines below the lip. They appear in the upper M.H. levels,11 while undecorated versions were produced in the earlier stages.12 The stage to which the examples of Shape A12 belong is unknown, although probably not too early. The shape resembles to some extent Shape A9 and, less closely, certain E.C. cups.13 On the other hand, as Professor Caskey informs me, cups of approximately Shape A12 occur in Burnished Ware in Lerna IV (E.H. III). This may be the origin. Cups of Shape A13 are found with unpainted counterparts,'4 in the later M.H. levels at, e.g., Asine and Korakou. The decoration usually consists of parallel lines on the lower half of the body, and bands below the rim carrying fringe motifs (Motifs 50, 52, 54, 59), wavy lines (Motifs 72, b, 73), semicircles (Motifs 87, 95); occasionally running dog (Motif 108), running spirals (Motif 112), rosettes (Motif 123, a), or leaves (Motif 127) decorate the area between the bands. The handle is set off by vertical lines, sometimes flanked by dashes (Motifs 63, b, 64, b). Close parallels to the shape exist in M.M. pottery,'5 and to some of the decoration, e.g., Motifs 95, 127. Furumark suggested that Shape A13 was modelled after M.M. metal cups," but it is not a very specialized form and Cycladic cups of this shape do occur.'" Though doubtless the form is ultimately derived from Crete, the question must remain open whether the immediate progenitor came from Crete or the Cyclades. Cups of Shape A14 belong to the transition between M.H. and L.H. at Lerna and Kirrha. The one from the Argive Heraion was found with L.H. material. The shape resembles quite closely that of a M.M. II egg-shell cup,'8 but there are also good parallels to the earlier M.H. Shape A7, which was of Minyan derivation. The decoration is usually of a band below the rim containing either zigzags (Motif 3), lozenges (Motif 16), double chevrons (Motif 49), or wavy lines (Motifs 72, 74); occasionally triangles (Motif 36) or semicircles (Motif 86) depend from a line. All these are standard M.H. motifs. No close shape or decoration appears in the Cyclades. Probably Shape A14 is a development from Shape A7; perhaps, as Furumark suggests 1o its resemblance to a M.M. cup allowed it to continue in use into L.U. Mattpainted and unpainted cups of Shape A15 are made of Yellow Minyan fabric and occur in late M.H. They are obviously close to the Minyan pedestalled " Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pp. 10f. 12 Asine, p Phylakopi, pl. 11,9 and E.g., Prosymna, II, p. 7, fig. 39, no Cf. P.M., I, p. 257, fig. 192(e). 1B Furumark, p Phylakopi, pl. 12, 19; 25, Pendlebury, pl. 22, 1 (e) ; c. P.M., I, p. 238, fig Furumark, p. 46.

64 294 ROBERT J. BUCK bowls of the earlier part of the period 20 and do not particularly resemble the cups on a pedestal base from M.M. Crete.2' The common Cycladic cups of this shape,22 since they seem to have no antecedents in the Islands, may well be a M.H. contribution to M.C. culture. The goblets, Shape A16, are clearly related to the Gray Minyan goblets from early M.H.23 The decoration is like that on Shape A13, though sometimes polychrome. Since the spouted bowls of Shape B3 have rectilinear decoration and fabric of Coarse Ware, they may have come into use in early M.H. The only whole example, however, unpainted, comes from the Old Grave Circle. There are closely related forms in the Cyclades.24 The two examples of Shape B5 occurred in graves, with pottery demonstrably of late M.H. They have only a vague resemblance to any other form; perhaps they represent a development of Shape B4 and are thus creations of the M.H. period. The decoration is of parallel lines at neck and belly, a style common in late M.H., but not practised, to any extent, outside the Mainland. The few examples of Shape B6, the hole-mouthed jar, seem to be very late. Their closest parallels are the well-known Cretan class, and it should be noted, Cycladic vessels, especially some from Thera.25 Jugs of Shape B7 are common in later M.H. levels, e.g., at Asine, Eutresis and Lerna, and occur in the tombs of Prosymna and the Shaft Graves at Mycenae. No good parallels occur in Cycladic or Cretan pottery, but jugs of Gray Minyan Ware from early M.H. levels show similarities in the treatment of the rim and lip, the tubular neck and spherical body.26 The rim, with the lip carried all the way around, is distinctive and precludes any connection with Shape B8. The decoration consists of parallel lines below the neck and often at the belly, with fringe ornaments underneath them. Sometimes free-standing ornaments are set on the shoulder, S-scrolls (Motif 118), swastikas (Motif 121), petal patterns (Motif 124), or birds (Motif 130). A few jugs, with sharper profiles than most, have bands at belly or neck of flame pattern (Motif 109), running dog (Motif 106, a), spirals (Motif 110), or pothooks (Motif 117). Most of these motifs can be paralleled in Crete, but all in the Cyclades. The scheme of decoration, with parallel bands marking divisions and the motifs laid out in rows, is seldom found outside the Mainland. The globular jugs of Shape B 11 appear in two variations, one with a bulge below 20 E.g., Asine, p. 268, fig. 185, 2, 3, Pendlebury, pl. 19, 3(h). 22 Phylakopi, pp E.g., Asinie, p. 270, fig. 188, Aberg, p. 132, fig Aberg, p. 126, fig Eutresis, p. 141, fig. 193; J.H.S., XXXV, 1915, p. 197.

