Indigenous Participation in Australian Economies II. Historical engagements and current enterprises

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1 Indigenous Participation in Australian Economies II Historical engagements and current enterprises

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3 Indigenous Participation in Australian Economies II Historical engagements and current enterprises Edited by Natasha Fijn, Ian Keen, Christopher Lloyd and Michael Pickering

4 Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia anuepress@anu.edu.au This title is also available online at: National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: ISBN: Notes: Subjects: Indigenous participation in Australian economies, II : historical engagements and current enterprises [electronic resource] / Natasha Fijn... [et al] (pbk.) (ebook) Includes bibliographical references and index. Aboriginal Australians--Economic conditions. Business enterprises, Aboriginal Australian. Aboriginal Australians--Employment. Australia--Economic conditions. Other Authors/Contributors: Fijn, Natasha. Dewey Number: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU E Press Cover image: Gudurr with photo of Dave Rust and Scotty Salmond Courtesy State Library of Western Australia image number D Printed by Griffin Press This edition 2012 ANU E Press

5 Contents Figures.... vii Maps.... ix Tables.... xi Foreword... xiii Jon Altman Introduction....1 Ian Keen and Christopher Lloyd 1. Settler Economies and Indigenous Encounters: The dialectics of conquest, hybridisation and production regimes Christopher Lloyd Indigenous People and Settlers 2. Before the Mission Station: From first encounters to the incorporation of settlers into Indigenous relations of obligation John M. White 3. Tracking Wurnan: Transformations in the trade and exchange of resources in the northern Kimberley Anthony Redmond 4. Camels and the Transformation of Indigenous Economic Landscapes Petronella Vaarzon-Morel 5. Always Anangu always enterprising Alan O Connor Labour History and Stolen Wages 6. The Art of Cutting Stone : Aboriginal convict labour in nineteenth-century New South Wales and Van Diemen s Land Kristyn Harman 7. Indigenous Workers on Methodist Missions in Arnhem Land: A skilled labour force lost Gwenda Baker v

6 8. Low Wages, Low Rents, and Pension Cheques: The introduction of equal wages in the Kimberley, Fiona Skyring 9. Aboriginal Workers, Aboriginal Poverty Ros Kidd 10. Indigenous Peoples and Stolen Wages in Victoria, Andrew Gunstone Indigenous Enterprises and Employment Schemes 11. Between Locals: Interpersonal histories and the 1970s Papunya art movement Peter Thorley and Andy Greenslade 12. An Economy of Shells: A brief history of La Perouse Aboriginal women s shell-work and its markets, Maria Nugent 13. Policy Mismatch and Indigenous Art Centres: The tension between economic independence and community development Gretchen Marie Stolte 14. On Generating Culturally Sustainable Enterprises and Demand-Responsive Services in Remote Aboriginal Settings: A case study from north-west Queensland Paul Memmott 15. Dugong Hunting as Changing Practice: Economic engagement and an Aboriginal ranger program on Mornington Island, southern Gulf of Carpentaria Cameo Dalley 16. Environmental Conservation and Indigenous Development through Indigenous Protected Areas and Payments for Environmental Services: A review Nanni Concu Contributors Index vi

7 Figures Figure 1.1 Conceptual matrix of conquest and articulation 22 Figure 1.2 The production system of Van Diemen s Land 26 Figure 1.3 Altman s Venn diagram of hybridity 27 Figure 2.1 Howitt s (1904) evidence of Yuin exchange practices 46 Figure 4.1 Charlie Ilyatjari uses an old camel wagon for his wood 84 carting business, circa 1960 Figure 4.2 Louis Wirultjukurnga and family with camels approximately km north of Ernabella, 6 September 1960 Figure 4.3 Trading on the road at Yulpartji, 22 August Figure 4.4 Wise Men on a camel at Ernabella, circa Christmas 87 pageants were presented in the creek bed with a donkey carrying Mary and Three Wise Men leading camels as the Ernabella Choir sang carols in the background Figure 5.1 Anangu display their craft work, Ara Irititja, Figure 5.2 Shearing at Ernabella, Ara Irititja, circa Figure 5.3 Building the first house for Anangu, Ernabella, Ara 105 Irititja, 1963 Figure 5.4 The vegetable garden at Ernabella, Ara Irititja, Figure 5.5 Water drilling near Ernabella, Ara Irititja, Figure 7.1 Stephen Bunbaitjun: Builder, Howard Island 137 Figure 7.2 Unloading logs 138 Figure 11.1 Kalipimpa Rain (more commonly known as Kalipinypa) by 203 Kaapa Mbitjana Tjampitjinpa, painted in Figure 11.2 Reverse of Kalipimpa Rain by Kaapa Mbitjana Tjampitjinpa 204 Figure 11.3 Kaapa painting in the backyard of Gwen and Owen 204 Daniels at Papunya, Figure 11.4 Untitled painting by Kaapa Mbitjana Tjampitjinpa, Figure 12.1 Shell-work baby slippers, maker unknown, La Perouse, 212 New South Wales, 1952 Figure 12.2 Shell-work Sydney Harbour Bridge, made by Mavis 212 Longbottom and Lola Ryan, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia, 1986 Figure 12.3 Harbour Bridge, made by Lola Ryan, Dharawal/Eora 213 people, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia, 2000 vii

8 Indigenous Participation in Australian Economies II Figure 12.4 Boomerang, La Perouse Aboriginal community, 224 New South Wales, Australia, circa 1935 Figure 13.1 Maningrida Art Centre, Figure 14.1 The market participation model: complex demand and 254 supply chains and networks Figure 14.2 Myuma as the complex Indigenous adaptive system 254 Figure 14.3 A Myuma business card with corporate logo 257 Figure 15.1 Dugong caught in the Appel Channel between 264 Mornington Island and Denham Island, showing the mission rowboat used for hunting, 1916 Figure 15.2 Brian Roughsey and Prince Escott (both deceased) with a 265 modern reconstruction of a net used for catching dugong, 1976 Figure 15.3 Walbas in the Appel Channel between Mornington 266 Island and Denham Island Figure 15.4 Dugong caught by Robert Burns and George Dugong 267 (both deceased), showing double outrigger canoe used for hunting, Mornington Island, circa 1921 Figure 16.1 The logic of PES 291 Figure 16.2 Benefits and costs from the Indigenous estate under 293 different management options viii

9 Maps Map 3.1 Sketch map of trade routes in the Kimberley region 61 Map 3.2 Contemporary Trade Routes in the Kimberleys and their 64 Major Items of Exchange Map 3.3 Wurnan channels overlaid on moiety blocks 65 Map 5.1 The APY Lands 98 Map 7.1 Methodist missions in Arnhem Land 139 Map 14.1 Operational location of the Myuma Group 244 Map 14.2 Plan of Myuma Camp in Map 14.3 Towns and pastoral stations in the vicinity of Camooweal, 250 with the Indjaladji-Dhidhanu territory and neighbouring traditional owner groups Map 15.1 Map of the southern Gulf of Carpentaria showing the 263 areas in the application and those determined under the Wellesley Sea Claim (National Native Title Tribunal 2005) Map 16.1 The Dhimurru IPA 297 Map 16.2 The Djelk IPA 299 ix

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11 Tables Table 7.1 Indigenous Male Mission Wages as a Percentage of the 143 Commonwealth Male Basic Wage Table 14.1 The Three Corporate Vehicles of the Myuma Group and 247 their Respective Spheres of Operation Table 14.2 Myuma s Contribution to its Regional Economy, Table 16.1 Sample of Indigenous Protected Areas 294 xi