ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE YUGOSLAV

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ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE* BY A IVANIC London, January 0th he result of the census of Southern Slavs taken in 93 was made known lately in various official publications of the Yugoslav

purpose the official figures must be supplemented by the results Shown by reliable ethnographic research For the official statistics group no less than five racial elements Serbs, Croats, Bui gars,

arch, 93 Yugoslavia had 3934,494 inhabi tants The bulk of the population, according to the official statistics, were,,s erb o -C ro a ts", numbering 0769320 souls (7 7 2 9 % ) The second largest

1 ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE* BY A IVANIC London, January 0th he result of the census of Southern Slavs taken in 93 was made known lately in various official publications of the Yugoslav State It is interesting to examine these figures more closely, in order to obtain a clear picture of the composition of the population of an ethnically composite European State O f course, for this purpose the official figures must be supplemented by the results Shown by reliable ethnographic research For the official statistics group no less than five racial elements Serbs, Croats, Bui gars, Montenegrins and M oham m edans under the one heading of "S erb o -C ro a ts ; but the ethnical structure of the State will not be apparent until we examine these various groups separately On 3st M arch, 93 Yugoslavia had 3934,494 inhabi tants The bulk of the population, according to the official statistics, were,,s erb o -C ro a ts", numbering souls ( % ) The second largest group was that of the Slovenes, souls ( 8 3 % ), who because they posses a re cognized language of their own, were entered as a separate group The three staple elements of the State together numbered ( % ), the recognized linguistic minorities being estimated at souls ( % ) The strongest denominations in the State are the T * W e publish the above essay by this Slav author with the comment that in our opinion in some places he neglects, at the expense of the Hungarian and German minorities in Yugoslavia, to give due considera tion to certain methods employed by the Yugoslav census (name and racial analysis and other devices) or to the factor of natural increase W e compute that the number of souls belonging to those two minorities must be at least more than his figures 5

DANUBIAN REVIEW Orthodox (Oriental) Church, with 6793074 members, the Roman Catholic Church numbering 528442, the M oham medan Church 558505 members The rest are of much sm aller significance

m ay be distinguished from one another is their religion, with which in the mixed areas the linguistic frontier and national consciousness roughly speaking coincide It is unquestionable that the

ts" there are some who are M oham m edans They m ay be divided into two groups The larger, belonging to BosniaHerzegovina, numbers 73539, the smaller, inhabitants of the old Sanjak N ovi Bazar and

2 DANUBIAN REVIEW Orthodox (Oriental) Church, with members, the Roman Catholic Church numbering , the M oham medan Church members The rest are of much sm aller significance numerically, the Lutherans numbering 79774, the Calvinists 59739, the Jews 6895 and the Greek Catholics The criterion by which Croats and Serbs, who figure together in the official statistics, m ay be distinguished from one another is their religion, with which in the mixed areas the linguistic frontier and national consciousness roughly speaking coincide It is unquestionable that the Roman Catholic Serbo-C roats are Croats and the adherents of the Oriental Church, Serbs Exceptions to this rule, even today, are m erely sporadic Besides the Rom an Catholic and Orthodox SerboC ro a ts" there are some who are M oham m edans They m ay be divided into two groups The larger, belonging to BosniaHerzegovina, numbers 73539, the smaller, inhabitants of the old Sanjak N ovi Bazar and certain districts of Macedonia, some souls Beside there, are Albanian and Turkish M oham m edans These figures have been arrived at by deducting the number of Turks and Armenians from the aggregate number of M oham m edans In respect of extraction, language, customs and a lively national conscious ness the M oham m edans of Bosnia-Herzegovina are Croats They are the descendants of the anti-catholic sect of Croatian Patareenes who formed their organization in the Croato-Bosnian State in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and, after the collapse thereof, went over bodily to Islam They speak an ancient C roato-ikavian dialect, also spoken by the Catholic Croats in Bosnia, Dalm atia and the greater part of Slavonia, but nowhere by Serbs, this being the language in which alm ost all old Croat, Catholic and Patareen writings are written The conclusion is that the Catholics and M oham m edans of Bosnia belong to the same ethnic plasm, to a linguistic group stretching from the A driatic to the Drave, unbroken except in a few places where inroads have been m ade by an Orthodox population speeking another dialect Even modern M ohammedan literature in Bosnia-Herzegovina is generally written in the 6

ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE Croat language, and Croat national feeling is deeply rooted in the M oham m edan leading classes of that part The situation is different in the case of the M

not being Serb so definitely bound up with the question of m an s persuasion owing to the surpassing im portance of the O rthodox faith as the State religion But neither do they consider them selves

3 ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE Croat language, and Croat national feeling is deeply rooted in the M oham m edan leading classes of that part The situation is different in the case of the M oham medans of N ovi Bazar T hey never were C roats; they settled outside the Croatian ethnic area; and it is not likely that they will ever become Croats They might best be classed as Serbs, were not being Serb so definitely bound up with the question of m an s persuasion owing to the surpassing im portance of the O rthodox faith as the State religion But neither do they consider them selves Serbs, nor are they regarded as such by the Serbs among whom they live The Serbs call them Turks, although they cannot speak the Turkish language It is therefore best to classify them as a separate group, as Slav M oham m edans If the boundary dividing the Croats from the Serbs is one of religion, that separating Serbs and M ontenegrins is one of territory The M ontenegrins speak the Croat dialect, but they use Cyril letters and are, like the Serbs, members of the Orthodox Church They were form ed into a separate people during the centuries of their existence, after an initial oscillation between Croats and Serbs (Till the eleventh century Montenegro, known as R ed Croatia was part of Croatia; from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century it belonged to Serbia) This people settled in the territories which from 878 at least form ed a constituent part of the Montenegrin State The ethnic frontier between Serbs and Bulgars is above all a linguistic frontier, for the Bulgars and the M acedobulgars in Yugoslavia do not speak Serbian but Bulgarian Since 93, however, the Serb administration has denied the existence of a Bulgar racial group in the Serb State and so in the latest statistics the number of Bulgars in Y u go slavia was alleged to be only 699 Even in the old B ulga rian districts of Caribrod and Basiligrad, which were detached from Bulgaria in 99, according to Serb statistics there are only a few dozen B ulgars; all the rest have become Serbs N aturally with this manipulation of the official statistics the great racial group of B ulgaro-m acedonians in Yugoslavia has not vanished off the face of the earth A ll geographers agree that the ethnic frontier between the Serbs 7

DANUBIAN REVIEW and Bulgars m ay be roughly drawn by a line from Knjazevac to Goliak This would be the nearest approach to accuracy But we must not lose sight of the fact that an extensive pro cess

-C ro a ts", we shall find that the nationality distribution of the population of Yugoslavia is as follow s: Serbs Croats B u l g a r s Slovenes Germans A l b a n i a n s Magyars Montenegrins, Slav

230,98 34,270 32,92 7,495 64,909 52,23 36,60 30,867 22,559 3,280 9,37 8,637 4,524 3708% 2888 /o 832% 790 /o 358 /o 343% 335 /o 75 / 72% 096% 095% 3,934,494 It follow s that no race in Yugoslavia can

4 DANUBIAN REVIEW and Bulgars m ay be roughly drawn by a line from Knjazevac to Goliak This would be the nearest approach to accuracy But we must not lose sight of the fact that an extensive pro cess of Serbization has been going on in the territories that have been under Serb sovereignty since 878 If we separate the several peoples falsely grouped together under the fictive heading of "S e rb o -C ro a ts", we shall find that the nationality distribution of the population of Yugoslavia is as follow s: Serbs Croats B u l g a r s Slovenes Germans A l b a n i a n s Magyars Montenegrins, Slav Mohammedans Rumanians Turks Slovaks G i p s i e s Czechs Russians Ukrainians Spanish Jews Greeks I t a l i a n s Poles Others Total: 5,67,35 4,009,983,65,49,0, , , , , ,98 34,270 32,92 7,495 64,909 52,23 36,60 30,867 22,559 3,280 9,37 8,637 4, % 2888 /o 832% 790 /o 358 /o 343% 335 /o 75 / 72% 096% 095% 3,934,494 It follow s that no race in Yugoslavia can claim an absolute m ajority; the Serbs lack about 3 % more and the Croats 2 % Even if we add any other group except the Croats to the number of Serbs they still would fail to represent an absolute m ajority The aggregate number of Croats and Slovenes or of Croats and Bulgars approximates that of the Serbs Supposing that as is really the case we regard the Serbs as the only staple element of the state, w e find 8