65 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 295 the spout and the other without. The latter is more common; the former appears occasionally in the material from the Grave Circles at Mycenae. Both are of late date; the earliest occurrence corresponds roughly with the closing phases of the second building period at Eutresis.27 The closest parallels are in the Cyclades, where an identical shape is produced from E.C. onwards; some of the vases may well be imported.28 The decoration on many, however, is of black bands flanked by red, a style not found on comparable Cycladic jugs. A jug of Shape B12 comes from the upper M.H. layers at Lerna, and so cannot belong to the earliest phases. Nothing resembling it has been discovered in Crete or the Cyclades, and there is no reason to consider it other than an M.H. invention, perhaps an imitation of some metal form. The decoration of triangles (Motif 42) is best paralleled from early M.H. The two small jugs of Shape B14 bear a fringe of loops (Motif 57) below the lip. The shape seems to be a M.H. creation, perhaps based on the earlier jugs with extended spouts, e.g., B9 or B10. There are affinities to Minyan Ware in the treattnent of the handle. The Lianokladhi jug, Shape B15, is decorated in the same elaborate way as the pots of Shape A8 from that site. Its closest parallels are Macedonian, even though the shape is not too specialized.29 Three bulbous jars, Shape C3, have been published. The decoration is all of the same type, with semicircular panels let into the sides, filled with checker pattern and bordered by raised bands. Only the example from Eutresis is datable, to the second building period. It differs slightly from the others in having a conical rather than a hemispherical underpart and in bearing handles. There are parallels to the E.C. and M.C. "long-necked " pithos,30 and less close ones to a rare type of E.H. III jar.81 The principal decoration (Motif 20, b) is like that employed on Shapes B9 and B13; a similar Cycladic fragment is apparently late.32 The use of semicircular panels and raised bands is, however, well known in the Cyclades.33 Perhaps it is best to regard the bulbous jar as an E.C. shape modified extensively in M.H. Oval jars of Shape C4 are rare, and apparently not of the earliest period. They are identical to an E.C. variety.34 27Two jugs from Drachmani, 'E+. 'ApX., 1908, p. 87, fig. 13 and pl. 5, 2, were found in association with a pithos of Shape C3, which in turn is close to one from Eutresis. 28P.M., I, pp. 166f. 29 Heurtley, p. 82; Fuchs, Fundgruppen, pp. 95f., thinks a jug -from Holstein of almost identical shape demonstrates far-reaching connections: but the shape is not very distinctive. 30 Phylakopi, p. 97, pl. 34, HIesperia, XXIX, 1960, pl. 70, j. 32Phylakopi, pl. 29, Ibid., pl Ibid., p. 97.

