BRANISLAV CVETKOVI] Regional Museum, Jagodina TWO MEDIEVAL SWORDS FROM THE REGIONAL MUSEUM IN JAGODINA

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1 BRANISLAV CVETKOVI] Regional Museum, Jagodina TWO MEDIEVAL SWORDS FROM THE REGIONAL MUSEUM IN JAGODINA UDC: 904: "653"(497.11) DOI: /STA C Original research article Received: January 29, 2009 Accepted: May 4, 2009 Abstract. The author analyzes two medieval swords (one found near Kaleni} monastery and one near the ]uprija town) from the funds of the Department of Archaeology in the Regional Museum in Jagodina. He presents arguments in opposition to the typological classification existent in scholarly literature of the first one, and concludes that the both specimens most probably originate from the same workshop, as were being stamped with identical maker-marks. In the end the author draws one s attention to circumstances of the site find of the first sword, and also points towards possible directions of research of the sacred topography of the Kaleni} monastery environs. Key words. swords, maker-marks, medieval Serbia, Kaleni} monastery, Jagodina, Romylos, level place. During past twenty years the church of the Kaleni} monastery has been the focus of various and systematic archaeological, historical and art-historical research. 1 My own interest in the earliest history of the monument gradually developed towards taking a wider scope including new standpoints, quest for unknown sources and perusal of the ones already treated. 2 In due course, there emerged a number of fresh possibilities allowing for new ways of profound investigation of the monastery complex and of its original context. 3 The scrutinized analysis of the toponymics (Kalinik as an ancient but obsolete form of the monastery name), and of the relief on the church altar window (heraldic bicephalous eagle and a man killing the lion), along with triumphal iconography of the wall paintings and of the facade sculpture, led to conclusion that the Kaleni} monastery church, with its unprecedented richness of architecture and with the lavish mural decoration, may originally have been intended for special commemorations of crucial battles fought in Further, the unexpected, surprising discovery of an Ottoman biti (dated to 1439) in the archives of the Athonite monastery of Xeropotamou, brought new data on the military career of Bogdan the protovestiarios, one of the ktetors of the Kaleni} monastery and the close ally of the Serbian ruler, despot Stefan Lazarevi}. 5 Therefore, the 1 ]irkovi} 1995; Simi}-Lazar 1995; Cvetkovi} 1997; Pejovi} 1998; Simi}-Lazar 2000; Stevovi} 2006a; 2006b; Stevovi} Cvetkovi} 2007b; Stevovi}, Cvetkovi} 2007; Cvetkovi} 2009a. 3 Cvetkovi} 2007a; 2008a; 2008b; 2009c. 4 Cvetkovi} 2008c; Cvetkovi} 2009b. 5 Kolovos * The article results from the project: Development Projection of the Regional Museum in Jagodina , segment 3.10 Kalenic, ZMJ No. 274/

2 point of this article is to draw one s attention to a hitherto neglected archaeological source which may prove useful in a forthcoming research. This is the find of a twohanded long sword from the vicinity of Kaleni} (fig. 1), dated to the th centuries, today part of the permanent exhibition of the Regional Museum in Jagodina. 6 Although published long ago, 7 its former typological identification cannot be sustained anymore after it has been recently analyzed anew. According to the museum documentation, 8 the sword is a chance find made in 1967, during archaeological fieldwork explorations made by Savo Vetni} (fig. 2). It was found on the Kova~nica (the smithy) site, which is located between the villages of Kaleni}ki Prjnavor and Nadrlje, in the region of Leva~ (Central Serbia), actually on the very estate of the Kaleni} monastery. 