3. Enhancement of infrastructure

Transcription

1 DISCUSSIONS Zonation of Tourism Activities There are three kind of zone that is intensive, extensive and semi intensive depend on capacity of area could be develop. The intensive zone has commercial value and provides the permanent tourism facilities. The tourist facilities may prelude the use of the place for some recreational and commercial users. It is expected that recreational users may be displaced from areas within this zone as tourist visitation and facilities increase. The extensive zone provide for tourism in certain setting (historical) where facilities are not moored or location permanently. The tourist program use of the zone may be such recreational and commercial users may be expected to encounter tourist. Further, the semi extensive zone provides area of natural setting where the landscape colnprises only natural features in uncrowded setting. Dividing of zone like this also could be done by Muir (1992) in the Cairns Marine Park Zoning in order to manage increasing use while continuing to provide for a wide range of uses. It should be noted that the area determination in this study is not applicable for the whole year, since there is always a changes of processes of marine and coastal environment between dry and rain season. This change is caused by the sun position, or also known as monsoon effect (Wong, 1998). When the sun was at north hemisphere, generally wind blow from southeast (east season) and when the sun was at south hemisphere, wind blow from northwest (west season) which usually caused the big or a lot of rain. The region that was initially appointed as very suitable or suitable for coastal tourism area might fall into not suitable depended on the condition for parameters that determined him. For instant, the swimming activity should be carried out when the condition is supporting. In the west season condition (December - February) when wind blew at more than 10 knot and caused more than 1 meter wave high or more than 0.2 m/sc water flow, it will be may dangerous for swimming activity. In addition, during the rain season fall much higher, so it will increase the turbidity and decline the clarity of coastal waters as consequence of the increasing run off from Sungai Serut. This condition was a result of logging and plantation activities

2 on the upland area. However this zone could be promoted for cruise tourism, such as boating (Johnson, 2002) or for fishing. The visitors could cruise Serut River to watch the wetland vegetation in river band up to Tanjung Agung Village. In this village, the visitors will be offered by some birds and other species of wild living that was not endemic in the area. The most ideal and safe condition for swimming tourism activity is the east season (June - August), when the wind blew between 6-10 knot, which generated wave height less than 1 meter and current speed less than 0.1 mlsc. The whole area could be used except there with rip current. Effect of the season is also applied to diving and snorkeling that the west season is not comfortable for the activity. The most ideal and safe condition for the diving and snorkeling is also the east season, when the wind blew between 8-10 knot that caused the wave height less than 1 meter and current speed of the sea surface flow is less than 0.10 m/sc. Coastal Tourism Development The results of interaction SWOT analysis formulated into three group of strategies in the coastal tourism development as follow: 1. Coastal resources development Human resources development, conservation (environment control), tourism institutional building, strengthen of small industry and disaster mitigation. 2. Tourism product development Development of coastal tourism attractiveness, increasing quality and diversity, improvement of promotion and marketing. 3. Enhancement of infrastructure Enhancement the quality of tourism facilities, conductive atmosphere of investment, cooperation among tourism agencies, increasing of the management skills and promotion. In addition, to strategies; operational programs, targets and activities for tourism development in Bengkulu on detailed as shown by Table 17.

3 Table 17. Programs, Target and Activities of Coastal Tourism Developinent in Bengkulu. Aspect 1 1. Costal Resources Development Program 2 1. Nat~ral Resources Development. Target 3 Development of coastai tourism object. Development of marine tourism object. Increasing and development of small and household industry through used natural resources. lncreasing of marine tourism interest. Marine tourism. employee quality. lncreasing community on disaster awareness.. Make the community understanding of the importance of culture, custom, and art. Maintain the culture, custom, local a t Activities 4 Determ:ne the priority of coastal tourism object. Make the area development planning. Environment rehabilitation. Determine the priority of. marine tourism object. Make the area development planning. e Environment rehabilitation.. Determine the working group.. Make training and extension. Small industry development that have marine product oriented. Socialize the maline tourism development program. English training. Diving and snorkeling training. Comparative study to advance region of marine tourism. lncreasing of guide.. Extension and seminarof culture Socialize of disaster mitigation. Physically and non physically mitigation. Funding, training and extension. Develop and conserve the local culture & custom. Develop and conserve traditional music & dance. Artist & culture scholar development. (continued on next page)