66 296 ROBERT J. BUCK Hydriai, Shape C6, are found in the Shaft Graves and in later M.H. levels. Since Gray and unpainted Yellow Minyan types are not uncommon," probably the shape was evolved in M.H. The decoration is of zones of oblique lines (Motifs 1 and 2) or, on polychrome examples, of panels. Hydriai of Shape C7 occur in the second building period at Eutresis and in the Grave Circles. The decoration is of parallel lines at neck and handle zones, which are often connected by vertical lines to form large panels. The closest resemblances are to Shape C5 of early M.H. The Cycladic vessels are less close in the treatment of the neck and mouth. Therefore, like Shape C6, it seems most likely that the form of C7 is a M.H. development, perhaps ultimately based on an E.C. form. The large storage jars, Shape C9, were found in the Grave Circles at Mycenae and a L.H. I tomb at Prosymna. The polychrome decoration resembles that on Shape C7. There are resemblances to earlier Gray Minyan Ware,88 and therefore the shape is probably a M.H. development. There are no Cycladic pots particularly close. The small amphoras of Shape C10 from Krisa have been compared by the excavators with Cycladic two-handled jugs,7 but far closer parallels can be drawn with the mugs of E.B. Macedonia," a monochrome amphora from Sesklo,89 and some undated tankards with incised decoration from Olympia.40 Certainly Shape C10 reflects Northern influence rather than Cycladic. Askoi, Shape D2, are attested in Mattpainted Ware only for the closing phases of M.H., although unpainted forms occur somewhat earlier. Similar shapes are found in both E.H. and Cycladic settlements, but since no link can be shown between the E.H. and the latish M.H. forms, it seems quite likely that the Cycladic type was the one from which Shape D2 was derived,4' although it must be ruled uncertain. Lids, sometimes with interior handles, Shape D3, are found at Aegina, in a tholos tomb at Koryphasion and in latest M.H. at Malthi. Their origin and affinities remain uncertain. The examples at Koryphasion and Malthi may have been used for some sacral purpose. A double bowl, Shape D4, appeared in the same tholos tomb, and an unpainted example was found by Valmin at Malthi in a " pure Middle Helladic layer." 42 They were used for some ritual, probably,48 but the form is simply an adaptation of Shape A7. 3c Cf. J.H.S., XXXV, 1915, p R.E.G., XXV, 1912, p. 262, fig Phylakopi, pl. 11, 5, 6 and Eutresis, p. 184, fig. 256, Heurtley, pp. 81f. 39D.S., p. 138, fig Ath. Mitt., XXXVII, 1911, pl. 5, 1, 2. 41Phylakopi, pl. 9, Malthi, p P.M., I pp

67 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 297 Shape D5 is unique; to judge by the treatment of the shoulder and rim, it is an M.H. creation under Minyan influence. The decoration (Motif 1) resembles that on Cycladic cups.44 Perhaps we have a Mainland potter's adaptation of the convex handleless Cycladic cup.45 The small jars of Shape D6 are of late date at Kirrha. The form is probably a M.H. development, perhaps a refinement of the familiar two-handled Minyan jar.46 Shape D7 is L.H. in date, and of Minoan derivation, while D8 may be, as Persson claims, Anatolian.47 Thirty-two shapes seem to have come into use in the latter part of M.H., while several older forms, e.g., B2, B4, Cl and C5, continued to be produced. Seven of the thirty-two, A3, A7, A10, A15, A16, C6 and D4, have obvious and close resemblances to forms found in Minyan Ware of the early stages and, hence, are undoubtedly of Minyan derivation. These are some of the commonest Mattpainted pieces; they provide clear evidence of how the technique of mat decoration became more popular and of how Minyan forms provide the basis for much of the pottery of late M.H. Ten shapes, A9, A14, B5, B7, B12, B14, C7, C9, D5 and D6, have certain affinities with earlier Minyan or Mattpainted pottery, though no close parallels can be drawn; there are no very strong resemblances to wares from the Cyclades or elsewhere. They seem to be native M.H. developments, and, as far as can be judged, each is a fusion of the two traditions. The group includes several very common types, e.g., Shape B7. At least one shape, A2, has its closest affinities with earlier Mattpainted pottery. In this category might also be placed the later examples of shapes that first appeared in early M.H., like Al, B2, B4, Cl, C2, C5 and C8, many of which were somewhat modified. Two shapes, B 11 and C4, the former fairly common and the latter very rare, are clearly of Cycladic origin and of late date. Two uncommon shapes, B3 and C3, may have Cycladic affinities, and it is uncertain when they first came into use in the M.H. period. One rare shape, D7, is derived from a M.M. form; D7 seems properly L.H. Two others, A13 and B6, are doubtless ultimately derived from Crete, and the former, Keftiu cup, is quite popular. Since, however, the same type of vessels were used in M.C., and since the decoration, especially on Shape A13, is not like the usual M.M., the M.H. versions could well be immediately derived from the Cyclades. Three shapes, A8, B5 and C10, all uncommon and restricted to Central Greece, are connected with Macedonian wares rather than those further south. 44Phylakopi, pl. 10, 3. 4 Ibid., p J.H.S., XXV, 1915,- p Asine, p. 291.

