PLANT BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT FOR COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE LAND FOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIA

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1 PLANT BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT FOR COMMUNITY BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN VILLAGE LAND FOREST RESERVES OF LUDEWA, NJOMBE, TANZANIA Samora A. Macrice (PhD) FORCONSULT 2017 i

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report presents empirical findings from ecological surveys carried out to document plant biodiversity of six village forests potential for establishment of Community Based Forest Management (CBFM) between 2015 and 2016 in Ludewa, Njombe Tanzania. Ludewa District was not covered by Participatory Forest Management (PFM) and only about 20% of natural forests are formally protected in the District. Forests of Ludewa provide wood and non-wood products, act as water catchment areas and provide a wide range of cultural and recreational benefits. However, they are currently managed under village governments which lack effective management plans and relevant information on their natural capital. Knowledge on plant biodiversity in natural forests is important for CBFM establishment and sustainable biodiversity conservation and protection. The findings in this report are based on 83 randomly selected plots of 10 x 10 m each in six village forests (i.e. Mawengi, Masimavalafu, Iwela, Mvava, Kimelembe and Nkomang ombe) of dry miombo woodlands. Data was summarized and analysis of biodiversity indices i.e. abundance, richness, diversity, density, basal area and carbon stocks was computed in MS Excel. Overall results show that a total of 221 plant species and 51 families were registered from all the forests. The overall single most frequent plant species was Brachystegia spiciformis. Nkomang ombe forest had the highest plant species richness (91 species) and 26 families while Iwela forest had the lowest richness of 38 species and 21 families. In terms of species diversity Masimavalafu forest had the highest Shannon-Wiener species diversity (H =2.38) while Iwela had the least (1.17). Iwela forest had the overall highest stem density (3211 stems/ha) while Mvava forest had the least (382). Mvava forest had the highest basal area of individual species with 3344 cm 2 /ha while Litumbi had the least with 120 cm 2 /ha. Impatiens gomphophylla (Balsaminaceae) and Duosperma trachyphyllum (Acanthaceae) are endangered species (according to IUCN) recorded in the area. Duosperma livingstoniense (Acanthaceae) a vulnerable species and Pterocarpus angolensis (Leguminosae) a near threatened species were also recorded in the forests. In addition, two national concern species i.e. Osyris lanceolata (Rubiaceae) and Syzygium cordatum (Myrtaceae) were also recorded in Ludewa. This demonstrates clearly a significant role played by miombo woodlands under local communities management in supporting important biodiversity. It is therefore recommended that current and future improved management strategies in village forest reserves consider CBFM as a viable option for sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation in Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot and beyond. Keywords: Participatory forest management; joint forest management; sustainable forest management; community based conservation; village forest reserve; biodiversity; miombo; diversity; richness; density; carbon; basal area; importance value index; national concern species; trigger species ii

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was funded by Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) through Mapping of the Remaining Un-protected Natural Forests and Assessment of their Resources and Threats as a Roadmap to Conserve Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot in Ludewa, Tanzania project (CEPF GEM Number 65709). The author is deeply indebted for their financial support. Besides, this research work would not have been completed without the technical inputs of Dr Neduvoto P. Mollel from the Arusha National Herbarium of Tanzania and Mr Canisius J. Kayombo from the Forestry Training Institute in botanical identification. The author would like to thank very much Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) for granting permission to travel and be away from the work station. Regional and Natural Resource Office gave permission to work in the forests. District Administrative Officers for Ludewa and District Natural Resource Officers provided logistical support. Gumbo Mvanda, Gilbert Ngailo, Lucas Makonobe, Dennis P. Mollel, Aggrey Uwiso, Obote Msemakweli and George Bulenga helped with the fieldwork. Paul Lyimo helped with data entry, coding and analysis. Village Governments and Village Natural Resource Committee members for Mawengi, Masimavalafu, Iwela, Mvava, Kimelembe and Nkomang ombe provide local knowledge, access to the forests and helped with data collection. Sternson D. Mwakidunda and Kassim B. Urasa drove tirelessly and carefully for thousands of Kilometers but without a single accident in rough roads of Ludewa, Njombe Tanzania. Thank you all!! iii

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS... iv LIST OF TABLES... v LIST OF FIGURES... vi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS... vii 1. INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Study site Plant biodiversity sampling Statistical analysis RESULTS Overall plant community structure for the six forests Mvava Forest Reserve, Mvava Village Litumbi Forest Reserve, Mawengi Village Litwang ata Forest Reserve, Nkomang ombe Village Kimelembe Forest Reserve, Kimelembe Village Intake Forest Reserve, Masimavalafu Village Iwela Forest Reserve, Iwela Village BRIEF DISCUSSION APPENDIX 1: REFERENCES APPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAGE FORESTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIA iv

5 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Plant community structure in six Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa Njombe Tanzania. (n = 83) Table 2: Abundance of woody plant species in Mvava Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania... Table 3: Stem density, basal area, important value index and carbon stocks of Mvava Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania. Table 4: Abundance of tree species in Litumbi Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania Table 5: Stem density and basal area of Litumbi Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania. Table 6: Abundance of tree species in Litwang ata Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania... Table 7: Stem density, basal area and carbon stocks of Litwang ata Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania. Table 8: Abundance of tree species in Kimelembe Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania... Table 9: Stem density and basal area in Kimelembe Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania Table 10: Abundance of tree species in the Intake Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania... Table 11: Stem density and basal area of Intake Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania Table 12: Abundance of tree species in Iwela Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania... Table 13: Stem density and basal area of Iwela Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania v

6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: The location of study forests in Ludewa, Njombe, southernhighlands Tanzania 4 Figure 2. Summary of stand variables in six Village Forests of Ludewa, Tanzania 7 Figure 3. Summary of stocking in six Village Forests of Ludewa, Tanzania... 7 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: REFERENCES APPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAGE FORESTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIA vi

