STRATEGIC GUIDANCE PLAN FOR RECYCLING OF SHIPS IN INDIA

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1 International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET) Volume 9, Issue 4, July - August 2018, pp , Article ID: IJARET_09_04_009 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication STRATEGIC GUIDANCE PLAN FOR RECYCLING OF SHIPS IN INDIA Jayaram S., Sivaprasad K. and Nandakumar C.G. Department of Ship Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, India ABSTRACT Ship recycling is considered to be the best option to dispose of an obsolete ship. It is necessary to identify and rightly assign the responsibilities of the stakeholders in order to carry out recycling of ships in an efficient and sustainable manner. India is one of the leading ship recycling nations in the world and has constituted about 29% of the total number of ships that were recycled globally in This paper proposes a strategic guidance plan for recycling of ships in the ship recycling yards in India. The plan has been developed in a system approach with the elements consisting of stakeholders in ship recycling in the Indian context. Required interactions between the elements during each stage of ship recycling have been identified and are presented in the plan. Key words: Strategic Ship Guidance Plan, Ship Plan, Ship in India. Cite this Article: Jayaram S., Sivaprasad K. and Nandakumar C. G., Strategic Guidance Plan for of Ships in India. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 2018, pp INTRODUCTION Ship recycling is considered to be a more sustainable, environmentally sound and economically feasible method than the alternative methods in practice to end up the life of an obsolete ship. Ship recycling can be defined as the activity of complete or partial dismantling of a ship at a ship recycling facility in order to recover components and material for reprocessing and reuse, whilst taking care of hazardous and other materials [1]. It consists of a sequence of processes that are carried out during the final phase of the life cycle of a ship, from the preparation of the ship for recycling to the disposal of the last item from the ship in land. An efficient plan for recycling of ships has been recommended by various maritime agencies including International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and International Labour Organisation (ILO) in order to create a sustainable maritime industry [1-2]. Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound of Ships, 2009, has stipulated the regulations for recycling of ships and ship recycling facilities [1]. The Hong Kong Convention has not entered into force yet since it is still awaiting ratification from majority of the flag states editor@iaeme.com

2 Strategic Guidance Plan for of Ships in India At present India, Bangladesh, China, Pakistan and Turkey account for the major share of global ship recycling volume. Annual ship recycling volume in terms of the number of ships which were recycled in each country during 2017, as listed by NGO Shipbreaking Platform [3], is presented as percentage of total number of ships recycled worldwide during the same period in Table 1. Table 1 Global annual ship recycling volume during 2017 by location Country/Region India Bangladesh Turkey Pakistan China European Union Rest of the world Number of ships recycled in percentage of annual global ship recycling 28.6 % 23.6 % 15.9 % 12.8 % 11.7 % 3.2 % 4.2 % In India, the locations of active facilities [4] which carry out ship recycling operations are given in Table 2. Out of these, the Alang-Sosiya Ship Yard in Gujarat is the leading centre for ship recycling in India and it alone constitutes about 90% of the ship recycling volume in India [5]. State Gujarat Maharashtra West Bengal Kerala Andhra Pradesh Table 2 Ship recycling locations in India Location of ship recycling yards Alang and Sosiya Darukhana, Mumbai Kolkata Azheekkal and Beypore Visakhapatnam Promotional body Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB) Mumbai Port Trust Kolkata Port Trust Steel Industrials Kerala Limited (SILK) Private agency Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Ecosmart Limited has published an environment impact assessment manual for shipbreaking yards which gives information related to the applicable rules and regulations, necessary permissions and enforcing agencies for ship recycling in India [6]. In pursuance of the order of the Supreme Court of India in September 2007, the Government of India has formulated a comprehensive code named as Shipbreaking Code, 2013 for ship recycling in India and it has come into force in March 2013 [7]. This code has been amended and the revised code termed as Shipbreaking Code (Revised), 2013 has come into force in February The revised code considers activities such as beaching, cutting, breaking and dismantling of ship; reprocessing, reducing and reusing of the components and materials there from; and the associated operations including storage, treatment and disposal of the components and materials as part of ship recycling activities. The revised code also gives a flow diagram showing the sequence of processes for obtaining clearances from various authorities for ships destined for recycling [8]. In each of the states in India where ship recycling is carried out, a number of different government agencies are associated with the process depending on the kind of operations need to be carried out for each ship to be recycled. The Gujarat Maritime Board (GMB) has published regulations, which are applicable for ship recycling yards in the state of Gujarat, 92 editor@iaeme.com

