Readings for Lecture 2

Transcription

1 WFB 074 Lecture 2 Readings for Lecture 2 Igoe, J. J Pages from Chapter 3 Fortress Conservation A Social History of National Parks in Conservation and globalization: a study of national parks and indigenous communities from East Africa to South Dakota. Belmont, CA. Thomson/Wadsworth. xii+183 p. Marsh, G. P Man and Nature; or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action. Excerpts from Preface, p. iii, and "Introductory," pp New York: Charles Scribner. Muir, John Excerpts from The Yosemite, pp in My First Summer in the Sierra. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books [Originally published in 1911]. - Autobiographical information is from: Bergon, F. (ed.) The Wilderness Reader, pp Find and Download Readings in Blackboard: Week 1 / Lecture 2 Reading Quiz 1: Tuesday, January 24, 4-4:10 pm

2 Wildlife Conservation WFB 074 Lecture 2 1. Definition: Conservation 2. History of Conservation Part I Roosevelt Arch, North entrance, Yellowstone National Park (Source:

3 WFB 074 Lecture 2 1. Definition: Conservation Latin: conservare = to keep, preserve, maintain conservatio = preservation, keeping, laying up One of the 3 Pillars of the Medieval concept of Providentia: 1. conservatio (synonym: sustentatio) = the preservation of all things since creation Based on Genesis 2:15: The LORD God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it. Hebrew Original: abad (to tend, work it) schamar (keep, preserve, conserve) Credit to Ulrich Grober, The Discovery of Sustainability (Munich 2010), for much of the thought in this section.

4 WFB 074 Lecture 2 1. Definition: Conservation Latin: conservare = to keep, preserve, maintain conservatio = preservation, keeping, laying up One of the 3 Pillars of the Medieval concept of Providentia: 2. gubernatio guidance ( governing ) of all processes Signs of divine gubernatio were the laws of nature. 3. concursus harmony of the different causal agents. Relationship between divine action, natural forces and free human action. Credit to Ulrich Grober, The Discovery of Sustainability (Munich 2010), for much of the thought in this section.

5 WFB 074 Lecture 2 Definition: Conservation Concept of Providentia lasted for 1500 years, then it collapsed. Corner dates: 1666 Newton observes an apple falling in his parent s orchard = the new physics of gravity preserving the movement of the universe Earthquake destroys Lisbon, Portugal, killing >10,000 Raised the question: Unde malum? = from whence comes evil? Both events shook the believe in divine providence.

6 WFB 074 Lecture 2 Definition: Conservation Today? Providentia is back in the global discourse: The concept of conservatio has been preserved in the English and French usage of conservation. In the sense of sustainable [ sustentatio ] use it is the opposite of depletion and environmental destruction. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1980 simply equated conservation with sustainable development. (More on IUCN see Lecture 3)

7 WFB 074 Lecture 2 Definition: Conservation Providentia back in the global discourse, contd.: gubernatio - discussed in international politics as global governance or earth system governance

8 WFB 074 Lecture 2 Definition: Conservation Providentia back in the global discourse, contd.: concursus - discussed at international congresses as Capitalism 3.0 è a new integration of ecological and social forces to reclaim the commons. The Commons = Resources that are collectively owned. Famous paper: Hardin, Garrett The Tragedy of the Commons. Science 162: According to Hardin, people will always overuse the commons because it is in their self-interest to do so.

9 WFB 074 Lecture 2 2. A short History of Conservation Part I Ancient concept of the Sacred Grove Sacred, traditionally protected Forest areas in Africa, India and Sri Lanka. [more on this in Lecture 18] Udawatta Kele Sanctuary - "the garden situated above the royal palace and Temple of the Tooth, Sri Lanka. Now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

10 WFB 074 Lecture 2 - History of Conservation Part I Ancient Restrictions Maori Word rāhui A form of tapu (taboo) restricting access to, or use of, an area or resource by unauthorized persons With the passing of the 1996 New Zealand Fisheries Act, a rāhui can also be imposed by the NZ Ministry of Fisheries. New Zealand Coat of Arms Source:

