OCR HISTORY AROUND US Site Proposal Form Examples from English Heritage

Transcription

1 OCR HISTORY AROUND US Site Proposal Form Examples from English Heritage Contents The criteria... 1 Old Sarum... 3 Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire Stonehenge Scarborough Castle Portchester Jewel Tower These examples have been developed in conjunction with English Heritage.

2 The criteria The study of the selected site must focus on the relationship between the site, other historical sources and the aspects listed in a) to n) below. It is therefore essential that centres choose a site that allows learners to use its physical features, together with other historical sources as appropriate, to understand all of the following: A. The reasons for the location of the site within its surroundings B. When and why people first created the site C. The ways in which the site has changed over time D. How the site has been used throughout its history E. The diversity of activities and people associated with the site F. The reasons for changes to the site and to the way it was used G. Significant times in the site s past: peak activity, major developments, turning points H. The significance of specific features in the physical remains at the site I. The importance of the whole site either locally or nationally, as appropriate J. The typicality of the site based on a comparison with other similar sites K. What the site reveals about everyday life, attitudes and values in particular periods of history L. How the physical remains may prompt questions about the past and how historians frame these as valid historical enquiries M. How the physical remains can inform artistic reconstructions and other interpretations of the site N. The challenges and benefits of studying the historic environment 2

3 Old Sarum Please provide an explanation of how your site meets each of the following points and include the most appropriate visual images of your site. Refer to your images to justify your explanation of how the site meets the criteria. Criteria a) The reasons for the location of the site within its surroundings Specifics about the site in relation to this criteria The Iron Age hillfort was built on the westernmost limit of Bishopdown ridge, a series of hills that rise above the Avon and Bourne rivers, providing unobstructed views across the surrounding landscape. This landscape offered access to many natural resources, as well as pastures and cultivated fields. The Iron Age hillfort was one of multiple sites that looked down upon the river valleys and may have been part of a wider community of hillforts. Sorviodunum, as the site was known in the Roman period, sat very near the convergence of three Roman roads from London, Winchester and Cirencester. The site was also on the road to Dorchester and Exeter. During the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in Britain following the withdrawal of the Romans, the site is thought to have served as a stronghold for the Britons. The local forces resisted the efforts of the Saxons in the westward expansion of the kingdom of Sources that can be used with this criteria Old Sarum EH guidebook 3

4 b) When and why people first created the site Wessex. William The Conqueror identified the potential of the settlement as a fortified site and included its development in the first round of Norman royal castles. The Iron Age hillfort was first established at this site c. 400BC. While it may have served a number of purposes, including as a religious site, marketplace or storage facility, the hillfort s location and defensive banks and ditches suggest its primary function was as a protective refuge. While there is very little evidence of permanent habitation at the site, the hillfort likely provided safety for local people and their livestock during times of conflict. There are multiple instances of Iron Age hillforts being repurposed for use by the Romans. The site was continuously occupied between AD 43 and the early fourth century, though it is thought the site held a specific purpose, either as a religious centre or military fort, rather than as a settlement. As a military fort, the site would have served as a nucleus for the two Romano-British civilian settlements that were established close to the site along the main trade roads. There is no evidence of what happened to the site at the end of the Roman period or during Old Sarum EH guidebook 4

5 c) The ways in which the site has changed over time the very early Anglo-Saxon period. The Norman castle and defences at the site were built immediately following the 1066 invasion, ordered by William The Conqueror as part of a programme to establish and reinforce the new Norman rule. The situation of the site close to roads for ease of transport was also likely a significant factor in the choice of the site as a military base early in the conquest. The Norman cathedral at Old Sarum was completed c. 1090, in part to provide literary clerks who could assist in the administrative duties of the sheriffs of Wiltshire. Bishop Roger held an official residence at Old Sarum as part of the cathedral community and as the king s chief minister it was beneficial for him to be in such close proximity to the royal castle. The landscape was altered in building the Iron Age hillfort. The height and slope of the ridge was exaggerated to form the outer banks and ditches. There was originally as North-facing entrance, but this was later blocked and replaced by an East-facing entrance. Excavations revealed evidence of a Romano- British building over top of an Iron Age pit. While no conclusions have been made, it has been suggested these walls may have belonged to a Roman-British temple and point Old Sarum EH guidebook 5

6 to significant physical development of the site. It is known that the site was occupied in the late Anglo-Saxon period and evidence of an Anglo-Saxon settlement from this time has been found just outside of the old hillfort. A Norman castle, called Seresberi, was built on the site, along with a new motte at the centre of the old hillfort. Two lateral banks were built to enclose an outer bailey. The Norman cathedral was built outside the bailey and to the North of this a Bishop s Palace to provide an official residence for the clergy. The early keep was likely made of wood and replaced with a stone keep in the early 1100s, which provided accommodation, including the king s chamber and also facilitated administrative duties. In the 1130s, bishop Roger commissioned the courtyard house within the castle walls to facilitate his role as the king s deputy, in addition to his clerical duties within the cathedral community. From this point onward, there was no further development at the site. The decision to move the cathedral to New Sarum (Salisbury) saw a loss of royal interest in the site and the beginning of the demolition of Old Sarum. The cathedral at the site was dismantled and some of the stone reused in the new cathedral. Calendar of Patent Rolls,