Ethnographical Map of Yugoslavia according to

5 Ethnographical Map of Yugoslavia according to the official census of 93, based on the absolut or relative majority of the several nationalities in the administrative districts ill Serbo-W lachs mm Croats C Z I M acedo-bttlgars mm WM '/XA Slovenes Hungarians Albanians Germans M ontenegrins Slav Mohammedans mm mm ii m iiiii'ii;ria ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE Serbs

DANUBIAN REVIEW that the other 8767,43 souls noting that the which is not roughly 65,000 nations and racial groups together number or 6 2 9 2 % of the total population It is worth ethnic group of

consists of two parts: the larger, Central European and m ostly Catholic, was until 98 a constituent part of the Austro-H ungarian M onarchy; the smaller, Orthodox and Balkan, is the territory upon

2 3 4 2% 658 /o 530 /o 2,843 8,725 50,770 543,350 4,900 83%> 44 /o 83 /o 3%> e o' 00 6 5 6 7 8 Serbia Croatia Bosnia Macedonia and the Sanjak The Voivodina Slovenia Dalmatia Montenegro Total Serbs

6 DANUBIAN REVIEW that the other 8767,43 souls noting that the which is not roughly 65,000 nations and racial groups together number or % of the total population It is worth ethnic group of Bulgars and M acedo-bulgars recognized by the Administration, numbers souls more than that of the Slovenes V iew ed from a geo-political, cultural and historical angle Yugoslavia! consists of two parts: the larger, Central European and m ostly Catholic, was until 98 a constituent part of the Austro-H ungarian M onarchy; the smaller, Orthodox and Balkan, is the territory upon which until 99 the independent States of Serbia and Montenegro existed The number of the inhabitants in the historical parts, and the distribution of Serbs and Croats there, are as fol low s: Croats % 658 /o 530 /o 2,843 8,725 50, ,350 4,900 83%> 44 /o 83 /o 3%> e o' Serbia Croatia Bosnia Macedonia and the Sanjak The Voivodina Slovenia Dalmatia Montenegro Total Serbs 36,382 2,005,0,237,874 2,63, ,96,024, /o 232% 442%i 3,208,602 3,048,46 2,326,38 70, ,792 5,33 6,257 52,92 0% 323"/o 05% 74% 2 /o,678,083,423,34,44, , ,82 P resent-day statistics take no account of separate historica provinces The author of this article obtained his figures by examining the census of the population in the districts which in 92 belonged to those countries The Serbs are an absolute m ajority in one historical province Serbia and a relative m ajority in another the Voivodina The Croats form an absolute m ajority in three historical provinces (Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and D a lm a tia ) The Bulgars, Slovenes and Montenegrins form an absolute m ajority each in one province Since the arbitrary reorganisantion of the Banates in 929 the Serbs form ab solute m ajority in four (the M orava, Danube, Drina and Vrbas Banates), the Croats in two (the Save Banate and the 0

ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE Littoral) and the Slovenes, Montenegrins and Bui gars each in one In Serbia (about the year 93) the strongest ethnic group after the Serbs were the Bulgars,

statistics are to be believed, the R um ano-a rom un ethnic group in Serbia is rapidly disappearing, for their number, which in 92 was 43000, was ten years later alleged to be only 50000 In Croatia

and Banija in the east) This is followed by the Germ an and M agyar racial groups, who live m ostly in sporadic settlem ents in East Slavonia and Syrmia Other ethnic groups Slovaks, Czech, etc are of

