CLADDING AND FIXING CONFERENCE Luxembourg, 3rd & 4th of September 2014

Transcription

1 CLADDING AND FIXING CONFERENCE Luxembourg, 3rd & 4th of September 2014 Insulation needs Vincent Virgo, IFRC-SRU

2 Definition Source: Wikipedia Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence. Heat flow is an inevitable consequence of contact between objects of differing temperature. Heat transfer Thermal insulation provides a region of insulation in which thermal conduction is reduced or thermal radiation is reflected rather than absorbed by the lower-temperature body. The insulating capability of a material is measured with thermal conductivity (k). Low thermal conductivity is equivalent to high insulating capability (R-value). In thermal engineering, other important properties of insulating materials are product density (ρ) and specific heat capacity (c). Heat transfer from Human body Breathing CONVECTION Forced convection RADIATION EVAPORATION Insulation against CONDUCTION 1/2

3 Roof 30% Walls 25% Thermal bridge 5% Heat loss Ground 7% Source : Pertes thermiques d une habitation à rénover Ventilation + infiltrations Air change rate 20% windows 13% Walls 13% Ground 16% Doors and gabbles 36% Ventilation + infiltrations 35% Source : Component parts of shelter heat loss with no wind Heat loss split for tested shelter, p.77 Emergency shelter for humanitarian relief in cold climates, policy and praxis, P. Manfield (1999) Insulation needs according to external exposures Walls 11% Doors and gabbles 40% Hot & Dry Hot & Humid Temperate Cold Altitude Ground 31% Ventilation + Infiltrations 18% Source : Heat loss split for tested shelter even after normalization to Kosovan ground temperature conditions. Simulation for winter ground conditions, p. 25 Modeling of a cold climate emergency shelter prototype and a comparison with the UN winter tent, P. Manfield (2000) Comparatif des pertes thermiques pour une tente: 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Heat loss split for tested shelter sol ventilation/infiltration Pignons et portes Toiture Simulation for winter ground conditions Attitudes against wind, rain and cold : Complexity and costs implications 1/3

4 Thermal comfort depends from 6 parameters: The metabolism ❼ The Cloths The ambiant air temperature Ta. An ambient temperature of C is desirable, but lower temperatures can be tolerated with warm clothing Source: B Wisner, J Adams (2002), Environmental health in emergencies and disasters - Shelter and Emergency Settlements - Technical aspects, WHO, part II 6.3 p. 87 The average temperature walls Tp. The relative humidity (RH). The air velocity (air velocities generally do not exceed 0.2 m/s) 15 C 1/4

5 % why is it so important? Trends Percentage of tent use Pourcentage d'utilisation Trends Pourcentage Percentage des risques of tent risks climat chaud sec climat chaud humide climat tempéré climat froid climat de montagne Expositions Expositions More the climatic exposure is rigorous and harsh, more occupant health may be affected. 1/5

6 Compl. Tech. Techn. Compl. Climates Answers Impacts Compl. Tech. Techn. Compl. Contexts Global Nepal Afghanistan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Climate Data Mongolia China Iran Lebanon Pakistan Syria Turkey Cold T (max) - T ( C) Préc. (l/m²) Wind $ 0 A / Y A / Y Prot.&Isol. / Prot.&Insul. Altitude Cold T (max) - T ( C) Préc. (l/m²) $ 0 J / D (24h) A / Y Prot.&Isol. / Prot.&Insul. 1/6

7 name Aleppo Diyarbakir Ksara Mashhad Minqin Peshawar Ulaanbaatar Contexts Global Mongolia China Iran Lebanon Pakistan Syria Turkey lat N 36,2 37,9 33,8 36,3 38, ,9 long E 37,2 40,2 35,9 59,6 103,1 71,5 106,8 Alt (m) Aleppo Diyarbakir Jan 5,8 1,2 5 1,6-7,9 10,2-24,5 Feb 7,7 3,9 7,1 5,4-2,7 13,5-19,3 Mar 12 9,1 11,3 10,6 4,4 18,9-7,8 Apr 16,4 13,6 15, ,9 24,3 2,9 May 22 18,9 20,1 21,4 18,2 29,5 10,3 Jun 27,3 26,5 24, ,4 31,3 17,9 Jul 29,9 31, ,1 20 Aug 29,4 30,4 26,2 26,8 22, ,3 Sept 25,7 24, ,9 16,5 27,1 10,2 Oct 20, ,5 16,1 9,6 22,5-0,6 Nov 12,4 9,1 11,1 9, ,4 Dec 7,2 3,5 6,9 4,1-6,1 11,7-22, Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec = heating period or 9 months Ksara Mashhad Minqin Peshawar Ulaanbatar Heating 1/7

8 Tent characteristics Standard Family Tent Specifications Description Sheet 425 USD Winter kit 310 CHF = 354 USD OUTER Roof, polyester and cotton blended fibers yarns, 350 g/m2 ± 15%) Wall, polyester and cotton blended fibers yarns, 200 g/m2 ± 10%) Mud flap, HDPE laminated both sides with polyethylene, 180 g/m2 ± 5%) INNER Room, polyester and cotton blended fibers yarns, 130 g/m2 ± 10%) Floor, HDPE laminated both sides with polyethylene, 180 g/m2 ± 5%) On request 325 USD FLOOR PROTECTION, heat resistant, for tent heater, 0.5x1m SLEEVE, heat resistant, for tent heater fume pipe, 0.7x0.35m INSULATING FLOOR MAT, aluminized, fleece covered, 0.9x1.8m PARTITION, winterization for the standard Family Tent LINER, winterization for the standard Family Tent, polycotton 130gr 750 USD 1/8