7 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CBC CBFM VNRC CEPF lvi NTFPs PF PFM TFS URT WCS JFM TFP FA VLFRs DBH VFR IUCN LUP MRV SUA Community Based Conservation Community Based Forest Management Village Natural Resource Committee Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund Importance Value Index Non Timber Forest Products Private Forest Participatory Forest Management Tanzania Forest Service United Republic of Tanzania Wildlife Conservation Society Joint Forest Management Tanzania Forest Policy Forest Act Village Land Forest Reserves Diameter at Breast Height Village Forest Reserves International Union for Conservation of Nature Land use plan Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Sokoine University of Agriculture FORCONSULT Forest Consulting Unit at the College of Forestry, Wildlife and Tourism at SUA REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation plus the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks vii

8 1. INTRODUCTION Natural forests form significant portion of land cover and accommodate particularly rich flora and fauna in Tanzania. Tanzania has a total land area of 94.5 million hectares, with a tropical climate and 10 ecological zones with different physiographic zones and complex topography. About 48 million hectares of Tanzania land is covered by forests and woodlands which is about 55% of the total country land area (MNRT 2015). Out of this total area, almost two thirds consists of woodlands on public lands which lack proper management. Public lands are under enormous pressure from expansion of agricultural activities, livestock grazing, fires and other human activities. About 13 million hectares of this total forest area have been gazetted as forest reserves. Over 80,000 ha of the gazetted area are under plantation forests and about 1.6 million hectares are under water catchment management. These forests provide wood and non-wood products, act as water catchment areas, habitats for wildlife and provide a wide range of cultural and recreational benefits, genetic resources and water catchment (Dykstra and Enrich 1992). They are also an important economic base for the country's development. There is increasing interest in their biodiversity, dynamics and contribution to rural livelihoods and climate change mitigation and adaptation through emerging opportunities such as green economy and the Reduced Emissions from Forest Degradation and Deforestation (REDD+). Unfortunately, most of these forests lack effective management plans and relevant information on their natural capital and hence unprotected and degraded. Presence of effective management plans and information on natural capital facilitates development of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) especially through Participatory Forest Management (PFM). Participatory forest management is in two approaches namely Joint Forest Management (JFM) and Community Forest Based Management (CBFM). The premise of PFM is to reverse the loss of forests and biodiversity through the involvement of stakeholders, incorporation of local knowledge, lower management costs and ensure equitable distribution of benefits (Kleemeier et al. 2000). In JFM the government is the owner of forests and communities are only involved in management. 1

9 This approach is designed for management of central and local government forest reserves and management responsibilities and revenues are shared between local communities and the respective government. On the other hand, in CBFM, local communities are the owners and managers of the forests. In this approach the management is practiced in forests or woodland under village governments. The revised Tanzania Forest Policy (TFP) and Forest Act (FA) both recognise community participation as the key to sustainable development of forest reserves (URT, 1998). Ludewa natural forests are important and are composed of mainly miombo woodlands which constitute a large part of the African continent covering 2.4 million km 2 of southern, central and eastern Africa (Chidumayo & Gumbo 2010; Dewees et al. 2011). In Tanzania, miombo woodlands are largely distributed in the southern and western part of the country. Miombo woodlands cover about 90 % (374,356 km 2 ) of the forested land in Tanzania (URT 1998). Thus miombo represents a significant vegetation cover in Tanzania and are dominated by the genera Brachystegia and Julbernardia, as elsewhere in southern East and Central Africa. Miombo are strongly influenced by frequent fires and anthropogenic disturbances (Tarimo et al. 2015). The soils underlying miombo are generally well drained, highly leached, and low in plant-available nutrients. Unfortunately, despite the great potential of these forests most of them are not protected recalling for urgent intervention particularly by creating win-win situation by addressing the livelihoods needs of local communities and contribute to conservation as well as improve governance of forests by making it more democratic and accountable system. There are some empirical evidence of positive outcomes whereby forests have recovered and their conditions and maintenance improved through CBFM in Tanzania and elsewhere in the world (Blomley 2008). Establishment of CBFM takes several steps and processes including setting/marking boundaries, carrying out biological resource assessment, management plan development and participatory community training. This work form part and contribute to the overall 2

10 goal of bringing six community forest reserves (i.e. Mawengi, Masimavalafu, Iwela, Mvava, Kimelembe and Nkomang ombe) under CBFM by surveying and documenting plant biodiversity in Ludewa. It is part of the larger project with overall objective of Mapping the Remaining Un-protected Natural Forests and Assessment of their Resources and Threats as a Roadmap to Conserve Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot in Ludewa, Tanzania. It is anticipated that this work will facilitate establishment and promotion of community based conservation (CBC) approaches and protection of biodiversity in the Eastern Afromontane Biodiversity Hotspot and beyond. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Study site This study was conducted in Ludewa District, located in the Njombe region, southernhighlands of Tanzania (Fig. 1). Ludewa covers approximately 8,397 km 2 of which 6,325 km 2 is land surface and 2072 km 2 water area. The area experiences mild climate, and is generally warm and temperate. The study forests are located within 34 34' E and S. The average temperature is 19.2 C and receives an average annual rainfall of 1215 mm. The population of Ludewa was estimated to be 133,218 in 2012 (National Bureau of Statistics Tanzania). Ethnic groups include Wapangwa, Wakisi and Wamanda and their main economic activities include agriculture, livestock keeping and fisheries particularly at the shores of Lake Nyasa. Ludewa has a total of 465,030 ha of arable land of which only 52,400 ha is under crop cultivation. Main cultivated food crops include maize, paddy, Irish and sweet potatoes while cash crops are coffee, pyrethrum and sunflower. Ludewa has a total forest area of 30,596 ha of which only 10,760 ha (35%) are reserved forests. There are 76 villages which are all reported to have been surveyed and demarcated but the district is yet to have its land use plan. On the other hand only 4 villages i.e. Lwilo, Nkomang ombe, Kimelembe and Milo out of the 76 villages have Village Land Use Plans. All (i.e. Litumbi, Intake, Iwela, Mvava, Kimelembe and Litwang ata) studied forests are under Village Governments. 3