7 Despite some investment in repair and maintenance, the castle fell into ruin and in the early 16 th century King Henry VIII released the royal title on the castle to Thomas Compton along with the right to remove materials, making what was left a salvage site. d) How the site has been used throughout its history The Iron Age hillfort was a community resource for people living in the local area, serving as a safe haven in times of conflict, but also possibly as a marketplace. Although it was continuously occupied between AD 43 and the early fourth century, the specific purpose of the site during this time has not been established. It is known, however, that it went through a period of decline in the fourth century when its main use was as a refuge in periods of conflict. Despite the decline of the site, the two nearby Romano-British settlements continued to flourish. An entry in the 522 Anglo-Saxon Chronicles suggests that the site had been being used by Britons at this time as a regional stronghold during the Saxon expansion into Wiltshire; the Britons were defeated by the Saxons, led by Cynric. In the early 11 th century, the Anglo-Saxon mint, which had been sited at Wilton, was moved to within the former hillfort, Searobyrg, Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, 522 Anglo-Saxon Chronicles,

8 as a result of the destruction of Wilton by the Danish king, Sweyn. Initially a key site in Norman military operations in the mid-11 th century, Seresberi soon became an administrative centre and the base of the sheriffs of Wiltshire. By the early 1120s there was a strong cathedral community at the site, led by Bishop Roger of Sarum, King Henry I s deputy; from here Roger performed his duties as regent for the king. For most the 1170s, Eleanor of Aquitaine was held as King Henry II s (her husband s) prisoner at the castle for encouraging her sons to rebel against the king. Papal Bull, 1219 The site continued to be the centre for administration and the cathedral community persisted at the site until the 1220s, at which point the both the condition of the cathedral and relations with the castle garrison had deteriorated significantly. At this time, the cathedral community moved to New Sarum (Salisbury), while the administrative centre remained at Old Sarum into the 15 th century, though by this time the borough was mostly abandoned and the castle falling into ruin. e) The diversity of activities and people associated with the site The site has consistently been a place of refuge and safety throughout its long history. 8

9 However, the site has had a varied role in the lives of different populations: Iron Age: marketplace Roman: military base; religious worship Anglo-Saxon: a strategic stronghold in the expansion of Wessex Norman: administrative centre and cathedral community Medieval: settlement and political borough f) The reasons for changes to the site and to the way it was used g) Significant times in the site s past: peak activity, major developments, turning points The changes in the site and its use largely reflect significant turning points in national history and changing of hands. The most significant point in the site s history was the Norman Conquest, when the site became an important religious and administrative centre and key in establishing the new Norman Rule in Britain. One of the most important events in the history of the site was the Oath of Sarum, on Lammas Day (August 1) On this day, William The Conqueror visited Old Sarum and insisted all landholding men of England come to him, bow down and swear an oath of fealty, placing him above all other men. While the site thrived for a shot time, it soon became apparent that a city could not be sustained in the inhospitable landscape around Old Sarum and the decision was made 9

10 to move the cathedral and with it eventually the city, down the valley to New Sarum, present day Salisbury. h) The significance of specific features in the physical remains at the site The Iron Age earthworks are still visible today and the entry path to the site is the same as would have been used since this time period. No physical evidence of Roman or Anglo- Saxon inhabitation remains at the site. The foundations of the Norman keep are still visible and are situated to be the centrepiece of the castle complex, opposite the main entrance. Additionally, the boundaries of the outer bailey can still be seen, defined by the radial banks. It is most likely in this area that the Oath of Sarum took place. The Norman foundations of the courtyard house, which is very similar in structure to Sherborne Old Castle in Dorset, which Bishop Roger is known to have built, can still be seen. This building is the most formidable structure on the site and shows how important the Bishop s role as adviser to the king would have been to warrant such a structure. Looking down on the cathedral precinct, it is possible to see the outline of the early cathedral and subsequent alterations and additions made by Bishop Roger. 10

11 i) The importance of the whole site either locally or nationally, as appropriate Locally: - important locally in relation to the development of Salisbury (New Sarum) and its cathedral Nationally: - important nationally as it the site changed hands in response to multiple key historical events (ie. Roman withdrawal; Anglo-Saxon invasion; Norman Conquest) j) The typicality of the site based on a comparison with other similar sites Iron Age: Figsbury Ring, Wiltshire; Yarnbury Castle, Wiltshire; Beacon Hill, Hampshire examples of other Iron Age hillforts Roman: South Cadbury, Somerset a repurposed hillfort used by the Romans as a Norman: Salisbury Cathedral aspects of and stonework from Old Sarum Cathedral were used in its construction; Sherborne Old Castle, Dorset very similar in plan to the courtyard house at Old Sarum Medieval: Clarendon Palace, Wiltshire King Henry II s hunting lodge, which was upgraded and decorated around the same time as improvements were made to Old Sarum 11