68 298 ROBERT J. BUCK Four shapes, all rare, A12, D2, D3 and D8, are not ascribable to any one area with any confidence, and so their origin remains doubtful. To sum up: of thirty-two shapes, eighteen are of M.H. descent, four are Cycladic, three have Macedonian relationships, three are of Minoan antecedents, but two of these may have come to Greece by way of the Cyclades, and four are doubtful. The shapes of M.H. descent are by far the most common, embracing some 80 % to 85% of those published. Three styles of decoration that do not occur on early Mattpainted pottery appear during the course of the period. All make great use of sets of horizontal bands to emphasize the divisions and contours of a form. The first consists of parallel lines below the neck and a number of curvilinear motifs around the belly or middle. The parallel lines sometimes have ornamentation in the center of their system (Motifs 66-71) and always carry a fringe below (Motifs 50-60). At the belly S-scrolls (Motif 118) usually alternate with swastikas (Motif 121) or a leaf pattern (Motif 128) in an ordered series. Occasionally a row of birds (Motifs ) replaces the patterns. This style decorates examples of Shapes B7 and Bll. The second differs from the first in having parallel bands at the belly as well as the neck. Occasionally S-scrolls, swastikas, birds, leaf patterns or roundels (Motif 99) are placed in the area between the bands. This style occurs on Shapes A9, B7, B10, Bll, C6, C8 and C9. In the third style parallel lines below the neck and on the belly are connected by vertical lines to form panels. These panels often have a fringe decoration around the interior, generally of dots (Motif 59), occasionally with pothook spirals (Motif 117) in the corners. It is found on Shapes B7, C6, C7, C8 and C9. None of these styles has much resemblance to those in the Cyclades or Crete, although some M.M. decoration emphasizes the structure of the form, and dotted or hatched bands are not infrequent on M.C. pottery. In Crete and the Cyclades, however, fringe ornamentation is not nearly as popular as in Greece and is not used in the same way below parallel lines. Open-style decoration, elaborately filled panlels or " unity decoration " are much more common. Therefore it seems likely that the three styles are native M.H. developments. The pendant style, the zones of zigzags and the panel style cont'inued to be used on late examples of the shapes introduced in early M.H., e.g., B2, Cl, C5, often, how-- ever, with some modifications. Zigzags tend to be replaced by wavy lines; vertical panels are somnetimes divided into smaller units. The designs of polychrome decoration are painted in red with black edging, with white occasionally used to fill large figures, and occur in the three styles mentioned above. Polychromy is employed on examples of Shapes A3, A7, A1 1, A13, A15, A17, B6, B7, Bll, C8 and C9, from the latest stages of M.H. The technique was used in the Islands from E.C. onwards; though it was known in early M.H., it seems to have

69 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 299 been forgotten until the closing stages. Therefore it was probably borrowed again from the Cyclades at the same time that Cycladic influence is seen in the adoption of a few shapes like B1. Many of the decorative motifs that appear on the earlier M.H. pottery continue in use unchanged. The most common of those that, on present evidence, first appear in the later stages of M.H. show points of resemblance to the earlier motifs and do not have particularly close parallels in Cretan or Cycladic decoration. These may fairly be considered to be native M.H. developments. They include oblique lines (Motif 1), zigzag patterns (Motif 7, a), lozenges (Motifs 15, 16, a, b, 17, c, 20, a, b), saltires (Motifs 27, 30-33),-pendant triangles (Motifs 36, 37 40), hatched, crosshatched and filled triangles (Motifs 46-48), V's in bands (Motif 49), fringe decorations (Motifs 50-52, 54-59), wavy lines (Motifs 72, a-74) and festoons (Motifs 76, 78, 79). In general these motifs are more elaborate than those on the earliest Mattpainted pottery. The large motifs show a predilection for hatchings and crosshatchings; the smaller ones are close-packed, as seen in the use of fringe motifs and complex festoons. Although the most common motifs are native developments, a sizeable group do have close parallels in the Islands or Crete.48 Those which occur fairly frequently are arranged in a manner seldom seen on M.M. or M.C. pottery: they are set around the