SEVEN LAYER MONUMENTS OF THE EARLY OLD KINGDOM FORTHCOMMING

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1 SEVEN LAYER MONUMENTS OF THE EARLY OLD KINGDOM FORTHCOMMING إن شاء هللا

2 FUNERARY PYRAMIDS Are: Stepped, Bent, Benben, or of True forms with some PROPERTIES namely: 1 - Correctness of SHAPE, 2 - STABILITY of Edifice, 3 - Maintain Ancestral TRADITIONS, 4 - Solar, Oserian, Astral and Royal CULTS. 7 LAYER MONUMENTS OF THE EARLY OLD KINGDOM Are NOT tombs, and are missing the PROPERTIES of Funerary Pyramids: 1 -Their plans are FAULTY, and their ultimate shape is UNCERTAIN, 2 - Their stability is QUESTIONABLE, 3 There are no architectural FORERUNNERS that we know of, 4 Only a few signs of RELIGIOUS RITUALS.

3 Early Old Kingdom Masonry

4 Third Dynasty Façades

5 Third Dynasty Layer Masonry

6 Early O.K. Outer Facing

7 Geographical Location

8 Layer Monument Masonry Sinki Seila El Kula Hebenu

9 L. M. Concretions, Granite, Lime and Sand Stone

10 Map of The Nile Fayum Divide

11 Contour Map of the Site of Seila and an Icon Showing Relevant Bearings

12 Seila, Section by Lauer, Plan by Bakai - Lesco

13 Seila: North and South Sides

14 Seila: East and West Sides

15 Seila Principal Plan

16 Seila

17 Seila, North, South and West Descending Wadies

18 The Eastern Chapel Embankment

19 Seila Embankment, Eastern Chapel

20 Seila, Trench in The South of the Embankment Looking East Looking West

21 Seila, Robbers Trench

22 Written Material in the Robbers Trench

23 Seila, Bones in the Robbers Trench

24 Similarity of Foundations of Outer Facing at Seila, Sinki and Elephantine

25 Outer Facing at: Seila, Hebenu and Sinki

26 Seila, Outer Facing Herders and Stretchers

27 Seila, The Step and Slope: Stone Objects B, C, and H

28 Seila, Step and Slope S O B S O C

29 Possibilities of the Ultimate Shape of the Layer Monuments From the Northern Chapel From the Step Pyramid

30 Seila: the Step Pyramid Option

31 Seila: the Benben Option

32 Seila, History of Destruction

33 Seila, Early Fourth Dynasty Pottery in of the Northern Chapel

34 Seila, M.K. Finds in the Spalls Over the Eastern Pavement

35 Amphora from 3-4 Century AD and Coin of Philomator in the Latest Rubble covering the Spalls

36 Hebenu, Zawyet el Mayiteen

37 Hebenu, Zawyet el Mayiteen and an Icon Showing Relevant Bearings

38 Hebenu: Section by Lauer; Profile by Maragioglio and Renaldi

39 Hebenu, Zawyet el Mayiteen North and South sides

40 Hebenu, Zawyet el Mayiteen, East and West sides

41 Hebenu, Zawyet el Mayiteen

42 Sinki

43 Plan of Under Ay Map of Sinki and an Icon Showing Relevant Bearings

44 Sinki: Plan and Section by Dreyer

45 Sinki, North and South Corners

46 Sinki, East and West Corners

47 Sinki, Principal Plan

48 Sinki

49 Sinki, Parasitic Burials

50 Finds at Sinki

51 Nubt Naqada

52 Nubt, Naqada, Map and an Icon Showing Relevant Bearings

53 Nubt: Plan and Section by Petrie

54 Nubt, North and South Sides

55 Nubt, East and West Sides

56 Nubt

57 Naqada Tumuli

58 The Southern Tumulus at Naqada

59 El Kula

60 Map of El Kula; and an Icon Showing Relevant Bearings

61 El Kula: Sections by Lauer and Stenon and Plan by Stenon

62 El Kula, North and South Corners

63 El Kula, East and West Corners

64 El Kula

65 El Ghenimiya

66 El Ghanimiya, South and West Sides

67 Elephantine

68 Map of Elephantine and an Icon Showing Relevant Bearings

69 Elephantine: Plan and Section by Dreyer

70 Elephantine, North and South Sides

71 Elephantine, East and West Sides

72 Elephantine

73 Elephantine: the Name Huni and Other Cross Markings

74 The Famous Funerary Pyramids are Close to Perfection; But NO ANCIENT RECORDS HAVE BEEN FOUND ON: 1. PLANNING of a Funerary Pyramid, Except for some Remote Ones. 2. LOGISTICS and Organization of the Building Process. 3. TECHNIQUES of Building. 4. ADMINISTRATION of the Project. NO ANCIENT RECORDS HAVE BEEN FOUND AT OUR L. M. BUT INTERESTING INFORMATION WAS FOUND ON: 1. Construction on UNLEVELED Rock or LEVELED Desert. 2. SUPPLIES of Building Material. 3. Brick MARKERS for Planning. 4. RAMPS for Construction. 5. CORRECTING Builders Mistakes.

75 Leveled Desert

76 Unleveled Bedrock

77 Planning and Controlling by Brick Markers

78 Ramps at Sinki

79 Rough Attempt to Correct a Faulty Plan at Sinki

80 Monitoring the Angle of Layer 2 at Seila East Side

81 Correcting Builders Mistake in the Slope by Stone Object A

82 At Seila Masonry and Mortar from the Surrounding Djebel El Rus

83 Lake Sediment, Eocene Limestone and the Pliocene Conglomerate

84 Lime Stone at El Fayum; Concretions in Middle Egypt; Beds of Lime or Sand Stone in Upper Egypt and Granite at Elephantine

85 Religious Rituals, Seila: The North and East Chapels

86 A Stone Table in the Northern Chapel

87 A Triple Basin from the Northern Chapel

88 Fragments of a Seated Statue in the Northern Chapel

89 Stele at the Eastern Chapel Hr Neb Maat Niswbity Snofrw

90 Roof of a Shrine for a Model Boat? In the Eastern Chapel

91 Seila and Sinki: Mysterious Pits

THE LAYER MONUMENTS Six layer monuments namely Hebenu, Sinki, Nubt, el Kula, el Ghenimiya and Elephantine (see entries) were built by a king or kings

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