4 Table continued To~rism 11. Coastal Attraction 1. S~slanable coastal. 1 Coasral ro~r:sm ob;ects Product Development environment. (Attraction) Diversity of coastal tourism attraction. 3. Infrastructure (Service) 2. Tourism Village Development. 1. Hotel and restaurant. 2. Travel Agency. 3. Art shop. 4. Tourism Village. 5. Accessibility * lncreasing of tourism agency cooperation. 8 Determining of tourism region. Increasing the qualityof hotel and restaurant service. Increasing the quality of travel agency service. Make art shops Diversity of. souvenir. Make the tourism village. - Increasing road Rehabilitation. Coastal sport. Sunbathing.. Fishing. Photography. Place Convention. Garden Party.. Outbound1 hiking. Nature education. Determine the tourism village. Tourism village landscaping.. Training of hotel and restaurant management. Training of hotel and restaurant employee management. Make the night entertainment. Food management training. e Develop the investor interest of travel agency. Training of travel agency management. Develop the investor interest of art shop. Make the art shops that have marine character. Training of increasing skill of marine souvenir making.. Develop the investor - interest tourism village. lncreasing the community skill on tourism village management. Make new access. Recondition and restore old location Source: Infornlation from research.

5 Coastal Community Development Coastal community development is important issue for tourism development where it has the main target that is the increasing of participation of coastal community in tourism development process. As Liu and Wall (2004) stated that tourism development should give greater prominence to the development of human resources for tourism so that local residents will be in a better position to participate in and benefit from the development of tourism in their area. Generally, the most of employment involves in small business (76.38%), the unemployment mostly low educated (68.83% under high school)(bappeda, 2004a) that needs improving of knowledge and skill assistance. Therefore empowerment of the community tourism industry development by training (Alfansi, 2005) could be done such as: 1. Increasing entrepreneurship attitude. These efforts are very important because the prerequisite that must be filled if want to make the positive implications of coastal tourism development. According to interview and observation, it is found that entrepreneurship attitude of coastal community is relatively low, so the government could provide the training package of entrepreneurship, apprentice program.and assistance to overcome this problem. 2. Increasing skills These efforts should be given to coastal community who had small businesses unit. The business skills such as production technique, finance, management and marketing; should be designed to requirement for small businesses, for example simple training about increasing of value added and using of simple technology. Although recent year, the government has conducted some similar trainings, but is hoped there are modification and increasing implementation of which the result will give more benefit to coastal community. This step is really support to increasing of human resources. Sinclair & Vokes (1993), Lui and Walls (2004) has noted that many countries in the Asia Pacific region are faced with a shortage of skilled labor on tourism. This case also is found in China, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand. Future tourisin plans should give

6 greater prominence to the development of human resources for tourism so that local residents will be in a better position to participate in and benefit from the development of tourism in their area. 3. Making business plans These efforts should be done because largely small businesses could not make the good business plan. Through training and production assist of business plan, the tourism agent could communicate, to offer his business idea to the funding supplier. 4. Creating business incubator. The business incubator is an institution that help new tourism agency to grow their business until could go well. This incubator will give technical assist, to improve management and access to funding. At the same time, business incubator also provides technique and office tools for new tourism agent. This concept has developed in USA on 1980 to 1997 by 800 business indicator, then resulted the increasing 400% product selling, 84% small industry grow well and reserve a lot of new employer (Megginson et al., 2003 in Alfansi, 2005). Coastal tourism development has relationship with economic development of region. Coastal tourism / recreation activities such as sunbathing, camping, coastal sport, bird watching, picnic, swimming, diving and snorkeling, directly and indirectly related to economic activities such as accommodation, transportation, leasing of diving and snorkeling equipment,, tourist guide, restaurant, souvenir industry, coastal clothes selling, telecommunications stall and entertainment stage etc. Development of tourism expected hoped would increase the local community employment which it will be improved directly the social economic order of the community, especially income per capita. For instant, fisherman would gradually change long tourism. There are least of three components of stakeholder that had similar state of interests on coastal tourism development those are; 1) Local Government which prepare the policy of coastal planning, to restructure various policies that were related to tourism industry and its supporting, and provide the tourism