12 k) What the site reveals about everyday life, attitudes and values in particular periods of history The site has consistently been a place of refuge and safety throughout its long history. However, the different uses of the site reveal the changes in everyday life and values of the people associated with it throughout history. Iron Age: marketplace this was a community gathering place and brought local people together to support one another Roman: military base; religious worship acting a nucleus, it was important for the nearby villages as it provided a strong foundation and support system Anglo-Saxon: a strategic stronghold in the expansion of Wessex demonstrates the conflict between the Britons and the Saxons in the struggle for England Norman: administrative centre and cathedral community high importance of religion and the need for control Medieval: settlement and political borough political importance l) How the physical remains may prompt questions about the past and how historians frame these as valid historical enquiries Who built it? Who changed it? Who used it? What is it? What changes has it seen? What was it used for? When was it built? When was it changed? When was it used? Why was it built? Why was it changed? Why was it used? How was it built? How was it changed? How was it used? How much did it cost to build/change? 12

13 Where was it built? Where was it changed? Where did the people come from who used it? m) How the physical remains can inform artistic reconstructions and other interpretations of the site n) The challenges and benefits of studying the historic environment In 1834, scorch marks in the dry grass on the site outlined the foundations of the cathedral, which led to a local architect outlining the probable plan of the cathedral. Formal excavations of the site began in the early 20 th century, however the interpretations of the discoveries at the time were limited due to the lack of actual physical remains. Today, the documentation in the form of diaries from the excavations is quite limited in its detail and prevents a clear understanding of the finds. The site has been painted by such notable artists as Turner and Constable, highly valued for its picturesque qualities. Benefits Gives a sense of place, well-being and cultural identity Defines and enhances a connection of people to a place, such as regional and local distinctiveness Stimulating and life-enhancing way to engage with history Reconstruction drawing ( Old Sarum Teacher s Kit Visit to the site 13

14 Challenges Difficult to interpret due to lack of sources and evidence Different interpretations of the same site Lack of written sources and physical evidence 14

15 Kenilworth Castle, Warwickshire Criteria a) The reasons for the location of the site within its surroundings b) When and why people first created the site Specifics about the site in relation to this criteria The site upon which Kenilworth Castle sits today lies within the former royal manor, Stoneleigh. Much of the parcel of land granted to Geoffrey de Clinton by King Henry I, Geoffrey then gave to the Priory of Kenilworth (which he founded around 1124), only keeping for himself enough land to build his castle and hunting park. Geoffrey chose to situate his castle on a low sandstone hill boarded by small steams to the South and West. This elevated position offered a good vantage point and also some initial deterrent to attack by the marshes formed by the two streams. In the wider landscape, the site s proximity to Warwick was politically important in the 1120s and in the 1170s King Henry II took the site back into royal control for its strategic importance. The first castle was built on the site in the early 1120s by Geoffrey de Clinton, treasurer and chamberlain to King Henry I. In 1119, Roger de Beaumont succeeded his Sources that can be used with this criteria Kenilworth Castle EH guidebook Kenilworth Castle EH guidebook 15

16 c) The ways in which the site has changed over time father, Henry, becoming the 2 nd Earl of Warwick. While Henry de Beaumont, 1 st Earl of Warwick, had been a loyal supporter of King Henry I, the king had concerns about the loyalty of his son Roger. As a result of his doubts, King Henry I promoted Geoffrey de Clinton s status within Warwickshire, including making him sheriff. Geoffrey s status as a great magnate within in the county enabled him to counter any negative influence from Roger de Beaumont. As part of his promotion, Geoffrey was also granted land in Stoneleigh, a royal manor in very close proximity to Warwick. Here, with the favour and support of the king, Geoffrey built the first castle on this site, further advancing his power and influence against Roger de Beaumont. The initial structure built by Geoffrey de Clinton may have been a collection simple wooden buildings situated on a rise; however, with the support and resources of King Henry I this was soon replaced by the stone keep, which still stands today. Geoffrey also built a causeway leading to the castle entrance. This structure had the additional purpose of damming the two streams and forming a small lake (mere) to the West of the castle. Geoffrey s son, Geoffrey II, is not thought to have made any Kenilworth Castle EH guidebook Kenilworth History and Archaeological Society ( 16

17 significant changes to the site, though by the time of his death the keep had several forebuildings and a small bailey. In the 1170s, the castle returned to the crown. King Henry II felt the site was of significant strategic importance and began a series of building works to develop and strengthen the defences. There is evidence of both an inner and outer bailey, the latter having a gatehouse and was likely defended by banks and a ditch. With the improved outer defences, changes were made to the keep making it more of a living space and less of a defensive structure; these changes included the modification to large, round-arched windows to provide greater light. When King John took control of the castle, he heightened the dam, which vastly increased the size of the lake (mere) to the West of the castle. He also added greater stone defences, including towers, to the outer bailey and incorporated the existing gatehouse into a new entranceway structure with two D- shaped towers with battlements. King John also added the second (top) floor to the keep, including a chamber at the top of the Southwest turret. Most of King John s works were completed between and his defences are little changed today. 17