11 Figure 2: Tanzania. The location of study forests in Ludewa, Njombe, southern-highlands 2.2 Plant biodiversity sampling To investigate plant biological resources a nested sampling design was adopted whereby 83 plots of 10 x 10 m were selected randomly in different village forest reserves to study distribution, abundance, richness, diversity, density, basal area and carbon of trees between 2015 and In the same plots, 3 quadrats of 1 x 1 m were randomly laid out to investigate herbaceous vegetation (grasses and herbs) in each plot. Regenerants were also identified, counted and recorded in the 10 x 10 m plot. Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) was measured using a caliper for all stems with DBH 5cm in plots. For woody 4

12 species plant frequency and species identities were recorded in each plot. For non woody plant species, plant cover (in percentages) was estimated visually in quadrat by three persons and the average was taken as the true cover. Taxonomy of herbaceous plants follows: Haines and Lye (1983), Polhill (1988) and Beentje and Ghazanfar (2010). Plots were positioned at least 450 m apart and their geographic locations recorded using a standardized hand-held GPS (Garmin Map76cx). Elevation was taken at the centre of plot using the GPS. Plant species were identified in the field to species level, and unidentifiable plants were collected, pressed and sent to Arusha National Herbarium of Tanzania for identification. In addition, collected voucher specimens for all species encountered in the field for identify confirmation were later deposited at the same herbarium. To obtain plant trigger species IUCN website ( was consulted for all plant species. Moreover, other potential trigger species were identified based on population trends, distribution and size from existing literature. 2.3 Statistical analysis Plant species richness was determined by the total number of species occurring in a plot. Density was calculated as stems per hectare. The allometric model for Chamshama et al., 2004 (i.e. Biomass=0.0625*DBH^2.553) was employed to compute biomass. Biomass was then multiplied by 0.5 to obtain carbon stocks for tree species. The Shannon-Wiener index of diversity (H') for trees was computed following Kindt and Coe (2005). The Shannon-Wiener index of diversity was selected because it combines species richness and evenness and is less affected by sample size compared to other indices (e.g. Simpsons) (Krebs, 1989). The species Importance Value Index (lvi) was calculated from the sum of relative density, relative frequency and relative dominance as explained by Kent and Coker (1992). Abundance was computed as the total number of individuals for woody plants while for non woody plants it was the sum of cover/percentages. For non woody species the relative cover (%) of individual species was then calculated based on the total 5

13 cover, ranked and the most frequent species identified. Basal area (g) was computed based on the following formula (g)= (PI()DBH^2/4)/plot are(ha). 3. RESULTS 3.1. Overall plant community structure for the six forests Overall, we recorded 221 plant species from 51 families in six Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa. Litwang ata forest had the highest plant species richness (91 species) and 26 families while Iwela forest had the lowest richness of 38 species and 21 families (Table 1; Figure 2). Table 1: 1 Plant community structure in six Village Forest Reserves of Ludewa Njombe Tanzania. (n = 83) S/No. Forest Village Forest size (ha) No. of plots Total no. of species Total no. of families Shannon- Wiener diversity 1 Mvava Mvava Litumbi Mawengi Litwang ata Nkomang ombe Intake Masimavalafu Iwela Iwela Kimelembe Kimelembe Total , Iwela forest had the overall highest stem density (3211 stems/ha) while Mvava forest had the least (382). Mvava forest had the highest basal area of individual species with 3344 cm 2 /ha while Litumbi had the least with 120 cm 2 /ha (Figure 3). 6

14 Figure 2. Summary of stand variables in six Village Forests of Ludewa, Tanzania In terms of species diversity Intake forest had the highest Shannon-Wiener species diversity (2.38) while Iwela had the least (1.17). Overall average number of species in a forest was 37 while the average Shannon-Wiener index in a forest was Figure 3. Summary of stocking in six Village Forests of Ludewa, Tanzania 7

15 The overall single most frequent plant species was Brachystegia spiciformis. A total of four trigger species according to IUCN i.e. According to IUCN Impatiens gomphophylla and Duosperma trachyphyllum are endangered species recorded in the area. Duosperma livingstoniense a vulnerable species was also registered. Pterocarpus angolensis a near threatened species was also recorded. In addition, two national concern species with high potential to be trigger species Syzygium cordatum and Osyris lanceolata were also registered in the studied forests Mvava Forest ReserveR eserve,, Mvava Village A total of 68 plant species and 25 families were recorded in Mvava forest reserve. Of these 16 were tree species of 8 families. The two most dominant species were Uapaca kirkiana (36.2%) and Brachystegia sp. (19%) (Table 2). Shannon-Wiener species diversity was 2.13 while Simpson index was 0.18 for trees of Mvava forest. Table 2: Abundance of tree species in Mvava Forest Reserve,, Ludewa Tanzania S/No. Scientific name 8 Abundance (%) Family 1 Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae Brachystegia sp. Leguminosae Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae Erica sp. Ericaceae Psidium guajava Phyllanthaceae Ochna schweinfurthiana Ochnaceae Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Phyllanthaceae Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae Erica mannii Ericaceae Faurea saligna Proteaceae Vitex iringensis Lamiaceae Acacia amythethophylla Leguminosae Dalbergia nitidula Leguminosae Faurea rochetiana Proteaceae Syzigium cordatum Myrtaceae 0.86

16 16 Uapaca nitida Phyllanthaceae 0.86 Uapaca kirkiana had stem density, basal area and important value index of 382, 3344 and 362, respectively. Similarly, Brachystegia sp. had values of 311, 2744 and 322 for stem density, basal area and important value index, respectively. Syzygium cordatum was the last species with low density, basal area and important value index of 14, 67 and 6, respectively (Table 3). Uapaca kirkiana had the highest ( t/ha) while Syzigium cordatum (3.03 t/ha) had the lowest carbon storage (Table 3). A vulnerable plant species Duosperma livingstoniense was recorded in Mvava forest (Appendix 2). Table 3: : Stem density, basal b area, important value index and carbon stocks of Mvava Forest Reserve,, Ludewa Tanzania S/No. Scientific name Stem density (ha) Basal area (cm /ha) IVI Carbon (t/ha /ha) 1 Uapaca kirkiana Brachystegia sp Parinari excelsa Psidium guajava Erica mannii Ochna schweinfurthiana Erica sp Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Brachystegia boehmii Vitex iringensis Faurea saligna Faurea rochetiana Uapaca nitida Dalbergia nitidula Acacia amythethophylla Syzygium cordatum

