The Japanese civilization of rice farming was born in wetlands

Transcription

1 Investment in Water and its contribution to modernization of Japan NoWNET Seminar Stockholm, Sweden August 22 nd, 2006 The Japanese civilization of rice farming was born in wetlands Kenji Suzuki Japan Water Forum The topography of the Kanto region today Scale Japanese and Nature from Life Nature Library Source: Time Life Books Photo by Hiroshi Hamaya The topography of the Kanto region 6,000 years ago Scale Minowa Kanasugi Mikawashima (Nippori, Tokyo) by Hiroshige

2 Before modernization: Tokyo (Edo) was born with the development of flood-control infrastructure Mikawashima (Nippori, Tokyo) today The topography of the Kanto region 6,000 years ago Scale Rivers in the Kanto Plain 1,000 years ago. Eastward diversion of Tone River One of the biggest river projects in the Edo period( ) Current course of Tone river Tokyo Bay Pacific Ocean

3 Cyoshi, Pacific Ocean Cyoshi,Pacific Ocean Tokyo Tokyo Tone River & Edo River Flood, Tone River & Edo River 遊水地帯 台地 岩淵 A retention reservoir between the Nippon and the Sumida Levees 足立区板橋区豊島区熊谷堤 埼玉県北川区葛飾区文墨京田区東区千代田中江央綾瀬川江戸中川荒川( 中小河川を省略した概念図 ただし県区境は現在のもの ) 区Nippon Levee 隅田日本堤堤荒川堤 区江北 戸川区浅草寺台区江東区区港区(今の隅田川)川東京湾荒Sumida Levee Built in 1620 Ukiyoe by Hiroshige Nippon River Bank Before modernization: water supply infrastructure in Tokyo (Edo) Ukiyoe by Hiroshige Torano-mon Dam, built in 1606

4 Ukiyoe by Hiroshige Toranomon, today The Tamagawa-josui, an open channel, built in 1653 Transition of channel network around Edo Kanda waterworks Kanda waterworks Edo castle Edo castle Tama River Situation of channel network Before completion of Tamagawa water works Tama River Situation of channel network After completion of Tamagawa waterworks ( ) 126m above see level 43Km low-gradient channel 34m above see level modernization : Flood control and water resources development Sudden shift from rice farming with 3000 years history to industrialization and urbanization A panoramic view of a reconstructed city Edo (Tokyo)

5 The textile industry in the Meiji era A picture of the arrival of Commodore Perry (1853) The Amagasaki factory of Dainippon Spinning Co. Ltd in 1889 A Minorikawa spinning and weaving machine Development of Tokyo urban areas from the Edo era until today Development of the じ heavy and chemical industry ゅ In 1632 In 1670 In 1888 In 1914 In 1945 In 1986 Tokyo in the Meiji era, frequent flooding

6 A dredging ship Canal excavation Civil work 1911~1930 The completed Arakawa Flood Control Channel The Arakawa Flood Control Channel protecting the capital The Arakawa Flood Control Channel Farmlands, in green, have decreased, while urban areas, in red, have increased 都市化により農地が減少し宅地が増大 due to urbanization. (00 ha) ( 千 ha) Change 東京都の宅地及び田畑面積の推移 of land use in Tokyo during ( 明治 37 the 年 ~ past 平成 90 年 ) years 宅地面積 ( 東京都 ) Urban areas (Tokyo) 田畑面積 ( 東京都 ) Farmlands (Tokyo) Tsukuba Tokyo Chiba 20 Yokohama 9 0 (Year) ( 年 ) 明 37(1904) 明 40(1907) 明 43(19) 大 2(1913) 大 5(1916) 大 8(1919) 大 11(1922) 大 14(1925) 昭 3(1928) 昭 6(1931) 昭 9(1934) 昭 12(1937) 昭 15(1940) 昭 18(1943) 昭 22(1947) 昭 25(1950) 昭 27(1952) 昭 31(1956) 昭 34(1959) 昭 37(1962) 昭 40(1965) 昭 43(1968) 昭 45(1970) 昭 48(1973) 昭 51(1976) 昭 54(1979) 昭 57(1982) 昭 60(1985) 昭 63(1988) 平 3(1991) 平 6(1994) 平 9(1997) 注 ) 宅地面積は 民有有租地及び民有課税対象地が対象である ( 出典 ) 都道府県農業基礎統計 農林統計研究会編 ( 明治 37 年 ~ 昭和 54 年 ) 耕地及び作付け面積統計 農水省 及び 固定資産の価格等の概要調書( 土地 ) ( 都道府県別表 ) ( 昭和 57 年 ~ 平成 9 年 ) River Bureau, MLIT 24 November, 2000 National land use in Japan 0% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% % 0% 50% 3% river / lake % flooded area 67% forest / moor 20% non-flooded habitable area population area assets 75%