belly or shoulder or below the lip in a rigid horizontal row. These include spiral decorations (Motifs ), S-scrolls (Motifs 118, a, b, 119), swastikas (Motif 121), bird designs (Motifs ), and sigmas (Motif 53) and semicircles (Motifs 85-90) used as fringe decorations. Those that bear close resemblance in the manner of arrangement as well as in form are apt to be rare, with one or two examples for each motif; the datable examples are of the closing phases of M.H. or from L.H. Among them are lozenge patterns (Motif 22), checker patterns (Motifs 24, a, b, 26), butterfly patterns (Motif 35), triple triangles with dcot in center (Motif 43), dotted bands (Motifs 66, 67, 70, 71), semicircles in panel (Motif 80, b), crescents between bands (Motif 83), rock patterns (Motifs 95, a, 95, b), filled circles (Motifs 102, 103), running dog (Motifs ), dots connected by tangents (Motifs ), and leaf patterns (Motifs ). Of these only the running dog group is widely current.49 Another group consists of motifs that have equally good parallels in earlier M.H. and M.M. or M.C. and can be equally well explained as developments from one or the others. This group includes dot-filled zigzags (Motif 9), elaborate lozenges (Motif 19), multiple wavy lines (Motif 75), filled semicircles (Motifs 92-94), concentric and rayed circles (Motifs 96, 98, 99, 104), and, perhaps pothook spirals (Motif 104). It may be concluded that although many, if not all, of the motifs 48For references and parallels see Appendix. 49 Discussion is omitted of the figure motifs ( ) because of the fragmentary nature of the pieces. At the earliest they come from the Shaft Graves; at the latest well on in L.H.

70 300 ROBERT J. BUCK discussed above were derived from the Cyclades or Crete, the makers of Matt-painted pottery preferred to use them in a M.H. syntax and to adapt their forms to M.H. taste. With the exception of six motifs, the butterfly (Motif 35), the sigma (Motif 53), the semicircles in panel (Motif 80, b), the rock patterns (Motifs 95, a, b) and the palm (Motif 126), all of which, with the exception of the butterfly, date to the transition to L.H., every single motif with resemblances in Minoan decoration has as good or better parallels from the Cyclades.0 Even so, many of the Cretan parallels are datable to E.M. III, when according to Pendlebury,5' the Cyclades exerted appreciable influence upon the formation of Minoan decoration. Furthermore, at least a dozen M.H. motifs have close similarities to M.C. but not to M.M. designs: concentric lozenges (Motif 22); triple triangles, dot in center (Motif 43); bands enclosing vertical dashes (Motifs 66, 67); hatched and crosshatched bands (Motifs 70, 71); flame pattern (Motif 109); false spirals (Motif 114); stars (Motif 122); and birds (Motifs ). To sum up: at least thirty-five motifs and possibly a dozen more, are developments out of earlier M.H. material; they are by far the most common (65%-707o of those published). The twenty most popular of the fifty-odd with " foreign " parallels are used in a M.H. syntax; the rest are rare and usually very late; only six of the fifty do not have Cycladic but do have M.M. parallels (five of these are from L.H. or the transition to L.H.), while twelve have M.C. but not M.M. One may infer that during much of M.H. the Cyclades had greater influence on Mattpainted pottery than did Crete, but even this influence was very weak. The evidence of the motifs corresponds to that of the shapes. The evolution of Mattpainted ware was a native development; external influence was limited until the transition to L.H.; what influence existed was mostly Cycladic or, at the least, transmitted through the Islands. With the resurgence of the use of glazed decoration at the beginning of L.H., the production of Mattpainted pottery soon ceased. During the closing phase M.H. and Cycladic designs remained the customary ones, but several patterns characteristic of L.H. glazed ware were employed, e.g., Motifs , 137, though not very commonly. The Mattpainted pottery of the later M.H. period, then, shows that the principal development was a fusion of Minyan and early Mattpainted traditions: mat designs, evolved on the Mainland from originally Cycladic material or independently invented, are applied to shapes which were adopted from Minyan ware or which represent a fusion of Minyan and early Mattpainted traditions. The course of development presents no sudden changes or breaks, but it seems to have been of astonishing uniformity. 50 See Appendix. 51 Pendlebury, p. 84.