17 3.3 Litumbi ForestF Reserve,, Mawengi Village At Litumbi forest a total of 56 plant species belonging to 26 families were registered. Of these, 14 were tree species of 12 families. The most dominant tree species was Brachystegia spiciformis with the abundance of almost 73% (Table 4). The Shannon- Wiener species diversity for trees was 2.35 while Simpson index was Table 4: Abundance of tree species in Litumbi Forest Reserve,, Ludewa Tanzania S/No Botanical name Family Abundance (%) 1 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae Albizia sp. Leguminosae Faurea saligna Proteaceae Ochna schweinfurthiana Ochnaceae Multidentia crassa Rubiaceae Myrsine melanophloesa Primulaceae Combretum molle Combretaceae Lannea schimperi Anacardiaceae Maesopsis eminii Rhamnaceae Pittosporum viridiflorum Pittosporaceae Zanha africana Sapindaceae 0.46 Brachystegia spiciformis had the highest stem density of 2221 while Faurea saligna had the highest basal area of 120 (Table 5). In terms of carbon Brachystegia spiciformis had the highest carbon stock of 4061 t/ha while Lannea schimperi had the lowest with 0.08 t/ha (Table 5). The individual tree species average carbon stock per ha was t in Litumbi Forest Reserve. Osyris lanceolata (African Sandalwood) a national concern tree species was registered at Litumbi forest although only saplings. A vulnerable plant species Duosperma livingstoniense was recorded in Litwangara forest (Appendix 2). 10

18 Table 5: Stem density and basal b area of Litumbi Forest Reserve,, Ludewa Tanzania Scientific name Stem density (cm 2 /ha) Basal area (cm 2 /ha) Carbon (t/ha) Brachystegia spiciformis Parinari excelsa Uapaka kirkiana Brachystegia boehmii Albizia sp Faurea saligna Ochna schweinfurthiana Multidentia crassa Myrsine melanophloesa Pittosporum viridiflorum Combretum molle Maesopsis eminii Zanha africana Lannea schimperi Litwang ata ForestF Reserve,, Nkomang ombe Village There were a total of 91 plant species belonging to 26 families in Litwang ata Forest Reserve. Out of all plants 21 were tree species belonging to 13 families (Table 8). Brachystegia boehmii had the highest abundance (46.3%) while Piliostigma thonningii, Rothmannia sp, Senna singueana and Vitex iringensis had the lowest abundance (0.4%) in tree life form (Table 6). Table 6. 6 Abundance of tree species in Litwang ata Forest Reserve,, Ludewa Tanzania Scientific name Family Abundance (%) Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae 46.3 Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae 9.7 Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Phyllanthaceae 6.6 Acacia amythethophylla Leguminosae 6.2 Faurea saligna Proteaceae 5.3 Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae 3.5 Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae 3.1 Pericopsis angolensis Leguminosae 3.1 Gardenia ternifolia Rubiaceae

19 Cyphostemma junceum Vitaceae 2.2 Ochna schweinfurthiana Ochnaceae 1.8 Syzygium cordatum Myrtaceae 1.8 Dalbergia nitidula Leguminosae 1.3 Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae 1.3 Lannea schimperi Anacardiaceae 1.3 Ozoroa insigns Anacardiaceae 1.3 Protea gaguedii Proteaceae 0.9 Piliostigma thonningii Leguminosae 0.4 Rothmannia sp Rubiaceae 0.4 Senna singueana Leguminosae 0.4 Vitex iringensis Lamiaceae 0.4 Likewise, Brachystegia boehmii had the highest stem density of 1485 stems/ha (Table 7). The average stem density and basal area for a species were 153 stems/ha and m 2 /ha, respectively for Litwang ata Forest Reserve. In terms of tree species diversity the forest had Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices of 2.11 and 0.24, respectively. Parinari excelsa had the highest carbon stock and basal area followed by Acacia amythethophylla (Table 7). An endangered species Impatiens gomphophylla was recorded in Litwang ata forest (Appendix 2). Table 7. 7 Stem density, basal area and carbon stocks of Litwang ata Forest Reserve, Ludewa Tanzania Stem density Basal area Carbon (t/ha /ha) Scientific name (/ha) (cm /ha) Brachystegia boehmii Uapaca kirkiana Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Acacia amythethophylla Faurea saligna Combretum zeyheri Parinari excelsa Pericorpsis angolensis Gardenia ternifolia Cyphostemma junceum

20 Syzigium cordatum Ochna schweinfurthiana Dalbergia nitidula Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Ozoroa insigns Lannea schimperi Protea gaguedii Senna singueana Piliostigma thonningii Vitex iringensis Rothmania sp Kimelembe Forest Reserve,, Kimelembe Village A total of 66 plant species and 26 families were recorded at Kimelembe Forest Reserve. Of these, 26 were tree species belonging to 16 families. The most two dominant tree species were Neoboutonia macrocalyx (38.67%) and Uapaca kirkiana (14.92%) (Table 8). Table 8: 8 Abundance of tree speciess in Kimelembe Forest Reserve,, Ludewa Tanzania S/No. Scientific name Family Abundance (%) 1 Neoboutonia macrocalyx Euphorbiaceae Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae Markhamia lutea Bignoniaceae Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae Brachystegia bussei Leguminosae Ficus sycomorus Moraceae Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae Diospyros mespiliformis Ebenaceae Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae Psychotria faucicola Rubiaceae Tapiphyllum discolor Rubiaceae Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae Combretum molle Combretaceae Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae Piliostigma thonningii Leguminosae Faurea rochetiana Proteaceae Garcinia livingstoniense Clusiaceae