7 ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE Littoral) and the Slovenes, Montenegrins and Bui gars each in one In Serbia (about the year 93) the strongest ethnic group after the Serbs were the Bulgars, numbering souls ( 2 5 % ) Then follow ed the Rumanians at the bend of the Danube and on the lower Timok, especially in the districts of B oljevac, K lju c, K rajina and Negotia If official statistics are to be believed, the R um ano-a rom un ethnic group in Serbia is rapidly disappearing, for their number, which in 92 was 43000, was ten years later alleged to be only In Croatia the second strongest ethnic group after the Croats are the Serbs, who are settled m ainly in the ten dis tricts of East Syrm ia and in ten districts of N o rth -W e st Croatia (also in Lika, K ordun and Banija in the east) This is followed by the Germ an and M agyar racial groups, who live m ostly in sporadic settlem ents in East Slavonia and Syrmia Other ethnic groups Slovaks, Czech, etc are of little importance In B osnia-h erzegovina the C roats are an absolute majority ( 5 3 % ) This group consists of M oham m edan Croats (76,539 souls or % of the total population) and Catholics (52,220 or % ) The Croats inhabit the eastern part, which is predominantly M oham m edan, the m iddle, which is M oham m edan and Catholic, and the South, which is Catholic The north-west is inhabited m ostly by Serbs Besides the Croats and Serbs traces of other racial groups are also to be found The former provinces of M acedonia and the Sanjak, with Novi Bazar, which have lately been given the name of South Serbia, are very m ixed ethnically, so that no racial group therein forms an absolute m ajority T he m ost numerous are the Bulgars, with 758,900 souls (4 5 3 % ), then the Albanians with about 40 0,000 ( % ) The Serbs are a minority of 2 % in South Serbia, while the Turks do not number more than some 30,000 or 7 7 % A pendant to this very m ixed nationality zone in the south of Yugoslavia is the so-called Voivodina in the north, which consists of parts of the Hungarian counties of T o rontal, Tem es, Bacs and Baranya In this part the Serbs do

DANUBIAN REVIEW not constitute even one third of the population The popula tion of Serbs has risen considerably since the census of 92, so that it is now 3 2 % larger than then In so far as this

ixed zones The number of people belonging to other ethnic groups in the Voivodina if we are to credit the official census figures has declined The M agyar population, for instance, decreased betw enn

8 DANUBIAN REVIEW not constitute even one third of the population The popula tion of Serbs has risen considerably since the census of 92, so that it is now 3 2 % larger than then In so far as this difference is not to be ascribed to arbitrary census methods, it is the result of Serb colonizing policy and has arisen through the settlem ent of Serb colonists in purely M agyar or distinctly m ixed zones The number of people belonging to other ethnic groups in the Voivodina if we are to credit the official census figures has declined The M agyar population, for instance, decreased betw enn 92 and 93 from 3 8 2,00 0 (2 7 7 % ) to 378,459 (2 6 6 % ), the G erm an from 32 8,000 (2 3 7 % ) to 309,508 (2 7 % ), while the number of Rumanians also declined from 74,000 to roughly The percentage of Croats has remained stationary during the last ten years Ethnically the purest of Yugoslavia's provinces is Slovenia, in which the Slovenes constitute 9 4 % of the population The rest of the inhabitants consist of Croats, G erm ans (28998) and M agyars in Prekom urje (796, 92: 4897) Dalmatia is the m ost purely Croatian of all the pro vinces ( 8 3 % ) The percentage of Croats here corresponds to the percentage of Serbs in p re -W a r Serbia The Serbs in D alm atia live in tw o of the northern districts, Knin and Benkovac, and in the south of the K otor district The Italians number 2000 Y ugoslavia s sm allest historical province M ontenegro is ethnically a very m ixed area The Montenegrins con stitute % of the population Then follow the Albanians, in number, Serbs and finally Slav M oham medans Serbia, enlarged by the addition of the Bulgarian districts of Basiligrad, Caribrod and Struma, has 4, inhabitants 280,96 of whom are Serbs (5 7 2 % ), 58,950 M acedo-b ulgars ( % ), Albanians (9 % ) and Turks ( 2 5 % ) This shows that even before the great W a r Serbia was not a national State, but a State with a very m ixed population The percentage of Serbs in Serbia after the Balkan war was about the same as that of M a gyars in p r e -W a r H ungary ( % ), whose dismemberment 2

ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE was demanded by the Serbs in the name of the nationality principle and actually carried out on that basis The three provinces, Croatia, B osnia-h erzegovina

before 98 belonged to Hungary proper (without Croatia and Slavonia), contain 6,0835 inhabitants O f these 3,8830 (6 2 8 % ) are Croats The Serb minority represent 3 0 3 % The C roat m ajority is

Slovenes Montenegrins Albanians Magyars Germans Slav Mohammedans Rumanians Absolute majority in Relative majority in Total 27 3 43 28 0 8 5 3 3 9 4 46 7 44 28 0 5 8 7 3 39 379 7 3 4 340 It is only by

9 ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE was demanded by the Serbs in the name of the nationality principle and actually carried out on that basis The three provinces, Croatia, B osnia-h erzegovina and Dalmatia, in which the Croats are an absolute m ajority and which form the historical and political territory of Croatia, together with the district o f D o ln je Lendava (A ls o Lendva), which before 98 belonged to Hungary proper (without Croatia and Slavonia), contain 6,0835 inhabitants O f these 3,8830 (6 2 8 % ) are Croats The Serb minority represent % The C roat m ajority is therefore larger than that of the Serbs in the Serbia of 94 In the 379 administrative districts and towns of Y u go slavia the various nationalities are distributed as follow s: Serbs Croats Bulgars Slovenes Montenegrins Albanians Magyars Germans Slav Mohammedans Rumanians Absolute majority in Relative majority in Total It is only by examining the distribution of the nationalities in the different districts that we are able to form correct opinion of the situation and of the frontiers o f the various ethnic groups in Yugoslavia Even the historical provinces give us no satisfactory information on the subject, to say nothing of the impossible structure of the new Banates from a geographical, political and ethnographic point of view In the term inology of modern ethnography an ethnic body consists of the closed settlem ent area on which an ethnic group, a people, lives as a national m ajority in unbroken geographic continuity Such an ethnic entity may also comprise larger or smaller enclaves of people of another race W h a t is important is that the latter must have 3

DANUBIAN REVIEW no connecting links with their own racial kin, but form real islands in an alien ethnic area The closed settlem ent areas of the various peoples in Yugoslavia are as follow s: Croat

4,08,797 3,228,35,539,366,57,35,06,78,045,703 40,669 24,453 60,76 360,79 255,072 248,794 675 Vo 803% 686% 945% 536% 596% 975% Thus the largest closed ethnic area in Yugoslavia is that of the Croats,

ja Lendava in Prekom jurje (Beyond M ura) districts where the Croats are in a majority and which are connected with the Croat ethnic area O f the total Croat population of Yugoslavia 9 2 % live in

10 DANUBIAN REVIEW no connecting links with their own racial kin, but form real islands in an alien ethnic area The closed settlem ent areas of the various peoples in Yugoslavia are as follow s: Croat settlement area: Serb,, Bulgarian,, Slovene,, ii Magyar Albanian,, Montenegrin,, ii ( ) i ^ v ) i )» i ) ) j Croats: Serbs: Bulgars: Slovenes: Magyars: Albanians: Montenegrins: 5,455,674 3,683,30 4,08,797 3,228,35,539,366,57,35,06,78,045,703 40,669 24,453 60,76 360,79 255, , Vo 803% 686% 945% 536% 596% 975% Thus the largest closed ethnic area in Yugoslavia is that of the Croats, which comprises the whole territory of Croatia, Slavonia, D alm atia and B osnia-h erzegovina, except districts of East Syrm ia, 3 of Bosnia, 5 of Hercegovina and of Dalm atia, the district of D oln ja Lendava in Prekom jurje (Beyond M ura) districts where the Croats are in a majority and which are connected with the Croat ethnic area O f the total Croat population of Yugoslavia 9 2 % live in the enclosed Croat settlem ent area, (3 2 8 % ) of all the Croats in the W o r ld live outside the confines of that area That almost coincides with the number of aliens living in it (3 2 5 % ) By far the greater part of the latter are Serbs (2 6 6 % ), who are settled m ostly in two enclaves The largest Serb enclave lies in the western part of the Croat settlement area and sonsists of 0 districts of N o rth -W est Croatia, 4 districts of W est-b o sn ia and 2 of North D alm atia: in all 26 districts, 25 of which have a Serb m ajority The number of the inhabitants is,7670; of these 723,000 (6 4 7 % ) are Serbs and (3 2 3 % ) Croats This enclave a pronouncedly mountainous region is the farthest removed from the eastern (Szerb) frontier o f the Croat settlement area, from which it is separated by 4

ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE a belt 20 200 kilometres wide It lies nearest to the western (Slovene) frontier of Croatia, which is about 30 kilometres distant This circumstance shows that

Croats and the Turks, during which the Croat population was almost entirely wiped out The depopulated areas were filled by the Turks with V lachs from the M iddle Balkans who were m ostly

character T ill the m iddle of the past century, however, W allachian names prevailed, and it was only later, under the influence of the Serb O rthodox Church, which attended to the cure of souls

11 ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE a belt kilometres wide It lies nearest to the western (Slovene) frontier of Croatia, which is about 30 kilometres distant This circumstance shows that it must have come into being as the result of some extraordinary historical event From the fifteenth to the eighteenth century this territory was the scene of constant guerilla warfare between the Croats and the Turks, during which the Croat population was almost entirely wiped out The depopulated areas were filled by the Turks with V lachs from the M iddle Balkans who were m ostly Rumanianized descendants of the Illyrians and Thracians and the nearest relations to the presentday Rumanians, but who at the time of their im migration to Croatia were already decidedly Slav in character T ill the m iddle of the past century, however, W allachian names prevailed, and it was only later, under the influence of the Serb O rthodox Church, which attended to the cure of souls among them, that those names became Serbized Thus these areas, which a few decades ago were marked as Turco-C roatian on all maps, bear the designa tion "S e r b " only since a com paratively short time A pendant to this large V lacho-serb enclave is the so-called Little W a llachia, which today consists of three districts of Slavonia (Pakrac, Daruvac and Grubisne P o lje ) Here the Serbs have a relative m ajority of (out of a total of 00,65 inhabitants) Little W allach ia arose in the same manner as the other Serb enclave, but the proportion of V lacho-serbs in it is declining rapidly, owing to a natural influx of Croats from the overpopulated west a provess which is also noticeable, though to a sm aller extent, in the larger enclave The nucleus of the Serb ethnic territory consists of 68 districts of old Serbia, where the Serbs constitute a m ajority of over 9 0 % The Serbo-Bulgar ethnic frontier runs along the line of K njazevac, Nish and the G oljak mountains A t G oljak, at the sources of the Jablanica and the Lab, lies a corner inhabited by three peoples, Bulgars, Serbs and Albanians Farther on the Serbo-A lbanian ethnic frontier runs out to the Kopaonik mountains Through a gorge between Kopaonik and G o lija a Serb vein runs in the direc tion of A m selfeld (Rigom ezo), reaching the district of Kosovska Metrovica Farther to the west, south of G olija 5

DANUBIAN REVIEW and the Javor mountains the Serb ethnic area adjoins the Slav M oham m edan and the Serb districts of the East Sanjak; P levlje and B jelop olje, breaking the continuity between the

frontier runs along the river Tara to the confluence of the Tara, Piva and Suljeska; where the historical H um lay, lies a corner inhabited by three peoples, Croats, Serbs and Montenegrins North of

a comparatively straight line northwards and embraces districts of Croat Syrmia (0 with a Serb m ajority) A little to the north of U jvidek (Novisad) it cros ses the Danube and runs in a