7 infrastructure. 2) Investor which have a role directly on tourism development such as travel agency, hotel business, entertainment, and other supporting industry of tourism. 3) Coastal Community which have a role on coastal tourism development such as coastal ranger, cleaner and security of sea boat and also sea food seller and crafts. The role of each component could be seen in table 18. Table 18. Role of component in coastal tourism development. Component 1 Government Role 2 1. Making tne masrer plan of coastal tour:sm development. 2. Applying the regulation of coastal planning. 3. Arranging the grand strategy of tourism. 4. Developing the supporting industry of tourism. 5. lncreasing the human resources quality that related to tourism industry. 6. increasing the supporting infrastructure of tourism. 7. Providing and improving the public facilities in tourism area. 8. Making and developing the promotion of coastal tourism investor 1. Developing the tourism industry. 2. Developing the supporting of tourism industry. 3. Developing the association with national and international travel agency. 4. Increasing the human resources quality of tourism agent. 5. Developing the tourism promotion. Community 1. Guarding and improving the coastal environment. 2. improving the cleanliness of the coastal environment. 3. Guarding the security of coastal environment. 4. Creating the typical local product. 5. Creating the household industry. 6. Developing the small industries that support the tourism. 7. Forming the joint venture of tourism product development which has maritime nuances. ;ource: Compilation. Institution 3 Planning board, tourism service. e Marine and fishery service. Infrastructure service. lndustry and trade service. Cooperation and small business service. University Other consultant, Tourism service. Industry and trade association. Cooperation and ' small business association. o Bank association Hotel association. Community group. Fisherman association. e Cooperation and small business association. e' University Action association.

8 Recently, tourism development des not show a good condition as described by Figure 7 previous; the number of tourist is fluctuating who visits to Bengkulu. The domestic tourist tend increase but the foreign tourist show decreasing. This condition needs attention by local government to develop the coastal tourism. Some measure need to be conducted: s Structuring of strategy for integrated tourism. Increasing of tourism infrastructure and facilities maintenance budget. Development of coastal tourism product, where need to be conducted by advance study on developing of coastal tourism product. The tourism product that is offered must have uniqueness and competitive advantages so this product could attract the tourist interest. Empowerment the supporting business of tourism such as travel agency, transportation, restaurant, hotel, food and souvenir industry. The food and souvenir industry also necessary to find out the typical product that could be made the gift for tourists. Increasing of tourism promotion where budget, programs and tourism promotion of media selected are main component to achieve the tourism success. Promotion could be done also by establishing travel agent cooperation both at national and international level, making interesting leaflets and informative tourism web. Having the product of other region, as tourism competitors. The development tourism especially on the coastal area, often gave negative impact towards environment i.e. damage of coral reef in marine parks, declining of mangrove forest, decline of species, coastal abrasion and pollution. Tourism development also caused conflict among local community which that finally result significant social problem. Whole the problems will eventually threaten the sustainability of the tourism development (Wong, 1998). In order to achieve sustain coastal tourism development; a good understanding of environmental based management approach is a must. Through the training management or extensions improve gave the broad knowledge and concept about how to plan the environment tourism area, minimize conflict ainong local corninunity and positive participation of community, introduce an

9 effective technology for environment management and mitigation of natural disaster. Disaster Management Mitigation of natural disaster is very important since the area of Bengkulu is vulnerable to earthquake and tsunami. Informing of disaster is not only through socialization but also by engineers the community to face earthquakes, since it can happen in most places, violently, anytime, without warning. Although there are no guarantees of safety during an earthquake, identifying potential hazards ahead of time and advance planning can save lives and significantly reduce injuries and property damage. According to FEMA (2004) there are six ways ahead should to do before earthquake strike; 1) Check for hazards in the home, 2) Identify safe places indoors and outdoors, 3) Education of community and family members, 4) Have disaster supplies on hand, 5) Develop an emergency communication plan, and 6) Help community get ready. Stay as safe as possible during an earthquake. Be aware that some earthquakes are actually foreshocks and a larger earthquake might occur. Minimize your movements to a few steps to a nearby safe place and stay indoors until the shaking has stopped and you are sure exiting is safe. Latest is expecting of aftershocks. These secondary shockwaves are usually less violent than the main quake but can be strong enough to do additional damage to weakened structures and can occur in the first hours, days, weeks, or even months after the quake. Most tsunami is often generated by earthquake in ocean floor (FEMA, 2004). If a major earthquake or landslide occurs close to shore, the first wave in a series could reach the beach in a few minutes, even before a warning is issued. Preparing of tsunami disaster could be done before, during and after tsunami strike. According to Diposaptono (2005) that management cycle of tsunami is begun from prevention than followed by mitigation, attention, emergency response, rehabilitation and reconstruction. The mitigation could be done physically (break water, sea wall, shelter, artificial hill and retrofitting) and non physically (education, training, extension, community awareness, land use planning, regulation, ICZM).