21 18 Pericopsis angolensis Leguminosae Psychotria lauracea Rubiaceae Pterocarpus angolensis Leguminosae Pterocarpus tinctorius Leguminosae Rothmania sp Rubiaceae Sorindeia madagascariensis Anacardiaceae Terminalia mollis Combretaceae Ximenia americana Olacaceae Ziziphus mucronata Rhamnaceae 0.55 Neoboutonia macrocalyx had the highest stem density (233 stems/ha) while Ziziphus mucronata had the highest basal area (551 cm 2 /ha; Table 9). Sorindeia madagascariensis had the lowest basal area of 23 cm 2 /ha (Table 9). The tree species diversity was 2.30 and 0.19 for Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indices showing that the forest had moderate diversity (Table 9). Table 9: 9 Stem density and basal area in Kimelembe Forest Reserve,, Ludewa Tanzania S/No. Scientific name Stem density (/ha) Basal area (cm 2 /ha) 1 Neoboutonia macrocalyx Uapaca kirkiana Markhamia lutea Brachystegia bussei Brachystegia boehmii Ficus sycomorus Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Syzygium sp Diospyros mespiliformis Psychotria faucicola Tapiphyllum discolor Brachystegia spiciformis Combretum molle Piliostigma thonningii Parinari excelsa Pterocarpus tinctorius Ziziphus mucronata

22 18 Ximenia americana Faurea rochetiana Garcinia livingstoniense Pterocarpus angolensis Psychotria lauracea Pericopsis angolensis Rothmania angleriane Terminalia mollis Sorindeia madagascariensis Intake Forest Reserve,, Masimavalafu Village There were a total of 52 plant species and 22 families in Intake Forest Reserve. Of all recorded plant species 24 were tree species belonging to 14 families. The two most dominant species were Brachystegia spiciformis (34.65%) and Brachystegia boehmii (11.27%). Dalbergia boehmii, Psidium guajava, Scolopia sp. and Zanha africana were the species with the least abundance (Table 10). Table 10: Abundance of tree species s in the Intake Forest Reserve,, Ludewa Tanzania S/No. Scientific name Family Abundance (%) 1 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae Neoboutonia macrocalyx Euphorbiaceae Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae Dalbergia nitidula Leguminosae Ficus sycomorus Moraceae Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae Brachystegia bussei Leguminosae Combretum molle Combretaceae Ximenia caffra Olacaceae Garcinia volkensii Clusiaceae Euphorbia bongensis Euphorbiaceae Pterolobium stellatum Leguminosae Scolopia stolzii Salicaceae Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae Pterocarpus angolensis Leguminosae

23 18 Vitex doniana Lamiaceae Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae Diospyros kirkii Ebenaceae Dalbergia boehmii Leguminosae Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Scolopia sp. Salicaceae Zanha africana Sapindaceae 0.28 The Intake Forest Reserve has the tree species Shannon-Winner diversity of 2.38 and Simpson index of 0.16 (Table 11). Brachystegia spiciformis and Brachystegia boehmii were the two species with the highest stem density of and (Table 11). Scolopia stolzii had the highest basal area of cm 2 /ha (Table 11). An endangered plant species Duosperma trachyphyllum was registered in the Intake forest (Appendix 2). Table 11: : Stem density and basal b area of Intake Forest Reserve,, Ludewa Tanzania Stem density Basal area S/No. Scientific name (/ha) (cm 2 /ha) 1 Brachystegia spiciformis Brachystegia boehmii Neoboutonia macrocalyx Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Uapaca kirkiana Dalbergia nitidula Ficus sycomorus Syzygium sp Brachystegia bussei Combretum molle Ximenia caffra Garcinia volkensii Euphorbia bongensis Scolopia stolzii Pterolobium stellatum Pterocarpus angolensis Parinari excelsa Vitex doniana Diospyros kirkii Combretum zeyheri

24 21 Dalbergia boehmii Zanha africana Psidium guajava Iwela Forest Reserve,, Iwela Village A total of 38 plant species belonging to 21 families were recorded in Iwela Forest Reserve. Of all the plants 25 were tree species in 18 families (Table 12). The most dominant species were Brachystegia spiciformis (54.83%) and Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (15.94%). Table 12: Abundance of tree specs pecies in Iwela Forest Reserve,, Ludewa Tanzania S/No. Scientific name Family Abundance (%) 1 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Apocynaceae Ficus sycomorus Moraceae Ochna mossambicensis Ochnaceae Commiphora africana Burseraceae Grewia fallax Malvaceae Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae Euphorbia bongensis Euphorbiaceae Neoboutonia macrocalyx Euphorbiaceae Pterocarpus angolensis Leguminosae Coffea canephora Rubiaceae Flacourtia indica Moraceae Aphloia theiformis Aphloiaceae Sclerocarya birrea Anacardiaceae Ximenia caffra Olacaceae Euclea natalensis Ebenaceae Faurea rochetiana Proteaceae Hyparrhenia rufa Poaceae Scolopia stolzii Salicaceae Tapiphyllum discolor Rubiaceae Cordia africana Boraginaceae Ficus natalensis Moraceae

25 23 Landolphia kirkii Apocynaceae Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae Vernonia karaguensis Compositae 0.24 Iwela Forest Reserve had Shannon-Winner and Simpson indices of 1.77 and 0.33 for trees, respectively. Brachystegia spiciformis had the highest stem density (3211 stems/ha) while Uapaca kirkiana, Ficus natalensis, Cordia africana, Vernonua karaguensis and Landolphia kirki had the lowest stem density (in all species 14 stems/ha; Table 13). Pterocarpus angolensis had the highest basal area of 212 cm 2 /ha while Landolphia kirki had the lowest basal area of cm 2 /ha (Table 13). Table 13: : Stem density and basal b area of Iwela Forest Reserve,, Ludewa Tanzania S/No. Scientific name Stem density (/ha)( Basal area (cm 2 /ha) 1 Brachystegia spiciformis Diplorhynchus condylocarpon Ficus sycomorus Ochna mossambicensis Commiphora africana Grewia fallax Brachystegia boehmii Pterocarpus angolensis Neoboutonia macrocalyx Euphorbia bongensis Coffea canephora Flacourtia indica Aphloia theiformis Sclerocarya birrea Ximenia caffra Faurea rochetiana Hyparrhenia rufa Scolopia stolzii Euclea natalensis Tapiphyllum discolor Uapaca kirkiana Ficus natalensis Cordia africana