11 WFB 074 Lecture 2 - History of Conservation Part I William of Normandy Medieval Conservation loved the stags as dearly as though he had been their father Decreed a hunting reserve still called the New Forest before 1085 New Forest National Park, Hampshire, England

12 WFB 074 Lecture 2 - History of Conservation Part I Medieval Conservation Holy Roman Emperor Frederic II Wrote scholarly book on the art of falconry, with ideas about natural history and conservation. Picture from his book: De arte venandi cum avibus (The art of hunting with birds) Biblioteca Vaticana, Pal. Lat 1071, late 13 th century.

13 WFB 074 Lecture 2 - History of Conservation Part I Famous Asian National Parks started as Hunting Reserves Royal Chitwan National Park in Nepal Ujung Kulon NP in Java Rhinos in Chitwan NP ( A. Molon)

14 WFB 074 Lecture 2 - History of Conservation Part I 1569 Glarner Freiberg A Hunting Prohibition on Kärpfstock Mountain in the Swiss Canton of Glarus => Oldest wildlife preserve in Europe.

15 WFB 074 Lecture 2 - History of Conservation Part I 19 th Century Conservation Movement 3 Sources: 1. Rediscovery of the Romantic in Nature (Rousseau, Emerson, H. D. Thoreau, W. Wordsworth etc. ) 2. Scientific Exploration of the Natural World (Sir Joseph Banks, Humboldt, Darwin etc.) 3. Revulsion at the cruel destruction of some wild species (Passenger Pigeon, Egrets, American Bison etc.)

16 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I Charles Darwin "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life" Sense for the interconnectedness of Nature. plants and animals, most remote in the scale of nature, are bound together by a web of complex relations The young Darwin Image Source:

17 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I George Perkins Marsh American diplomat and philologist considered by some to be America's first environmentalist... studies extended to Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and parts of Asia, as well as the degraded farmlands of his native Vermont. (M. Holdgate The Green Web p. 5) Book: Man and nature; or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action (1864) George Perkins Marsh, born in Woodstock, VT Perkins_Marsh

18 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I Early Protective Legislation 1818 State of Massachusetts: Law to protect useful birds 1824 Society for the Protection of Animals founded in Britain 1869 British Seabirds Preservation Act designed to reduce the effects of shooting and egg collecting during the breeding season. Great Auk (Pinguinus impennis). Extinct since 3 July 1844 on Eldey Island. Iceland. Photo: Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden

19 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I The first National Parks 1864 Congress grants Yosemite Valley to the State of California on condition that it was held for public use, resort and recreation inalienable for all time 1872 Yellowstone NP established by Congress

20 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I Conflicting Voices on Conservation John Muir unrivalled prophet of the wilderness Founder of the Sierra Club in 1892 Muir s NP ideal: large tract of wild land with no, or few, human inhabitants. Muir still saw the forced removal of indigenous people as necessary: Yosemite Indians seemed sadly unlike nature s neat well-dressed animals from no point of view that I have found are such debased fellow beings a whit more natural than the glaring tailored tourists we saw that frightened the birds and squirrels (My first summer in the Sierra p ) John Muir Image from: mrhalfdome.wordpress.com

21 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I Conflicting Voices on Conservation John Muir John Muir Image from: mrhalfdome.wordpress.com Considered forest sacred

22 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I Conflicting Voices on Conservation Gifford Pinchot first Chief of the United States Forest Service Imported the concept of forest management for sustainable yield from Europe 3 guiding principles for natural resource management: 1. Use of existing resources for present generation. 2. The prevention of waste. 3. Development of natural resources for the many rather than the few. Gifford Pinchot 1909 Image: Gifford Pinchot 3c03915u.png Pinchot s Motto: The greatest good for the greatest number

23 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I Role of the penitent butchers in the creation of the first National Parks 1883 Buffalo Bill Cody: Advocated bison protection in Yellowstone NP Source:

24 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I The penitent butchers * and the creation of the first National Parks Edward North Buxton ( ) British conservationist dedicated his life to shooting and collecting rare animals (Igoe 2004) Advocate of the provision of open, accessible land, particularly near cities. Edward Buxton and his brother Thomas, played a major part in saving Epping Forest, Hainault and Hatfield Forests for public use. ( Edward North Buxton ( ) * Fitter, R. & S. P. Scott The Penitent Butchers. London, Fauna Preservation Society.