9 The sword is well preserved; its full length is 116 cm, while the width of the guard grip is 20 cm. 10 Vetni} thought the sword might have been of foreign origin pointing there were visible traces of brass inlay on its blade; although for him the stamp traces were not identifiable, he nevertheless stated the marks must had represented a figure of a wolf, conversely concluding it was of the»vukovac«(the wolf) type. 11 It is, however, well known that the swords the blades of which were marked with the wolf figures originated from the German workshop located in the Bavarian town of Passau. 12 But, it is the very identification of the maker-mark exactly where the problem lies, since the stamp remnants on this sword s blade actually do not represent a wolf. Although lacking most of its brass inlay, the traces of a representation are clearly visible the drawing of it being deeply incised into the metal surface of the blade. Instead of a wolf figure, an inquiring eye, as well as the high resolution digital snapshot, can figure out a totally different form. This note was already stated in the catalogue entry of the Regional Museum in Jagodina, 13 with the reproduction of the sword given in colour. It is well discernible that the maker-mark is made up of two joint symbols a heart superposing a cross, or a cruciform star, the combination which has been present Fig. 1. Sword, Regional Museum in Jagodina, reg. no (side one) Sl. 1. Ma~, Zavi~ajni muzej Jagodina, inv. br (strana jedan) 6 Cvetkovi}, Dodi} 2001, 41, sl Vetni} 1983, 143, 151, T. V/2. 8 Archaeology Department, Inventory Book No. 1, reg. no Vetni} 1983, 143, Vetni} 1983, Vetni} , Birta{evi} Cvetkovi}, Dodi} 2004, 23, No

3 in multiple variations in scholarly literature. 14 Identical pairs of combined motifs are obvious on both sides of the blade, with a heart motif measuring 7 x 6 mm, while the vertical and the horizontal arms of the cross (or the cruciform star) have 6 mm and 3 mm respectively. On one side of the blade, the brass inlay has remained only in the lower arm of the cruciform motif (fig. 1), while on the other side the metal alloy is also visible on the same spot, although in a bit smaller amount (fig. 2). The incorrect classification of the sword from the Kaleni} monastery as being of the wolf type, has been nevertheless unanimously accepted by subsequent scholarship. Without checking its proposed typology, this specimen has been used as an analogy, for instance, for the sword found in Zabla}e, which is kept now in the National Museum in ^a~ak. 15 Being taken for granted, the erroneous typology of the Kaleni} sword reappears even in the latest synthetical publication which has ambitiously collected huge body of medieval swords from the Southeastern regions of Europe, 16 but the illustration was unfortunately given wrong legend refering to the sword specimen from the National Museum in ^a~ak. What is, though, important here is not the sole issue of wrong typology but rather establishment of a workshop which had used apparently the maker-mark that only seemed not to have any match in the known material found in the territory of medieval Serbia. 17 It is important to stress that the sword from Pek~anica, now in the permanent exhibition of the National Museum in Kraljevo, also bears the identical maker-mark. 18 Although Olivera Markovi} identifies the mark as»rose«, she rightly finds analogies published by Glosek. Question of this sword s origin of manufacture is crucial, due to circumstances of its find. This was already emphasized in Vetni} s article:»as reported by the finder, the sword was allegedly found in a hoard together with about ten swords of similar length and shorter daggers, but the other specimens have been destroyed«. 19 I checked this important information and what appears is that the other specimens from the hoard had actually not been Fig. 2. Sword, Regional Museum in Jagodina, reg. no (side two) Sl. 2. Ma~, Zavi~ajni muzej Jagodina, inv. br (strana dva) 14 Glosek 1984, T. V, 57, 86, 93; T. VIII, 140; T. XIV, 330; T. XV, 354; T. XVI, 399, 413; T. XVII, Markovi} 1988a; 1988b. 16 Aleksi} 2007, 48, 168, No. 258, Fig [krivani} 1957; Petrovi} 1976; Petrovi} 1977; Lemaji} 1999, ; ; Aleksi} 2007, ; Aleksi}, Projekat Rastko. 18 Markovi} 1988b, 139, T. IV, V/2. 19 Vetni} 1983, 143,