26 24 Vernonua karaguensis Landolphia kirkii BRIEF DISCUSSION Ludewa community forests are dynamic landscapes with rich plant species of conservation importance. Of the previously reported around 10,000 plant species in Tanzania (Myers 2000) 221 (0.02%) species occur in the studied forests. Among the registered plants some are common species such as Brachystegia spiciformis and Diplorhynchus condylocarpon which are typical miombo woodland species. Others are economically and highly valued source of important nutrients and livelihoods to local communities such as Uapaca kirkiana. There are also important species of conservation concern to mention particularly Pterocarpus angolensis a near threatened species, Impatiens gomphophylla and Duosperma trachyphyllum endangered species and Duosperma livingstoniense vulnerable species, which were also recorded in the area. Moreover, two national concern species i.e. Osyris lanceolata (African Sandalwood) and Syzygium cordatum were recorded in some of the forests of Ludewa. Brachystegia species were the most dominant plant species in the studied forests consistent with other studies. This is in line with the known fact for miombo woodlands which cover large areas of east, west and southern Tanzania. Miombo woodlands constitute a large part of the African continent covering 2.4 million km 2 of southern, central and eastern Africa (Chidumayo & Gumbo 2010; Dewees et al. 2011). Miombo woodlands have been reported as central to the livelihoods of millions of rural and urban dwellers for providing fuel wood, building materials, medicines, food and ecosystem services (Campbell et al. 2007). Not only that but also miombo woodlands offer opportunities for emerging green economy such as those brought by REDD+ in village forest reserves. In the studied forests Brachystegia spiciformis was found to be the overall abundant species. It is known that miombo woodland is dominated by legume trees of the family Fabaceae (sub-family Caesalpinaceae), belonging to the genera Brachystegia, Julbernardia and/or Isoberlinia, with an understory dominated by C4 grasses (White 19

27 1983). Although miombo woodlands occur on nutrient-limited soils and at various macro- and micro-climates they are known to harbor rich flora and fauna important species. They are categorized as wet miombo woodlands in areas with above 1000 mm or dry in areas with less than 1000 mm mean annual rainfall. The studied forests are dry miombo. A significant tree stocking was observed in the six forests. The stem density ranged between stems/ha while basal area ranged between 120 and 3344 cm 2 /ha for individual tree species. Of all the forests, Iwela forest reserve had Shannon-Wiener diversity of The presence of low diversity in Iwela suggests that this important forest is disturbed and further disturbance should be prevented to allow restoration. Because of the abundance and availability of biological resources including water and Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) throughout the year, Ludewa natural forests attract livelihood activities which may destroy critical habitats and thereby impair biodiversity. It is known that miombo woodlands experience high disturbance that influences their vegetation structure and compositions (Campbell et al. 1996). On the other hand, species diversity is in part a function of the area as well as heterogeneity. The study covered only a representative area using plots covering total of 0.83 ha. From mapping exercise (Table 1) the total area of all six surveyed forests is 16,741.5 ha. Ludewa composes of extensive and heterogeneous areas. So given that sampling intensity is increased it could be that data for plant community composition, stocking and structure might change. Nevertheless, findings from this study provide for the first time basic information on biological resources of community forests in Ludewa. It should be remembered that the studied forests are only under the management of Village Government who are not able to manage appropriately these forests. Experience demonstrates that Village Governments lack effective management plans and relevant information on the natural capital of these forests. But at the same time they are the ones supposed to protect natural resources at local lever. It is therefore pressing that village forests are fully protected from over exploitation and degradations caused by human activities through for example Community Based Conservation (CBC) approaches that have so far 20

28 indicated to be successfully in restore forest condition and structure (Blomley et al., 2008). Information on biological resources is important step in planning for CBFM. This study has therefore provided the basis and significant contribution to the establishment of Village Land Forest Reserves (VLFRs) by generating for the first time updated empirical information on available natural capital in village forests of Ludewa, Njombe Tanzania. 21

29 APPENDIX 1: REFERENCES Beentje and Ghazanfar (2010). Flora of tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Campbell B, Angelsen A, Cunningham A, Katerere Y, Sitoe A, Wunder S. (2007). Miombo woodlands opportunities and barriers to sustainable forest management. Bogor, Indonesia:CIFOR. Campbell B, Frost, P. & Byron, N. (1996). Miombo woodlands and their use: overview and key issues. Pp in Campbell, B. (ed.). The miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor. Chamshama et al., (2004). Chamshama, S.A.O., Mugasha, A.G. and Zahabu, E. (2004). Biomass and volume estimation for miombo woodlands at Kitulangalo, Morogoro, Tanzania. Southern Forests 200: Chidumayo EN, Gumbo DJ. (2010). The dry forests and woodlands of Africa. Managing for products and services. London: Earthscan. Dewees P, Campbell B, Katerere Y, Sitoe A, Cunningham AB, Angelsen A, Wunder S. (2011). Managing the miombo woodlands of southern Africa: policies, incentives, and options for the rural poor. Washington, DC: (plus annexes: see ) World Bank Program on forests (PROFOR). Dykstra and Hernich (1992). The FAO Initiative on harvesting technologies to sustain tropical high forests pp In: FRIM. Symposium on harvesting and Silviculture for Sustainable Forestry in the Tropics. Workshop Proceedings, Kuala Lumpur Kindt R, Coe R (2005) Tree diversity analysis. A manual and 597 software for common statistical methods for ecological and 598 biodiversity studies. World Agroforesty Centre, Nairobi Kleemeier, E. (2000). The Impact of Participation on sustainability: An analysis of the Malawi Rural Piped Scheme Program. World development 28: United Republic of Tanzania (URT) (1998). National Forest Policy. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam. Tarimo et al. (2015). Spatial distribution of temporal dynamics in anthropogenic fires in miombo savanna woodlands of Tanzania. Carbon Balance and Management 10:18 Myers, N., R. A. Mittermeier, C. G. Mittermeier, G. A. B. da Fonseca, and J. Kent Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism (MNRT) (2015). National Forest Monitoring and Assessment (NAFORMA) of Tanzania Mainland main results. Pg 106. Haines R. and Lye K. (1983). The sedges and rushes of East Africa. East African Natural History Society, Nairobi Polhill (1988). Flora of tropical East Africa: index of collecting localities. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 22