25 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I The penitent butchers and the creation of the first National Parks Theodore Roosevelt ( ), 26th President of the United States Roosevelt's safari was also among the most destructive ever. In 10 months of shooting, Roosevelt and his son Kermit bagged more than 500 animals of over 70 different species. Nine of the animals were white rhino, including four cows and a calf. The white rhino had almost disappeared from southern Africa, and was virtually extinct in East Africa, a fact that the naturalist Roosevelt knew well. (Adams and McShane 1992:28) Source:

26 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I The penitent butchers and the creation of the first National Parks Theodore Roosevelt ( ) 26th President of the United States Roosevelt set aside more land for national parks and nature preserves than all of his predecessors combined, 194 million acres by 1909, the Roosevelt administration had created an unprecedented 42 million acres of national forests, 53 national wildlife refuges and 18 areas of "special interest", including the Grand Canyon On the Grand Canyon: Leave it as it is, you cannot improve it, man can only mar it Source:

27 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I Rising Awareness for Nature Protection in Europe and America founding of the British Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Founding of the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire (SPFE) by English aristocrats, including Theodore Roosevelt. 6 January Pres. Roosevelt convenes World conference of 45 nations at The Hague to discuss means of protecting global natural resources and draw up an inventory of the natural resources vital to the economy Permanent Wildlife Protection Fund, USA

28 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I 1925 Establishment of Albert National Park, Belgian Congo now Virunga NP, Dem. Rep. Congo ( Congo-Kinshasa )

29 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I 1926 Upgrade of Sabie Game Reserve, South Africa, to Kruger National Park 1930 Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire (SPFE) commissioner Hingston: Parks as a place where tourists could see what a particular portion of the Earth s surface looks like prior to the arrival of human influence (MacKenzie 1988:265)

30 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I International Conference for the Protection of Fauna and Flora in London. Signing of the Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State This Convention has been called the Magna Charta of Wildlife Preservation.

31 Wildlife Conservation - Lecture 2: History of Conservation Part I End of Lecture 2 VIDEO: Ken Burns, The National Parks Episode 2 The Last Refuge" ( ) Scenes: The Greatest Good, The Most Vital Man Leave it as it is. Th. Roosevelt's speech at the dedication of Yellowstone's Roosevelt Arch (see 1 st slide) states the ultimate purpose of the US National Parks: For the Benefit and Enjoyment of the People.

32 WFB 074 Lecture 2 Readings for Lecture 1 & 2 Cronon, William The trouble with Wilderness; or, getting back to the wrong nature. Environmental History 1:7-28. Leopold A Wilderness. Pages A Sand County Almanac. New York: Oxford University Press. Sinclair, A. R. E. and J. M. Fryxell Wildlife Ecology and Management. Ch. 2, Biomes, pp , Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Igoe, J. J Pages from Chapter 3 Fortress Conservation A Social History of National Parks in Conservation and globalization: a study of national parks and indigenous communities from East Africa to South Dakota. Belmont, CA. Thomson/Wadsworth. xii+183 p. Marsh, G. P Man and Nature; or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action. Excerpts from Preface, p. iii, and "Introductory," pp New York: Charles Scribner. Muir, John Excerpts from The Yosemite, pp in My First Summer in the Sierra. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books [Originally published in 1911]. - Autobiographical information is from: Bergon, F. (ed.) The Wilderness Reader, pp Find and Download Readings in Blackboard: Week 1 / Lecture 1+2 Reading Quiz 1: Tuesday, January 24, 4-4:10 pm