4 Fig. 3. Fragmented sword, Regional Museum in Jagodina, reg. no (side one) Sl. 3. Fragmentovani ma~, Zavi~ajni muzej Jagodina, inv. br (strana jedan) destroyed totally, but were cut by the finder into smaller parts and were refashioned into knives. What is even more interesting is Vetni} s remark that the finding site Kova~nica (the smithy)»got its name after a mass of dross existing even today«. 20 It is, therefore, of utmost significance for any future research of the environs of Kaleni} to explore whether the site may really have belonged to a medieval blacksmith workshop, and in what way, if any, it may have been related to the monastery proper. It would only be natural to check archaeologically if the swords find had marked part of the weaponry workshop, or was it just a hoard hidden at an unknown moment. Indirect proof of the finder s testimony that there had been as many as ten swords in the hoard, provides another specimen (fig. 3) which is now also permanently exhibited in the Regional Museum in Jagodina. 21 Since it had entered museum funds much later (in 1986), it was not studied and published by Savo Vetni}, nor was it noted by Marko Aleksi}. The blades of this sword bear identical maker-marks, the brass inlay of which are better preserved to the one from the Kova~nica site. According to the museum documentation the sword was found on the river bank of the Velika Morava, in the vicinity just north of the ]uprija town. 22 The very spot is typical for the majority of sword finds, pointing to possible circumstances of loss, namely, the probability of being lost during a battle on a river bank or while crossing the river. Unfortunately, the sword from ]uprija is fragmented now, its blade being broken. The blade length measures 29 cm, and the whole specimen is now long only 53 cm. Although the identical maker-mark relates it to the Kova~nica specimen, there are significant differences between the two in shaping of the guard grip, of the pommel, and of the hilt itself (fig. 4). According to the Oakeshott s typology it may be classified as sword type H1, XVIa, Unlike the Kova~nica sword, this one has an impressed circular mark on the flat side of the hilt (R = 15 mm), the representation of which I am not able to identify with full certainty (fig. 4). It looks as if the form inside the circle represents a capital letter A, measuring 6 x 7 mm. The brass inlaid maker-mark is perfectly preserved only on one side of the blade: the heart motif measuring 7 x 6 mm, and the cruciform star measuring 15 x 10 mm (fig. 3). On the blade s other side the brass inlay has remained only in the left and the lower arms of the cruciform symbol (fig. 4). Although the sword from the Kova~nica site resembles the painted swords held by the warrior saints on the wall paintings in the Kaleni} church, 24 the obvious similarities must not be pressed, as none of the painted exemplars is actually two-handed. 25 It would be much more important to investigate the very find site as to its 20 Vetni} 1983, Cvetkovi}, Dodi} 2001, Archaeology Department, Inventory Book No. 4, reg. no Aleksi} 2007, 25 27, 31, Fig. 1 4; for colour plates of the sword and of the blade detail with the maker-mark, cf. Cvetkovi}, Dodi} 2004, 23, No. 38 b. 24 Simi}-Lazar 1995, T. XXVII XXIX; Simi}-Lazar 2000, T. XXVIII XXXI. 25 Markovi} 1995a; 1995b; Walter