18 In , a king s chamber, king s chapel and queen s chamber were recorded within the castle. Simon V de Montfort, 6 th Earl of Leicester, created the Brays, a series of banks and ditches defended by a wooden palisade. These mid-13 th century outworks defended the dam and its water controls. The House of Lancaster transformed the exceptional fortress into an extravagant palace, including building the large kitchen and great hall. In the early 14 th century, Thomas of Lancaster created an 800 acre deer park and likely added further accommodation for his household in the form of the Water Tower. He also constructed a new chapel in the outer bailey. In the 1370s, extensive work was carried out on the castle by John of Gaunt. The additions and changes were based on lodgings at Windsor Castle and including remodelling the apartments, services and kitchens. At this time a new great hall was also built. At this point, the main structures of the castle were complete. All further additions throughout the 1400s and early 1500s, including a tennis court, were features of wealth and status, creating a venue for relaxation and pleasure. 18

19 d) How the site has been used throughout its history When the Dudley s took possession of the castle in the second half of the 16 th century there were again great changes at Kenilworth. John Dudley, 1 st Duke of Northumberland, built the stables and enhanced the tiltyard. His son, Robert Dudley, 1 st Earl of Leicester, modelled a new gatehouse at the North entrance, built a new tower, Leicester s Building, and made significant improvements to the keep and state apartments. The architecture and décor was the height of Elizabethan style; Robert also developed the privy garden. After the Civil War, in 1650, the North side of the keep was broken down and the outer walls destroyed in sections. The site became a farmstead and the buildings of the inner bailey became a source of salvage and building materials. By the late 18 th century the site was ruinous. The site had been used throughout its history as a symbol of status and power, starting with Geoffrey de Clinton who, supported by King Henry I, built the first castle on the site to maintain influence and control over Warwick. Up until the mid-13 th century, the castle continued to be created as a defendable site of strategic importance. When the House of Lancaster took control of the castle in 1266, the purpose of the site Kenilworth Castle EH guidebook Kenilworth History and Archaeological Society ( 19

20 e) The diversity of activities and people associated with the site f) The reasons for changes to the site and to the way it was used changed. Moving from strategic importance to social importance, the site was used as a status symbol and display of wealth for the next 300 years. Following the Civil War, Parliament used the destruction of all former Royalist strongholds, including Kenilworth Castle, as a demonstration of its power. The site has consistently been used as a symbol of wealth, status and power, though this has manifested differently throughout its long history: Geoffrey de Clinton: close association with the king and the church King John: strategic importance and extensive development of defences Simon V de Montfort: probable development of the trebuchet and the 1266 Siege of Kenilworth Lancasters: development and use of the site for pleasure and entertaining John of Gaunt: building works to suit his selfstyled title King of Castile and Leon Robert Dudley: building for and entertaining the queen The castle changed hands many times throughout its history, moving in and out of royal control. The major change in the use of this site came with the House of Lancaster, who developed Kenilworth Castle EH guidebook Kenilworth History and Archaeological Society ( Dictum of Kenilworth, 1265 Kenilworth Castle EH guidebook 20

21 g) Significant times in the site s past: peak activity, major developments, turning points h) The significance of specific features in the physical remains at the site the site from a defensive position into a residence for relaxation and enjoyment. 1120s: first castle and defences in response to potential threat from Warwick : building by King John in response to the papal Interdict of : Siege of Kenilworth : castle changes from a fortress into a palace 1326: abdication of King Edward II 1370s: building by John of Gaunt 1450s: Wars of the Roses : royal visits by Queen Elizabeth I : Civil War and slighting of the castle buildings Mortimer s tower is the 13 th century gatehouse, but also holds the remains of the original gatehouse built around The gatehouse shows the progression of defences and technology, including grooves added later for a Medieval portcullis. The keep, built in 1120, has been added to and altered numerous times. These alterations demonstrate the progression of defences, weaponry and also the use and importance of the site over time. John of Gaunt s works are an excellent demonstration of the organisation of a Middle Ages aristocratic household. The great hall built by Gaunt was grand display of status Kenilworth Castle EH guidebook Interdict, 1208 Kenilworth Castle EH guidebook 21

22 i) The importance of the whole site either locally or nationally, as appropriate and shows the most up to date architectural fashions of the time. Although there is no evidence of the original structures, the presence of an enlarged hall for dining and extensive kitchens marks a change in purpose for the site, from a defendable fortress to a liveable palace. The building works by Robert Dudley (Leicester s Building and Leicester s Gatehouse) illustrate his devotion to Queen Elizabeth I, but also highlight her investment in him, as she funded all the work. In addition to the buildings, the reconstructed Tudor garden is highly symbolic in its use of flowers, colours and sculpture. Locally: - important locally in relation to the 1266 Siege of Kenilworth Nationally: - important nationally for it connection to people associated with significant nationals events King Henry II: Revolt of King John: Magna Carta Simon V de Montfort: Battle of Evesham and 1266 Siege of Kenilworth Thomas of Lancaster: Battle of Boroughbridge King Henry VI: Wars of the Roses Kenilworth Castle EH guidebook 22