71 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 301 So far one variant group has been discovered, that represented by the pottery from Lianokladhi together with a few pieces from Phocian and Boeotian sites. This Lianokladhi style has Macedonian affinities, and its center seems to lie in Malis. It may demonstrate some northern migration to the periphery of the M.H. area. Its appearance at sites like Kirrha and Eutresis indicates that some communication existed between them and Malis, which one would expect. This communication could take the form of trade, or intermittent trickles of migration or both. Perhaps with this evidence one should take into account the appearance of incised wares at Lerna at a fairly early stage,52 and the finding in late M.H. contexts at Asine, Mycenae and other Peloponnesian sites of unpainted pottery closely related to a type of Thessalian Gamma Ware.53 These ceramic hints might be adduced as supporting evidence of a gradual and piecemeal southward movement." Be that as it may, the Mattpainted wares from all areas other than Malis followed the same course of development to the beginning of L.H.; all employed much the same shapes and decoration; all showed evidence of Cycladic influence in late M.H., and not much indication of Cretan until the end of the period. CONCLUSIONS The evidence presented in Section IV shows that Mattpainted pottery first made its appearance in Greece after Minyan Ware had been introduced, i.e., later than E.H. III. Furthermore, Minyan Ware has been found at Troy and in Macedonia in levels where not even imported Mattpainted pottery appears. From all this it follows that the users of Minyan Ware cannot have had Mattpainted pottery when they entered Greece. The two wares must have been originally independent of one another. Most of the earliest Mattpainted pieces are, stylistically, closely related to E.C. wares. A few do have close parallels in E.H. III, and a few others are clearly modelled on Minyan and Macedonian types. Since the break which was believed to separate E.H. and M.H. has recently been shown to be not so sharp and complete as was previously assumed, some cultural contact and influence might well be expected. The surprising thing is that there are so few Mattpainted types reflecting E.H. influence, The change from lustrous to mat paint seems to have been fashionable on the Mainland as well as in the Cyclades in the closing phases of the Early Bronze Age, and so the technique of mat painting would not be unfamiliar at the time of its introduction. Thus the most reasonable explanation of the origin of Mattpainted Ware is that it was brought at the beginning of the Middle Helladic period from 52 Hesperia, XXVI, 1957, p. 150, pl. 40, d, f. 5 Asine, p. 434 and Schachermeyr, R.E., s.v. "Pr'ahistorische Kulturen Griechenlands," col As Persson, Asi;ne, p. 434, has stated.