30 Blomley et al., (2008). Seeing the wood for the trees: an assessment of the impact of participatory forest management on forest condition in Tanzania. Oryx, 42(3),

31 APPENDIX 2: LIST OF SHRUBS, HERBS, GRASSES AND REGENERANTS AT SIX VILLAGE FORESTS IN LUDEWA, NJOMBE TANZANIA 1. MVAVA FOREST RESERVE Shrub species S/No. Scientific name Families 1 Chamaecrista mimosoides Fabaceae 2 Cyphostemma junceum Vitaceae 3 Dolichos kilimandscharicus Leguminosae 4 Eriosema montanum Leguminosae 5 Fadogia ancylantha Rubiaceae 6 Galactia argentifolia Leguminosae 7 Heteromorpha trifoliata Apiaceae) 8 Indigofera mimosoides Leguminosae 9 Inulaglomerata Compositae 10 Mucuna stans Leguminosae 11 Multidentia crassa Rubiaceae 12 Psoralea foliosa Leguminosae Herbs and Grasses S/No. Scientific name Family 1 Acalypha volkensii Euphorbiaceae 2 Agathisanthem umbojeri Rubiaceae 3 Aspiliapluriseta Compositae 4 Biophytum abyssinicum Oxalidaceae 5 Cassythafiliformis Lauraceae 6 Chamaecrista mimosoides Leguminosae 7 Combretum molle Combretaceae 8 Commelina sp. Commelinaceae 9 Cynodon nlemfuensis Poaceae 10 Duosperma livingstoniense Acanthaceae 11 Eriosema pentaphyllum Leguminosae 12 Eriosema pseudostrinctum Leguminosae 13 Habenaria sp. Orchidaceae Helichrysumodoratissimum Compositae 15 Helichrysum sp. Compositae 24

32 16 Hyparrenia cymbaria Poaceae 17 Impatiens assurgens Balsaminaceae 18 Indigoferamimosoides Leguminosae 19 Inulaglomerata Compositae 20 Justiciabetonica Acanthaceae 21 Leptochloauniflora Poaceae 22 Loudetiaarundinacea Poaceae 23 Murdannia simplex Commelinaceae 24 Ocimumdecumbens Lamiaceae 25 Ocimum sp. Lamiaceae 26 Panicumsp Poaceae 27 Phyllanthusfischeri Phyllanthaceae 28 Pleurostyliaafricana Celastraceae 29 Rottboelliaexaltata Poaceae 30 Scleriapergracilis Cyperaceae 31 Spermacocedibrachiata Rubiaceae 32 Sphaerocyperuserinaceus Cyperaceae 33 Sphenostylisstenocarpa Leguminosae 34 Sphenostylisstenocarpa Leguminosae 35 Sporobolu spyramidalis Poaceae 36 Teramnus labialis Poaceae 37 Themeda triandra Poaceae 38 Thunbergia alata Acanthaceae 39 Vernonia purpurea Compositae 40 Vernonia karaguensis Compositae Regenerants S/No. Scientific name Family 1 Aspiliapluriseta Compositae 2 Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae 3 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae 4 Bridelia micrantha Phyllanthaceae 5 Combretum molle Commelinaceae 6 Duosperma livingstoniense Acanthaceae 7 Faurea saligna Proteaceae 8 Ochna schweinfurthiana Ochnaceae 9 Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae 25

33 10 Pericopsis angolensis Leguminosae 11 Psorospermum febrifugum Hypericaceae 12 Uapaca kirkiana Phyllanthaceae 2. LITUMBI FOREST RESERVE Shrub species S/No Scientific name Family 1 Duospermalivingstoniense Acanthaceae 2 Indigoferamimosoides Leguminosae 3 Mucunastans Leguminosae 4 Multidentiacrassa Rubiaceae 5 Osyris lanceolata Rubiaceae 6 Psoraleafoliosa Leguminosae 7 Rytigniamonantha Zingiberaceae Herbs and Grasses S/No Name Families 1 Acacia amythethophylla Leguminosae 2 Acalypha volkensii Euphorbiaceae 3 Aloe vera Xanthorrhoeaceae 4 Andropogon schirensis Poaceae 5 Aspilia pluriseta Compositae 6 Commelina sp. Commelinaceae 7 Crepis newii Compositae 8 Cyphostemma junceum Vitaceae 9 Elephanto pusscaber Compositae 10 Eragrostis exasperata Poaceae 11 Eriosema pentaphyllum Leguminosae 12 Fadogia eliskensii Rubiaceae 13 Heteromorph atrifoliata Apiaceae 14 Hyparrhenia cymbaria Poaceae 15 Inula glomerata Compositae 16 Justicia betonica Acanthaceae 17 Lefebvrea stuhlmannii Apiaceae 18 Leptochloa uniflora Poaceae 19 Ocimum decumbens Lamiaceae 26