23 j) The typicality of the site based on a comparison with other similar sites k) What the site reveals about everyday life, attitudes and values in particular periods of history Brandon Castle, Warwickshire: the keep Other castles: the outer defences Lichfield Cathedral: 14 th century chapel Caerphilly Castle, Gwent: water defences Windsor Castle, Berkshire: great hall and apartments The castle had two clearly defined periods of use in its history: the first as a defendable site, the second as a place for amusement and comfort. After its initial destruction in 1650, the site entered a third period where the treatment of the site is more revealing of social attitudes than the actual site itself. Kenilworth Castle EH guidebook Kenilworth Castle EH guidebook l) How the physical remains may prompt questions about the past and how historians frame these as valid historical enquiries Who built it? Who changed it? Who used it? What is it? What changes has it seen? What was it used for? When was it built? When was it changed? When was it used? Why was it built? Why was it changed? Why was it used? How was it built? How was it changed? How was it used? How much did it cost to build/change? Where was it built? Where was it changed? Where did the people come from who used it? m) How the physical remains can inform artistic reconstructions and other interpretations of the site The use of other comparative sites is highly beneficial in understanding the missing architecture and décor from site; however, remaining structures can give a good idea shapes and sometimes relative sizes of the buildings. Kenilworth Castle EH guidebook Reconstruction drawings: 23

24 Identifying features and formations in the stone can indicate where certain structures would have been located (eg. fireplaces; slots for the portcullis; corbels for floor/ceiling beams, etc.). The Elizabethan fireplace and wood fittings in Leicester s Gatehouse were originally located elsewhere on site. Working out where best these items may have fit on site using size, decoration and markings, can help develop a picture of a room. Sketches, engravings and paintings, along with written descriptions of the site in different time periods can be used to piece together what the site might have looked like in the past. castle-amp-elizabethangarden/portico/ /kenilworthreconstruction- 1420?w=640&mode=none&scale=downscale &quality=60&anchor=middlecenter ?w=640&mode=none&scale=downscale &quality=60&anchor=middlecenter ale&quality=60&anchor=middlecenter n) The challenges and benefits of studying the historic environment Benefits Gives a sense of place, well-being and cultural identity Visit to the site 24

25 Defines and enhances a connection of people to a place, such as regional and local distinctiveness Stimulating and life-enhancing way to engage with history Challenges Difficult to interpret due to lack of sources and evidence Different interpretations of the same site Lack of written sources and physical evidence 25

26 Stonehenge Criteria a) The reasons for the location of the site within its surroundings Specifics about the site in relation to this criteria 1. The reason for choosing this site is unknown. 2. It was an open landscape with very little woodland around providing an opportunity to construct a stone monument Sources that can be used with this criteria Darvill, T, Stonehenge: Biography of a Landscape (Stroud, 2006) English Heritage guidebook (2013) b) When and why people first created the site 1. First evidence of people using the landscape was during the Mesolithic period where Mesolithic posts were found to the north-west of Stonehenge 2. The landscape came more in use during the early and late Neolithic period when different monuments were being created such as the cursus, avenue and different phases of Stonehenge monument was being built. 3. The reason why some of these monuments were being built is still unknown. However, the avenue was built as a procession to the Stonehenge monument. For Stonehenge itself the leading theory is that it was used as a calendar, showing the longest and shortest days of the year. English Heritage guidebook (2013) Richards, J, Stonehenge: The Story So Far, revised edn (English Heritage, London, 2013) 26

27 c) The ways in which the site has changed over time d) How the site has been used throughout its history Before Stonehenge was built 1. Mesolithic postholes, evidence that timber post were placed here. 2. Stonehenge Cursus, an enclosed earthwork which has a bank and ditch which is 1.7miles long. 3. Winterbourne Stoke Long Barrow contained ancestral tombs covered in white chalk. At the time of Stonehenge 1. Stonehenge was built and went through four different phases with sarsen stones arriving and rearranging the stone circle 2. Durrington Walls, a huge enclosure of chalk and timber was 2 miles away from Stonehenge. Evidence of people living and feasting there. 3. Woodhenge, a timber circle found south of Durrington Walls After Stonehenge was built 1. Barrows, are Bronze Age burial mounds of a variety of shapes and sizes containing human remains and artefacts. 1. Stonehenge was in construction and in use from 6000BC to 1500BC 2. Roman and medieval: It ceased to be a living temple but evidence was shown that Romans were at the site visiting and medieval literature exists which explores the myths of why it was built. Stonehenge Visitor Centre English Heritage Guidebook (2013) English Heritage Stonehenge website: English Heritage Guidebook (2013) 27