9 Winter kit Specifications Family Tent + winter kit Sdt Family Tent 1/9

10 Statement Thermal infra-red camera Sdt Family Tent Sdt Family Tent + Winterkit Sdt Family Tent Sdt Family Tent + Winter kit 1/1 0

11 Statement Thermal infra-red camera Sdt Tent With Winter kit 1/11

12 Fuel consumption cost Sdt Family Tent Prefab Collective Tent Kw Consumption sdt tent winterkit prefab montana montana+kit conso (Kwh) 17341, , , , ,85 kerosene (liters) , ,31 Charcoal (kg) conso (Kwh) sdt tent winterkit prefab montana montana+kit conso (Kwh) 1/12

13 Results Sdt Family Tent Prefab Collective Tent sdt tent winterkit prefab ferrino ferrino+kit annual cons kerosene lit fuel cost total heating hours heating days average power max power balance cost 1 year: structure winter option fuel cost total /13

14 Results Sdt Family Tent Prefab Collective Tent stove winter option fuel cost structure 0 sdt tent winterkit prefab ferrino ferrino+kit 8KW 125 USD 7,5KW 100 USD 2,5KW 35 USD 20KW 175 USD 12KW 155 USD 1/14

15 Stove? Winter kit Reference Feb 22th 2013 Bekaa Valley Alt = 850m Winter = 4 months (Dec-Mar) with T below 15 C Average T = 6 C FUEL Feb = 3,17 USD / 1 Gallon = 0,84 USD / 1 liter 100 USD = 119 liters = month cons. 119 liters / 30 days = 3,96 liters / day = 3,4 USD / day / shelter 3,96 liters / day = 0,165 liters / h Heat of combustion Kerosene = 9,78 KW/ litr. 0,165 liter/h * 9,78 Kw / litr. Source: World Vision decided to focus on unregistered refugees for the stove distributions because they are amongst the most vulnerable and cannot access formal assistance. Each stove costs about $100 and each family requires about $100 per month in fuel coupons. = 1,61 Kwh Kerosene Heater 8500 BTU = 2,5 Kwh 1/15

16 Needs of : additional specifications + items requested and missing information for thermal modeling Parameters Ref. characteristics Measurement tool Test Description Units 01 Density =ƥ Scale 02 Conductivity =ƛ Thermal Resistance Kg/m3 gr/sqm W/m.K 03 Surface propriety : - Reflection (solar and visible) - Transmission (solar, visible and IR) - Absorption - Emissivity photometry - % (0,00) - % (0,00) - % (0,00) - 04 Specific Heat = Heat capacity Wh/kg.K J/kg.K 05 Air permeability l/m².s new material investigation and studies new investigation on stoves + temperature requirements 15 C 1/16

17 Ongoing & Further developments Synergies 1/17

18 Sun protection Field tests Shade net testing in Burkina Faso temperature observed 01/ Refugee camp Lat: N ❶ Long: W Alt: 287m 02/ IFRC-SRU test site ❷ 01 st Nov until 10 th Nov Note: all the tents were completely closed and the loggers were fixed at the same height (1m) in each tent Burkina Faso SFT Model following the EIC specifications Prototype Shade net option: - HDPE monofilament - Weight = 185 gr/sm - Shade factor = 70 to 80 % - Color = Black Distance following Shelter Center Recommendations Shade net supplier option: - HDPE flat filament - Weight = 85 gr/sm - Shade factor = 80 % - Color = strong green 1/18

19 Sun protection Field tests Shade net testing in Burkina Faso temperature observed temp ext non protégée ( C) temp ext protégée ( C) standard tent / without shade net standard tent / with shade net 1 Prototype (alpinter) standard tent / with shade net 2 Supplier (arrigoni) SFT Model following the EIC specifications Prototype Shade net option: - HDPE monofilament - Weight = 185 gr/sm - Shade factor = 70 to 80 % - Color = Black Supplier Shade net option: - HDPE flat filament - Weight = 85 gr/sm - Shade factor = 80 % - Color = strong green Comments: 1/19 - Max. temp. = 24 Nov. at 12am with 46,8 C - External loggers * daytime: non protected logtag is always higher * nighttime: protected logtag always lower - The highest temp from a tent record is corresponding to the highest temp in SFT - The SFT without shade net is cooling faster then the tents with shade nets at mid night a difference of ± 3,5 C - Shade nets are really effective with a better impact for the field made option (higher and more ventilated)

20 Ongoing & Further developments Synergies 1/20

21 Cecilia Braedt, Coordinator / cecilia.braedt@croix-rouge.lu T.: Vincent Virgo, Research Officer / vincent.virgo@croix-rouge.lu Daniel Ledesma, Research Officer / daniel.ledesma@croix-rouge.lu T.: IFRC-SRU, 10 Cité Henri Dunant, L-8095 Bertrange, Luxembourg