72 302 ROBERT J. BUCK the Cyclades to the Mainland, where some borrowing and cross-influencing immediately took place. The finding of pottery with incised decoration, very similar to the well-known Cycladic variety, together with the earliest Mattpainted pottery at several sites, serves to support this view.' The custom of using intramural graves seems not to appear before the beginning of M.H.2 Since it was practised at Phylakopi from E.C. times on,3 its introduction to the Mainland might be the result of Cycladic influence.4 Questions about races and languages involved in the introduction of Mattpainted pottery to the Mainland, or if any were involved, cannot be answered from our present knowledge, if ever." The earliest pieces should be dated around 1900 B.C. The close similarity of shape from widely separated sites, with the exception of one or two peripheral areas, and the reasonably uniform evolution speak for an easy and intensive intercommunication during most of the Middle Helladic period. The most noteworthy local variety, the Lianokladhi style, shows Macedonian affinities and may furnish supporting evidence for a gradual southward movement of people into Central Greece and the Peloponnese in late M.H. The main influence on the development of Mattpainted pottery was Minyan Ware. The cups and bowls introduced during the course of M.H. were usually of Minyan shape, while the decoration and some of the larger pots followed early Mattpainted tradition. New motifs were invented from time to time; a few were borrowed from the Cyclades, and the decoration was gradually modified over the years. Although Cycladic wares are found throughout M.H. levels, especially in sites around the Saronic and Argolic Gulfs, Cycladic influence becomes important again only in the later phases of M.H., i.e., just before the time when Cretan fashions become paramount. A few shapes and several motifs were adopted into the Mattpainted repertory, and the technique of polychromy was re-introduced. Presumably this borrowing reflects intensified relations. 1 See Section IV and Eutresis, p Caskey, Hesperia, XXIX, 1960, p Nine such burials are known from the First City (Phylakopi, p. 15 and B.S.A., XVII, , pp. 6-9), and a pithos containing a vase with incised decoration might well be another (Phylakopi, p. 249). 4The presence of such burials in Troy VI (Troy, III, pp. 128, 165, 379) might be used as an argument that this mode of inhumation was not unknown to the users of Minyan Ware. Pithos burials, however, occur in Asia Minor from an early date (Third Millenium B.C., E. Schmidt, The Alishar Hi'yiik; University of Chicago Oriental Institute Publications, Vol. XIX, pp , ), and probably the E. C. culture derived this custom from an Anatolian source. The Trojan burial practices of the first five cities and the early Sixth remain virtually unknown; therefore, the possibility of Anatolian origin cannot be precluded even here. Persson (Asine, pp , 434) sees signs of a wave of Anatolian immigration; Welter (Aigina, p. 16) and Goldman (Eutresis, pp ) argue that Mattpainted pottery was introduced and spread by itinerant potters, probably based on Aegina.

73 MIDDLE HELLADIC MATTPAINTED POTTERY 303 A significant amount of Cretan pottery has been found in M.H. settlements, but there is not much indication of any strong Minoan influence on Mattpainted pottery, or on M.H. culture in general. Since virtually no Minyan Ware or other indications of contact with M.H. culture have been found in Crete, while both M.H. and M.M. pottery appear in the Cyclades, it is possible that the Islands played the role of intermediary between the two civilizations. Perhaps the new excavations will make clear whether the Cretans possessed trading posts or the Islanders acted as middlemen. The end of M.H. is marked by the introduction of a Minoan influence so strong that some authorities refer to it as a wave of " Cretoiserie." 6 In a comparatively short time popular taste turned to pottery decorated in glaze paint with imitations of Cretan motifs, and many Minoan shapes were adopted. Mattpainted pottery, to judge from the stratigraphic evidence, continued to be found in measurable, though steadily decreasing, quantities until the end of L.H. II, and it adopted some Cretan decoration, but it was dying out. Cretan influence may have taken some time to spread to the more remote corners of the M.H. area, but, since in many sites the L.H. I and II layers are denuded, one cannot be certain. One last point should be raised: many motifs like those on Mattpainted pottery of late M.H. occur in L.H. III.! The explanation must await further excavation of sites with stratified L.H. I and II deposits. But by L.H. III the same preference for restraint and formalism, the same fondness for rigid order that governed the decoration of Mattpainted pottery again comes to the fore. In a sense the tradition of Mattpainted pottery is continued onward to influence later Greek wares. Thus Mattpainted pottery seems to have been a Cycladic contribution to M.H. cultuire; it developed chiefly by a union with the forms of Minyan Ware. It was important for about 300 years, from 1900 to 1600 B.C. There are hints of contact with Northern Greece and clear signs of influence from the Cyclades in the closing phases of M.H. The technique died out with the introduction of Cretan designs, but its influence survived to L.H. III. 6 Cf. Wace, 'ElrtTIVW3lov Tcro'vTaq, pp Cf. Wace, 'E7rtrv1tt3tov Taovvras, pp ; Schachtgrdber, pp. 318,