28 e) The diversity of activities and people associated with the site th -19 th Century antiquarians researching how and why Stonehenge was built Stonehenge was formally recognised as a national importance the British Arming carried out artillery exercises next the monument this continues until a charge to visit Stonehenge came into force to raise money for its up keep 7. Modern investigations took place in 1950s and in Activities associated with the site Was used as a temple for a variety of reasons The idea that no one knows why Stonehenge was built Used for celebrating the longest and shortest day of the year People associated with the site Inigo Jones John Aubrey William Stukeley William Cunnington Professor William Gowland Professor Richard Atkinson Professor Mike Parker Pearson English Heritage Guidebook (2013) Salisbury Museum Wiltshire Museum Parker Pearson, M, Stonehenge: Exploring the Greatest Stone Age Mystery (London, 2012) 28

29 f) The reasons for changes to the site and to the way it was used During the time Stonehenge was built A lot of evidence to show that people were constructing and living around the Stonehenge landscape 1883 onwards 1883 Recognised as national importance 1901 Stonehenge had an entrance fee to restore the monument Given to the nation in visitors were no longer allowed to walk in the stone circle due to conservation reasons 2000 onwards English Heritage provides free open access four times a year. English Heritage Guidebook (2013) g) Significant times in the site s past: peak activity, major developments, turning points 6000BC Mesolithic post holes 4000BC first pottery in Britain 3500BC Long barrows in the Stonehenge Landscape 3400BC Cursus was built 3000BC the first phase of Stonehenge was built 2700BC Grooved Ware pottery came to Stonehenge 2500BC Second phase of Stonehenge was built, the stone circle was erected. Woodhenge was built and a settlement was living at Durrington Walls 2400BC Beaker pottery came to Stonehenge 2300BC the avenue was built English Heritage Guidebook (2013) Stonehenge Visitor Centre 29

30 2200BC the bluestones were rearranged at the moment BC Bronze Age barrows were built in the landscape 1700BC Bronze Age carvings on the stone circle 1130 first written description about Stonehenge 17 th Century first detail study done by Inigo Jones 1666 the first accurate drawing of the monument done by John Aubrey. 18 th and 19 th Century further investigation took place and this is where William Stukeley theory that it was a druids temple became known was formally recognised as a national importance 1901 charge to visit Stonehenge 1 st World War the area used for military training 1918 Stonehenge was given to the nation by Cecil Cubb 1919 Restoration work was carried out on Stonehenge 1986 Stonehenge became a World Heritage Site 2008 most recent excavation work carried out at Stonehenge 2016 fourth phase, how Stonehenge looks today. 30

31 h) The significance of specific features in the physical remains at the site Stonehenge- was built in stages from 3000 BC to about 2300 BC, a prehistoric temple aligning with the movements of the sun. Avenue- a manmade bank and ditch which was used as a procession to the Stonehenge monument from the river Avon King Barrows Ridge These barrows, none fully excavated, are on a prominent ridge on either side of the earlier Avenue with a clear line of sight to Stonehenge. Cursus- an enclosed earthwork which has a bank and ditch which is 1.7miles long. Durrington Walls -is an enormous circular henge over 400m across. It contained at least two timber monuments and was once a large settlement. English Heritage Stonehenge website: English Heritage Guidebook (2013) Historic England archives: i) The importance of the whole site either locally or nationally, as appropriate j) The typicality of the site based on a comparison with other similar sites Locally It is one of the key features in the Wiltshire landscape. Nationally It is a World Heritage Site; it is the only stone circle in the world that has been carved into shape. Similarities A stone circle Built around the same time as other World Heritage Site website World Heritage Site Stonehenge and Avebury website 31

32 stone circles across the UK Tourist site Differences It is the only stone circle carved into shape Only stone circle containing sarsen stones and bluestones Similarities with Avebury Both at in the Wiltshire landscape Both have an avenue approaching the stone circle Both have Sarsen stones k) What the site reveals about everyday life, attitudes and values in particular periods of history 1. Neolithic and Bronze Age- How important the site is, how they lived and what they valued. 2. Roman and Medieval- Not knowing what the monument is and willing to vandalise the stone circle th Century- the introduction into early archaeology and how history was researched th Century- land used for military training each was needed to support our country th and 21 st Century the importance in conserving the monument which is 5,500 years old. English Heritage Guidebook (2013) l) How the physical remains may prompt Who built it? 32

33 questions about the past and how historians frame these as valid historical enquiries m) How the physical remains can inform artistic reconstructions and other interpretations of the site n) The challenges and benefits of studying the historic environment How was it built? How did the stones get there? Why was it changed over time? Why was it so important? Who used it? What changes has it seen? What was it used for? When was it built? Why was it built? Why was it used? Where was it built? Where did the people come from to build it? As we do not know why it was built it has been open up to a lot of interpretation through its history from early written documentation to Victorian souvenirs to comic books. Benefits: It is one of the most iconic sites in Britain It enhances our connection to our ancestors in the Neolithic and Bronze Age periods. Stimulates interpretation to how and why it was built. Challenges: Difficult to interpret due to lack of sources and evidence Not knowing the reasons why it was built Historic England archives 33