5 Fig. 4. Fragmented sword, Regional Museum in Jagodina, reg. no (side two) Sl. 4. Fragmentovani ma~, Zavi~ajni muzej Jagodina, inv. br (strana dva) Kaleni} monastery estate. 29 Although it has never been archaeologically explored, there are remnants of several ancient cultic sites. 30 Some of the chance finds from the site Crkvine (old church) are also kept in the Regional Museum in Jagodina. 31 Because the form kaludra derives from the Slavonic kalugjer, meaning monk (from the Greek kalògeroj), or nun (kaloudyrica), the name of the village Kaludra may therefore point to its monastic background. 32 Direct analogy is found in the monastery complex of St Luke in Kaludra near Berane (Montenegro), with large hermitage facilities. 33 This question deserves one s full attention as the medieval document from the Historical Archives in Dubrovnik does mention one Bogdan Caloierouich. 34 Could he be identical with the protovestiarios from Kaleni}? Since that family name comes from one s father or mother being monastic, having identical root as Kaludra, it is not impossible. 35 Therefore, regarding Bogdan Caloierouich, ]irkovi} stressed that»one should pay attention to the monastic figures from the Kaleni} narthex, which no doubt belong to the group of ktetors«. 36 Nevertheless, it still remains to be clarified if toponym Kaludra has any value regarding the origin of the family name Caloierouich (Kalugjerovich). Apart from Kaludra, there is another interesting toponomastic location which may be important for future investigation of the whole region. Some 6 kilometers westward of the Kaleni} monastery there is a site called Ravanica, 37 where from a mountain stream flows, called the Ravani~ka reka (Ravanica River). 38 The toponym ravanica, rav nica, meaning plains, level-field, situated deep into the hills, may be important not only because being identical to the name of the famous Ravanica monastery with the mausoleum church of the Serbian prince Lazar. 39 Namely, the origin of this very name may be possible function of a weaponry workshop, and then scrutinize other neighbouring sites around the monastery in order to reassemble parts of the original map of the monastery s environment. Could the swords be of domestic or foreign origin? The maker-mark cannot solve this problem, although the»sas«(saxon) blacksmiths may have operated in the region. 26 Typology provided by Aleksi} may point to such a conclusion, 27 as well as the fact that a manufacture of blades may have been different from place of completion of swords with guard grip and hilt. 28 Toponomastic material presents grounds for further research. One amongst most interesting locations in the immediate vicinity is the village Kaludra, once part of the 26 ]irkovi} Aleksi} 2007, 48 49, map 3, T. 8; for domestic workshops and swords, cf. Petrovi} 1977, Glosek 1984, Stevovi} 2006a, 77, 82, 149, Qubomirovi} 2006, Vetni} 1983, 139, 146, Pl. I, 5; VIII, Dani~i} 1863, Lutovac 2007; Popovi} 2007a; Popovi}, Popovi} ]irkovi} 1995, Mihaq~i} ]irkovi} 1995, Geokarta NRS, Man. Kaleni} K 34 6 D b. 38 Ra{kovi} 2002, 41, karta Belovi}

6 significant regarding theological dimensions of the term itself, as has recently been argued. Marina Belovi}- Hodge has stressed the usage of the term in a hagiographical text devoted to the prince Lazar and its derivation from the work of St Athanasius of Alexandria. 40 That the term plains (tòpon pedinòn; mhsto ravno) has been used as an anchorite topos may be corroborated by the lines from both versions of Vita of St Romylos of Ravanica. 41 The expression plain place is used in this highly important narrative to denote the most suitable position for the hermit s dwelling place. 42 In almost identical context it can be found as early as the Chilandari charter of the Serbian king Stefan the Firstcrowned. 43 There it is used as a paradisiacal metaphor for the Holy Mountain of Athos, the Garden of Eden, and as the locus amoenus in general. 44 The same term plain place is to be found in Vita of the Serbian king Stephen De~anski, in a description of how the suitable place was found for erection of Monastery of De~ani. 45 All these quotations were obviously drawn from the Gospels, as in a chapter by Luke (6, 17 19) the Evangelist talks of Jesus assembling his pupils and followers in order to perform miraculous healings:»he went down with them and stood on a level place. A large crowd of his disciples was there and a great number of people from all over Judea, from Jerusalem, and from the coast of Tyre and Sidon, who had come to hear him and to be healed of their diseases. Those troubled by evil spirits were cured, and the people all tried to touch him, because power was coming from him and healing them all«. 