34 20 Ocimum obovatum var. Lamiaceae obovatum 21 Panicum sp. Poaceae 22 Phyllanthus fischeri Phyllanthaceae 23 Piloselloide shirsuta Compositae 24 Satyrium fimbriatum Orchidaceae 25 Scleria pergracilis Cyperaceae 26 Spermacoce dibrachiata Rubiaceae 27 Sphenostylis stenocarp Leguminosae 28 Themeda triandra Poaceae 29 Thunbergia alata Acanthaceae 30 Triumfetta rhomboidea Malvacea 31 Vernonia stenocephala Compositae Regenerants species S/No. Name Families 1 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae 2 Multidentiacrassa Rubiaceae 3 Olinia usambarensis Penaeaceae 4 Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae 5 Ziziphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae 3. LITWANGATA FOREST RESERVE Shrub species S/No Shrubrich Families 1 Aspiliapluriseta Compositae 2 Cryptosepalummaraviense Leguminosae 3 Cyphostemmajunceum Vitaceae 4 Desmodiumbarbatum Leguminosae 5 Droogmansiapteropus Leguminosae 6 Emilia coccinea Compositae 7 Fadogiaancylantha Rubiaceae 8 Heteromorph atrifoliata Apiaceae 9 Indigofera mimosoides Leguminosae 10 Lippiaabyssinica Verbenaceae 11 Loudetiaarundinacea Poaceae 27

35 12 Mucunastans Leguminosae 13 Multidentiacrassa Rubiaceae 14 Psoraleafoliosa Leguminosae 15 Psorospermumfebrifugum Hypericaceae 16 Psychotriamiombicola Rubiaceae 17 Thunbergialanciflora Acanthaceae Herbs and Grasses S/No. Scientific name Families 1 Acacia amythethophylla Leguminosae 2 Acalyphavolkensii Euphorbiaceae 3 Agathisanthemumbojeri Rubiaceae 4 Alysicarpuszeyheri Leguminosae 5 Andropogonschirensis Poaceae 6 Argyrolobiumfischeri Leguminosae 7 Aspiliapluriseta Compositae 8 Bewsiabiflora Poaceae 9 Chamaecristamimosoides Leguminosae 10 Clematopsisscabiosifolia Ranunculaceae 11 Commelinaafricana Commelinaceae 12 Cyperuscyperoides Cyperaceae 13 Cyperusdubius Cyperaceae 14 Cyphostemmajunceum Vitaceae 15 Duospermacrenatum Acanthaceae 16 Elephantopusscaber Compositae 17 Emilia coccinea Compositae 18 Eriosema pentaphyllum Leguminosae 19 Galium spurium Rubiaceae 20 Gnidiafastigia Thymelaeaceae 21 Habenaria sp. Orchidaceae 22 Heteropogon contortus Poaceae 23 Humulariamultifoliata Leguminosae 24 hyparrhenia sp. Poaceae 25 Impatiens gomphophylla Balsaminaceae 26 Inula glomerata Compositae 27 Justicia betonica Acanthaceae 28 Leptochloauniflora Poaceae 28

36 29 Loudetiaarundinacea Poaceae 30 Murdannia simplex Commelinaceae 31 Ocimumdecumbens Lamiaceae 32 Ocimumfimbriatus Lamiaceae 33 Ocimumovatum Lamiaceae 34 Panicumclaytonii Poaceae 35 Panicumsp Poaceae 36 Phyllanthusfischeri Phyllanthaceae 37 Phyllanthusmaderapatensis Phyllanthaceae 38 Pimpinelaoreophila Apiaceae 39 Plectranthus sp. Lamiaceae 40 Scleriapergracilis Cyperaceae 41 Senecioerubescens Compositae 42 Seneciosubsessilis Compositae 43 Spermacoceprincea Rubiaceae 44 Sphaerocyperuserinaceus Cyperaceae 45 Sphenostylisstenocarpa Leguminosae 46 Teramnus labialis Leguminosae 47 Themeda triandra Poaceae 48 Thunbergia alata Acanthaceae 49 Thunbergia kirkiana Acanthaceae 50 Triumfetta rhomboidea Malvaceae 51 Vernonia glabra Compositae 52 Vernonia glomerata Compositae 53 Vernonia purpurea Compositae 54 Vernonia sp. Compositae 55 Vernoniastenocephala Compositae Regenerants species S/No. Scientific name Family 1 Acacia sp. Leguminosae 2 Brachystegia boehmii Leguminosae 3 Brachystegia spiciformis Leguminosae 4 Combretum zeyheri Combretaceae 5 Cyphostemma junceum Vitaceae 6 Dombeya rotundifolia Malvaceae 7 Faurea saligna Proteaceae 29

37 8 Lannea schimperi Anacardiaceae 9 Parinari excelsa Chrysobalanaceae 10 Pseudolachnostylisma Phyllanthaceae prouneifolia 11 Rothmania sp. Rubiaceae 12 Uapacakirkiana Phyllanthaceae 4. INTAKE FOREST RESERVE Shrub species S/No. Scientific name Family 1 Cryptosepalummaraviense Leguminosae 2 Dyschoristetanzaniensis Acanthaceae 3 Eriosema ellipticum Leguminosae 4 Fadogiellastigmatoloba Rubiaceae 5 Laggerabrevipes Compositae 6 Leucasgrandis Lamiaceae 7 Multidentiacrassa Rubiaceae 8 Peristrophebicalyculata Acanthaceae 9 Tapiphyllumcinerascens Rubiaceae 10 Tephrosian octiflora Leguminosae Herbs and Grasses S/No. Scientific name Family 1 Acalypha volkensii Euphorbiaceae 2 Cissuspseudoguerkeana Vitaceae 3 Commelina erecta Commelinaceae 4 Cyperussp Cyperaceae 5 Cyphostemmasp Vitaceae 6 Digitariasp Poaceae 7 Duosperma trachyphyllum Acanthaceae 8 Gutenbergia cordifolia Compositae 9 Helichrysum kirkii Compositae 10 Loudetia arundinacea Poaceae 11 Panicum maximum Poaceae 12 Schizachyrium exile Poaceae 30