7 Death toll Kathleen typhoon Aion typhoon Kitty typhoon Jane typhoon Ruth typhoon Year 28 Western Japan flood Doyamaru typhoon Death toll due to flood Isahaya flood Karinogawa typhoon Isewan typhoon Second Muroto typhoon Typhoons 24 and 26 Western Japan cataract disaster Typhoons 6, 7and 8 Typhoon 17 Nagasaki flood Western Sanin cataract disaster Typhoon 6, Landslide in Nagano (Shojyusou) Pyroclastic flow in Unzen Fugendake Typhoons 17, 18 and 19 Kyushu August cataract Kagoshima Harihara river avalanche Fukushima, Tochigi and Kochi cataracts Hiroshima avalanche, Kumamoto high tide Tokai cataract disaster Inomori-cho, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya city Normal condition (September 26, 2000) Logarithmic scale : Cost for flood control projects around 5trillion : Cost for flood control projects around 24trillion Cost for projects is calculated based on the unit price of : Cost for flood control projects around 30trillion Struck by the disaster (September 12, 2000, around 6:00) hours after dike breach Before dike break Source: Yodogawa River Office, MLIT If the Yodo River is broken (VTR) Source: Yodogawa River Office, MLIT If the Yodo River is broken (VTR) Flood caused by Typhoon No. 23 In 2004 平成 16 年 月 21 日 13 時頃撮影 People on the roof of a bus in Fukui Prefecture in 2004 The Yagisawa Dam

8 Flood control by dams and assumed damage reduction (estimation) The amount of investment in flood control dams until 1999 : 4 trillion yen The value of damage prevented by dams between : 3.6 trillion yen (Flow volume : m 3 /s) 140, ,000 0,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20, ,713 22, ,294 8,484 1,584 19,351 1,534 27,538 34,878 33, ,223 20, ,083 27,003 37,791 78,913 5, ,167 13, ,727 20,602 1,447 22,539 25,854 5,028 28,047 35,001 (Damage reduction : 0million) 6,502 46,368,874 33,080 51,025 53, Flow volume after flood control by dam Damage reduction ( 0million)(1999price) Flood control volume by dam 12,000 11,000,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 Water infrastructure supported modernization and saved people s s lives The topography of Japan Japanese rivers are steeper than foreign rivers. When it rains, the water streams down from mountains to the sea in just a short time Comparison of gradients of rivers in Japan and foreign countries Rhein Loir Joganji Abe Tone Shinano Colorado Chikugo Yoshino Seine Kitakami Mekong Altitude Estuary Distance from estuaries Japanese floods are short sprint runner type In Japanese rivers, there is a big difference between the maximum and minimum flow volumes. People use much more water than the minimum flow volume, it is necessary to store water in dams. The maximum / minimum flow volumes and the use of water Tone River : The volume of maximum flow is 70 times bigger than the minimum flow. The amount of intake water is 16 times bigger than the minimum flow. Max.vol Water use Min.vol [The scale of flow volume] 70 times Tone River amount of minimum flow amount of intake water Tone Yoshino Shinano Chikugo 16 times amount of maximum flow Average between 1991 and 2000 Ishikari Kitakami Yodo Kiso Takahashi 国土交通省河川局 Kanto Regional Office, MLIT

9 The Yagisawa Dam The Shiroyama Dam Water utilization capacity of dam (hundred thousands m 3 ) Water supplied population (ten thousands) Transition of water supplied population and average life expectancy 上水道給水人口 人の平均寿命の推移 Water supplied population Average life expectancy Dam water utilization capability of the water supply Nunobiki dam Ogouchi dam Average life expectancy (years) 1995 The Miho Dam The Miyagase Dam Dams in Tokyo and neighboring prefectures 0 Life span of Women Edo period (18 th Century) Taisho period (1920) Present day (1990) Shinano Yufunesawa village Marriage Birth of the youngest child years The youngest child grows up Death Husband death 62.6 Husband death Husband death Women washing in the river in Shiga Prefecture Photo taken in August 1957 Source : Japanese History Read from the Population ( Jinko kara yomu Nihon no rekishi ) by Hiroshi Kito (Kodansha) Photo: Lake Biwako Museum Photographer: Takashi Maeno With modern washing machines, all we need do is put the laundry in and take it out again

10 As a result of rapid modernization in Japan, we polluted rivers and covered them with concrete. Rubbish in the Tama River around 1970 Photo: Environment Bureau, Tokyo Metropolitan Government Dirty foam in the Tama River around 1970 Photo: Environment Bureau, Tokyo Metropolitan Government Tama river (today) Elementary school children in the Tama River today Sumida River in 1967

11 BOD( mg /l) (Annual average near Kodaibashi) Coverage of the water and the sewage systems (%) (The Sumida River basin) Treated water system Investment in sewage infrastructure in the Sumida River basin and the change in BOD The Sumida River today An old-fashioned houseboat on the Ara River Thank you very much.