46 It would be, therefore, necessary to check the characteristics of the location called Ravanica on the slopes of the Gledi} Mountains, westward of Kaleni}, because it is plausible to expect one finding traces of hermitages there, or some other monastic dwellings at the site. 47 The assumption has grounds since the hermits once lived in the surroundings. The sources testify there had been hermitages in the vicinity of the Ljubostinja monastery, actually not far from Kaleni}, because the narrow, hilly region of the Gledi} Mountains constitutes the only piece of land separating the two monasteries. In the colophon written by Theodore, the monk from Dalsha, he specifically states there was a hermitage near the Ljubostinja monastery. 48 In another one, the monk Dositheos (also called Moses), writes he has copied several manuscripts in the vicinity of the Ljubostinja monastery, at the foothills of the»prozrak mountain«, which one should perhaps identify with the southern parts of the Gledi} Mountains. 49 Literal translation of name of the monastery such is Ravanica would indeed happen during later migrations of Serbs at the end of the 17 th century. 50 If something similar took place under the foothills of the Gledi} Mountains already in the Middle Ages is yet to be explored, as well as the origin of swords discovered around Kaleni}. 40 Belovi} 1999, 21 30; Belovi}-Hodge Sùrku 1900, 31; Halkin 1961, 142, ch. 21, l. 6 8; Popovi} 1972, Pavlikianov 2002, Trifunovi} 1975, 11, 13; Juhas-Georgievska 1988, 56, Radoj~i} cf. Stankova 2007, Mak Danijel 1989, 57; Todi}, ^anak-medi} 2005, 16 17; Popovi} 2006, ; Marjanovi}-Du{ani} 2007, Bible, King James Version. cf. Blagova et al. 1999, Popovi} 2007b. 48 Stojanovi} 1902, 78 84, br. 250; Pavi} 1986, cf. Vasiqev Stojanovi} 1902, 71 72, br. 224; Pavi} 1986, Medakovi}

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10 Rezime: BRANISLAV CVETKOVI], Zavi~ajni muzej, Jagodina DVA SREDWOVEKOVNA MA^A IZ ZAVI^AJNOG MUZEJA U JAGODINI Kqu~ne re~i. ma~evi, oznake radionica, sredwovekovna Srbija, manastir Kaleni}, Jagodina, Romil, ravno mesto. Dosad neiskori{}enim izvornim podacima o Kaleni}u treba dodati i nalaze ma~eva dvoru~waka, od kojih se jedan, veoma dobro o~uvan, nalazi na stalnoj postavci Zavi~ajnog muzeja u Jagodini. Prona en je svojevremeno na potesu Kaleni}ki Prwavor-Nadrqe, na lokalitetu Kova~nica. Ovo sredwovekovno defanzivno oru`je velikog zna~aja ~esto se u literaturi naziva vukovac, po tau{iranoj oznaci na se~ivu s predstavom vuka, amblemom radionice iz bavarskog grada Pasave (Passau). Me utim, na se~ivu kaleni}kog ma~a nalazi se tau{irana oznaka koju ~ine spojeno srce i krst (zvezda), motiv koji se retko sre}e na primercima ma~eva nala`enih na teritoriji Srbije (npr. na ma~u iz Pek~anice, sada u Narodnom muzeju u Kraqevu). Nije, stoga, nemogu- }e da je re~ o oznaci neidentifikovane radionice, po{to je zabele`eno da je na lokalitetu Kova~nica na ena ve}a grupa sli~nih ma~eva od kojih je samo jedan, ve} spomenuti, postao deo muzejske zbirke. Ta mogu}nost jo{ je ve}a s obzirom na to da mesto izrade se~iva nije moralo biti istovetno s mestom gde je ma~ kompletiran dodavawem krsnice, obradom jabuke i rukohvata na bal~aku. Toj istoj grupi ma~eva verovatno je pripadao jo{ jedan, sada slomqenog se~iva i s istovetnom, jako dobro o~uvanom oznakom na se~ivu, prona en na obali Morave nizvodno od ]uprije, danas tako e u fondovima jagodinskog Muzeja. U tekstu se ukazuje na toponime u blizini manastira Kaleni}a (Kaludra, Ravanica), ~ija bi posebna istra`ivawa mogla dovesti do novih saznawa o ranoj istoriji ove obiteqi. 246