12 DANUBIAN REVIEW and the Javor mountains the Serb ethnic area adjoins the Slav M oham m edan and the Serb districts of the East Sanjak; P levlje and B jelop olje, breaking the continuity between the Croat M oham m edans of Bosnia and the Slav M ohammedans of Novi Bazar Thus the Slav M oham m edan districts of the Sanjak touch the A lbanian M oham m edan ethnic area The Serbo-M ontenegrin ethnic frontier runs along the river Tara to the confluence of the Tara, Piva and Suljeska; where the historical H um lay, lies a corner inhabited by three peoples, Croats, Serbs and Montenegrins North of this the Serb ethnic area encroaches in certain places on the old Serbo-Bosnian frontier and embraces three Bosnian districts (Vlasotinci, Srebrenica and B ijeljin a ) From B ijeljina it pro ceeds in a comparatively straight line northwards and embraces districts of Croat Syrmia (0 with a Serb m ajority) A little to the north of U jvidek (Novisad) it cros ses the Danube and runs in a north-easterly direction to Nagybecskerek (V eliky Beckerek) whence it follows the Bega Canal up to the political frontier of the State, together with it bends back to the Danube The only exception in this region is the district of V rsac, in which Rumanians predominate There are 883,906 Serbs ( % ) living outside the Serb ethnic area This number is about the same as that of the Croats outside the Croat ethnic frontier; the difference is that the autochthonous Serb population all live in their own State Besides the two Serb enclaves mentioned in Croatia, there is a third on the frontier between H erzego vina and M ontenegro 39,330 souls of w hom 94,78 are Serbs From the B ulgaro-serbo-a lbanian corner the Bulgarian ethnic frontier runs along the line of the Kan, the Crna, the K ara-b alk an and the Sar mountains, where it reaches the political frontier between Yugoslavia and Albania The Bulgarian ethnic group in Yugoslavia is geographically con nected with Bulgaria, thus forming part of the Bulgarian ethnic body It is m ade up of two unequal parts The one consists of the M acedo-b ulgars (a round 750,000) who first came under the rule of the Serbs in 93, or rather, 99 and whose race-consciousness is very marked The second 6

ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE part consists of the inhabitants of the 8 districts of Southern Serbia which were incorporated in Serbia in 878 In this part, which undoubtedly was once

have therefore reckoned three-fourths of the population (the peasants) as Bulgars and one-fourth as Serbs W ith the exception of the Croat district of D oljna Lendava in the region of the B eyond M

political State of Albania A t the time of Turkish expansion a stream of Albanions poured into the fertile plain of the Metohija from North A lbania, following the valley of the W h ite Drave between

13 ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF THE YUGOSLAV STATE part consists of the inhabitants of the 8 districts of Southern Serbia which were incorporated in Serbia in 878 In this part, which undoubtedly was once purely Bulgarian, an e x tensive work of Serbizing is in p rocess; in particular the upper classes must be considered as com pletely Serbized This has been taken into account in our statistics and we have therefore reckoned three-fourths of the population (the peasants) as Bulgars and one-fourth as Serbs W ith the exception of the Croat district of D oljna Lendava in the region of the B eyond M ura, the Sloven e ethnic area corresponds to the present D rave Banate old Slovenia The Croato-Slovene ethnic frontier has been stationary for centuries The A lbanian ethnic area borders on the political State of Albania A t the time of Turkish expansion a stream of Albanions poured into the fertile plain of the Metohija from North A lbania, following the valley of the W h ite Drave between the Sar mountains and the mountains of Northern Albania, and from thence through the valleys of the Ibar and the Raska to the plain of K ossovo, which in the M iddle A g es was the centre of the Serb State The proportion of Albanians in the population of these parts is particularly great even today The M agyar ethnic area in Yugoslavia borders on Dismembered Hungary and forms part of the M agyar ethnic entity It consists of 5 districts respectively towns with a M agyar m ajority: B acs-t op olya, D j-k an izsa, O -K anizsa, Zenta and the town of Zenta In addition to these there are also 3 districts with a relative M agyar minority: Obecse, Ddrda and Batina Outside of these there are 252,850 M agyars in Yugoslavia, most of whom live in the Voivodina 7 y 2

Bosnia/Herzegovina Religions

Sample Graphs Bosnia/Herzegovina Age Structure 65 years and over 34.56 0-14 years 71.28 15-64 years 254.16 Bosnia/Herzegovina Religions Muslim, 144 Other 36 Protestant 14.4 Orthodox 111.6 Roman Catholic