34 Scarborough Castle Criteria Specifics about the site in relation to this criteria Sources that can be used with this criteria a) The reasons for the location of the site within its surroundings Scarborough Castle is located on a promontory projecting into the North Sea. The Diamond shaped plateau has sheer cliffs on three sides and is only accessible via a narrow strip of land from the western side. To the south there is a sheltered harbour with a sandy shore suitable for harbourage. Scarborough Castle sits at the western end of the plateau overlooking the narrow approach. Its sitting commands the local landscape and offers protection to the coastal landing areas both north and south of the headland Ordinance Survey maps highlights the sites imposing topography and sheltered anchorages b) When and why people first created the site The Castle was built in 1159 by Henry II. After gaining the throne in 1154 he ordered the return of all royal castles. Scarborough had an earlier castle built on site by William le Gros (1130 s) which stood atop a Royal Manor. Scarborough Castle s strong defensive location made it ideal for keeping the peace and administering the King s rule in the North. The geography of the site meant any attacking force had to approach from the western side along a narrow strip of easily defended land. This gave the defenders on site a huge advantage as any attacking force was funnelled and concentrated to one point. The quantity of bronze age tools and weapons excavation on the site suggests that this area has been used as a defensive location since the The Pipe Rolls Chancery Rolls Archaeological evidence on display at the Scarborough Castle Museum, Scarborough Museums trust and British Museum. 34

35 prehistoric period. c) The ways in which the site has changed over time The Keep and curtain wall between the inner and outer bailey were constructed between The western wall of the inner bailey was built between and most likely replaced an earlier wooden palisade wall. Large scale development happened on site during King John s reign with the outer bailey curtain wall being constructed with its towers and sally port. During this period the Kitchen, King s hall, and Chamber block were also constructed. King Henry III continued his father s work on the castle and between 1243 and 1245 he strengthened the fortified entrance to the castle. He did this by adding a double drawbridge tower seen today in ruinous state on entrance to the castle grounds. In 1645 the Keep was made ruinous after three days bombardment during the Civil War. Despite this the site remained garrisoned until the 20 th Century. The Master Gunner s House was probably converted during the early 18 th century and now acts as the English heritage Café and Exhibition space. Following the Jacobite rebellion in 1745 new garrison quarters were built on the site of King John s Chamber block. These were later removed following severe damage by German shelling in In 1984 the Castle passed from the Ministry of Works to the care of English heritage and has subsequently had an admissions and shop area built in the barbican area. A toilet block has also been constructed National Archive Catalogue: The survey of the castle made in 1538 (TNA, E 36/159), reproduced in A Rowntree (ed), The History of Scarborough (London, 1931), Plans made in the 1740s (WORKS 31/ ; see illustration above) Historic England Archive and online catalogue. 35

36 in the outer bailey. d) How the site has been used throughout its history First evidence of human activity on the promontory comes in the prehistoric period. Bronze Age Beaker pottery 2,100-1,600BC has been found on site. Bonze axes, a bronze sword and pottery evidence suggests occupation on the site during two phases in about 800BC and 500BC. The headland is home to the remains of a 4 th Century Roman signal station. This location was later used as a Chapel and Cemetery circa The first Castle built on the site was believed to have been constructed in the 1130 s with the current keep replacing it in The site maintained its role as a defensive structure and continued to be garrisoned until 1920 when it was taken into state guardianship by the Ministry of Works. In 1984 the property was put in the care of English Heritage and now acts as a popular visitor attraction hosting historical family and educational events. Archaeological evidence on display at the Scarborough Castle Museum, Scarborough Museums trust and British Museum. Artefact images available online through English heritage Scarborough Castle web page. e) The diversity of activities and people associated with the site Activities associated with the site - Siege - Royal administration - Tourist attraction - Family orientated historical events - Educational visits location 36

37 People associated with the site - William le Gros - King Henry II - King John - King Henry III - King Edward I - Piers Gaveston - Richard III - Sir Ralph Eure - Thomas Stafford - Queen Elizabeth I - King James I - Sir John Meldrum - Sir Hugh Cholmley - George Fox f) The reasons for changes to the site and to the way it was used - The site has had multiple building phases as it developed as a defensive structure - The partial collapse of the Keep in 1645 moved the defensive focus to the barrack blocks within the bailey - With the change over from defensive use to tourism, the site has had a toilet block and admission and shop area constructed. The Master Gunners house has been converted into a café and exhibition space. Historic England Archive and online catalogue g) Significant times in the site s past: peak activity, major developments, turning points BC, First evidence of people on site location BC, First period of known prehistoric occupation on site location BC, Second period of known prehistoric occupation on site location - 4 th Century AD, Archaeological evidence of farming settlement in T Pearson Scarborough: A History (Chichester 2009) J Binns A Place of Great Importance: Scarborough in the civil Wars (Lancaster 37

38 location of current town beneath the headland - Late 4 th Century AD, Roman signal tower with fortified wall and ditch erected on the headland - Circa 1000, The headland has a Chapel and Cemetery constructed by the site of the Roman Signal Tower , Possible use of headland by Harold Hardrada to raze the settlement at Scarborough s, William le Gros builds the first castle on the site and is made Earl of York by King Stephen , Henry II begins work on the Keep , King John begins to develop the site as a major Royal castle in Yorkshire , Scarborough is used as a bargaining counter in the peace arrangements between Henry III and his Barons , 1280, Edward I holds court and council at the castle , Piers Gaveston is besieged and captured , Richard III is the last Monarch to stay at the castle , the castle is held for the King by Sir Ralph Eure against siege during the Pilgrimage of Grace , Thomas Stafford captures the castle and declares himself Protector of the Realm. The castle is retaken in six days , Elizabeth I garrisons the castle in response to the Northern Rising , James I unifies the Crowns of England and Scotland leading to Scarborough castle being parcelled out to the Thompsons , Lord Fairfax s Lieutenant-General Sir John Meldrum begins the siege of Scarborough. The Keep is partially destroyed after three days cannon bombardment July 25 th, Sir Hugh Cholmley surrenders , the first record of a Master Gunner living at Scarborough Castle , George Fox the founder of the Society of Friends is imprisoned in Cockhyll Tower on the site 1996) J Goodall English Heritage Guidebooks, Scarborough Castle 38

39 - 1688, The castle was seized by the Earl of Danby on behalf of the Prince of Orange , Barrack blocks built in the Kings Chamber Block , railway to Scarborough opens and transforms area into a tourist destination , the castle and town are extensively shelled by German warships , the site is taken into state guardianship by the Ministry of Works. - In 1984 the property was put in the care of English Heritage and now acts as a popular visitor attraction hosting historical family and educational events. h) The significance of specific features in the physical remains at the site Keep - As in the past, visitors to the keep have to walk in a clockwise circuit of the structure to gain entry, forcing visitors to see the entirety of the structure before entering. - Exterior window size changes depending on the room function and height. Lower more accessible windows into the storage area are narrow slit windows. Higher domestic chambers have twin openings divided by columns. These are round arched and get larger the higher up the keep. - Within the Keep the floor and room structure can be imagined using the doors, windows and fireplaces to piece together the original layout - The size and dominant location of the Keep demonstrate its significance as a defensive structure overlooking the western approach to the plateau. Barbican - Fortified bridge with two drawbridges and two portcullis - Multi period tower construction highlighting the locations most 39

40 accessible point to the plateau and the need to develop defensive structure with military advancement King John s Chamber Block - The remains of the 13 th Century Chamber block are located next to the curtain wall. - As a Royal Castle it was common to have a Great hall and Chamber Block built within the Bailey despite the presence of the Keep. - Referred to as the Queen s Chamber in 1361 it is recorded as being in ruin by the 1538 survey. - Converted in 1745 to a Barrack Block this feature was removed in 1914 after German shelling and all that remains is some brick work still attached to the curtain wall. - The physical remains of this feature show the significance of the site and how its structure and use has been changed over time. i) The importance of the whole site either locally or nationally, as appropriate - Royal Castle from Significant involvement in the English Civil War s The Castle and Spa Town become desirable tourist location - WWI propaganda after the German shelling in Iconic landmark of the Yorkshire country side J Binns A Place of Great Importance: Scarborough in the civil Wars (Lancaster 1996) j) The typicality of the site based on a comparison with other similar sites Keep - The tower is one in a long tradition of similar castle buildings that developed in England after the Norman Conquest. - The tower compares in planning and technical details to three earlier great towers at Bungay, Walden and Castle Hedingham, all in East Anglia. This suggests the mason involved at Scarborough may have worked in this area. - Its ruinous state due to the Civil War is comparable to other sites like Helmsley Castle. J Goodall The English Castle (New Haven and London 2011) 40

41 Curtain Wall - Similar nationally in size and structure to other 13 th Century walls - Different due to the sites topography as the walls do not fully encompass the Outer Baliey Master Gunners House - Typical example of 19 th Century structure. Similar examples at Carlisle, Walmer and Dover Castles. k) What the site reveals about everyday life, attitudes and values in particular periods of history Royal Castle - The strong defensive location made it ideal for keeping the peace and administering the King s rule in the North. - The geography of the site meant any attacking force had to approach from the western side along a narrow strip of easily defended land. This gave the defenders on site a huge advantage as any attacking force was funnelled and concentrated to one point. This highlights the Crown s need for physical defence against both national and international threats. - The keep was constructed as much for it defensive function as it was for its political statement. - Royal power was displayed by its grandeur and size. - Its location insured it dominated the landscape for miles around. Tourism - In the 1660s the Castle and Spa Town became a desirable tourist location for the healing properties of the water. - In the 1730s Scarborough became a popular site for sea bathing for health and leisure. Men were taken out by boat and swam naked while women were brought into the water by bathing machines - The railway in 1845 opened Scarborough to mass tourism and became a popular holiday resort Painting: Holiday makers on Scarborough Beach c1776 T. Ramsay The Spa, a plate from The Poetical Sketches of Scarborough, 1813, by Papworth, Wranham and Combe 41