3 Jayaram S., Sivaprasad K. and Nandakumar C. G. covering measures for safety of workers and protection of environment during ship recycling activity [9]. Secretariat of the Basel Convention under United Nations Environment Programme [10], and Misra and Mukherjee [11] have listed the stakeholders involved in three stages of ship recycling based on the locations of activities such as offshore, intertidal zone and shore. International Labour Organisation (ILO) [2] has defined responsibilities of some of the stakeholders as part of creating a legal framework for safe recycling of ships. Sivaprasad [12] has identified the major elements in the ship recycling system and listed their roles for the case of beaching method of ship recycling. Also Lloyd s Register [13] has listed out the key stakeholders in ship recycling and stated their responsibilities. IMO [14] has given recommendations for safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships and has specified the responsibilities of the stakeholders, namely the Ship State, ship recycling facility, shipowner and the Flag State. The above literature has documented the stakeholders involved in the global ship recycling scenario based on the present practice of ship recycling. Prevailing regulations concerning recycling of ships may differ between countries. In addition, some of the stake holders involved in recycling of ships, such as regulatory authorities and the promotional bodies may vary from one country to the other depending on the administrative divisions and the ship recycling industrial structure of the country. India has contributed 30% of the global ship recycling volume for the ten year period from 2006 to 2015 [15]. Being the leading ship recycling nation, India must be in the forefront to take and propose suitable measures to transform the ship recycling industry into a sustainable industrial sector. Only limited documentation regarding systematic plans for monitoring of the required interactions between stakeholders in the ship recycling industry in India has been found in the literature. Jayaram et al. [16] have proposed a guidance plan for both strategic level and application level of ship recycling by considering a global scenario. However, some of the stakeholders which were introduced in the revised shipbreaking code of India [8] do not form part of the above guidance plan. Therefore, a necessity is felt to develop an improved version of the strategic guidance plan for ship recycling, especially for India which is the major contributor to the global ship recycling volume, in order to improve the quality, safety and environmental friendliness of the ship recycling industry. The objective of this paper is to develop a guidance plan at the strategic level, for recycling of ships in the ship recycling yards in India, based on the present practice of ship recycling industry in India, the new regulations and the other factors which can improve the functioning of the industry. 2. STRATEGIC GUIDANCE PLAN FOR RECYCLING OF SHIPS IN INDIAN YARDS A guidance plan named as strategic ship recycling guidance plan has been developed using system approach and is presented in the form of line diagrams in Figs.1 to 3. The guidance plan is for implementation at the strategic level of ship recycling in India. The development of the guidance plan has been based on the present practice in the Indian ship recycling industry; the new regulations and reporting requirements set out by both the Hong Kong Convention [1] and the Shipbreaking Code (Revised), 2013 [8]; and the other factors which can improve the functioning of the industry for achieving sustainable development. The plan can assist the stakeholders, especially shipowner and ship recycling yards, during each stage of ship recycling in order to coordinate and to execute various activities in an efficient manner editor@iaeme.com

4 Strategic Guidance Plan for of Ships in India 2.1. Ship Stages For the development of the strategic guidance plan, the complete activities involved in the recycling of a ship has been divided into three stages [16] as given below: Preparation for ship recycling Ship being dismantled Sale of recycled products and disposal The first stage consists of the declassification and deregistration of ship by the Classification Society and Registering Authority respectively followed by the tendering processes to finalise a broker and/or a ship recycling yard. In stage 2, the physical disassembling of hull, machinery and outfitting of the ship into smaller components and subsequently the sorting and temporary storing will be carried out. Third stage involves sale of items removed from the ship and the disposal of wastes which are generated during the dismantling process. 2.2 Stakeholders Involved in Ship in India Various stakeholders involved in ship recycling, their responsibilities and the required interaction between them are described in the following subsections International Agency for Ship and world fleet database International Agency for Ship (IASR) is a body that has been proposed to be constituted under United Nations in order to regulate and improve the global ship recycling industry and is to be assisted by various nations of IMO [16]. It has also been proposed to generate a world fleet database, which provides relevant information related to sustainable recycling of ships, to be maintained and updated by IASR with the assistance of other stakeholders. IASR is shown in Figs.1 and 2 whereas the world fleet database is positioned in Fig Shipowner and cash buyer More responsibilities are assigned to shipowner in the proposed system. An onboard information system which can provide necessary outputs to other stakeholders in ship recycling shall be implemented by shipowner. In addition, he shall support the generation and updating of the world fleet database for facilitating an effective implementation of recycling activities of ships owned by him. Guidelines by IASR are to be followed by all those who own a ship at any time during its life term. Shipowner shall coordinate with the respective Ship Classification Societies and Flag State authorities for implementation of the international and national regulations. Cash buyer is a person or firm that buys a ship when it is sold for scrap, assumes all risks of the transactions and resells it to ship recycling yards. Since the definition of shipowner as per the Hong Kong Convention [1] includes cash buyers, they will be considered to be equally responsible as a shipowner. Shipowner s position is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Cash Buyer will get involved in only stage 1 and is indicated in Fig Flag State maritime administration (National and regional) At present, the ships which are recycled in India belong to different Flag States. Flag State maritime administrations (FSMA) shall take initiatives to develop rules and regulations for implementation by shipowners. An International Certificate on Inventory of Hazardous 94 editor@iaeme.com

5 Jayaram S., Sivaprasad K. and Nandakumar C. G. Materials (ICIHM) shall be issued by FSMA or an agency authorized by it. In addition, such statutory body shall also issue an International Ready for Certificate (IRRC) to the ship upon meeting the requirements set out by the Hong Kong Convention and satisfactory completion of the survey prior to recycling [1]. Flag State maritime administration shall be involved mainly in the stage 1 and is indicated in Figs. 1 and Ship Classification Societies Ships which are recycled in India were under the classification of different Classification Societies. Currently the active involvement of Ship Classification Societies is limited to design, construction and operational stages of a ship. It is recommended to assign more responsibilities related to recycling of ships such as development of rules related to ship recycling, survey of ships to be recycled and advising shipowners on matters related to ship recycling, especially on the maintenance and updating of records related to various components. Classification Societies shall also be closely associated with the IASR in formation of rules and regulations. Ship Classification Societies are included in Figs. 1 and Ship recycling brokers Ship recycling brokers are international agents who participate in tendering of ships to be recycled and take over the ship until its delivery to a recycling yard, and is considered to be an important element of the system. Their responsibilities are to be similar to that of a shipowner. They shall coordinate with the port authority regarding the anchoring and entry of the ship to the port and shall intimate Navy and Coast Guard about the ship s arrival. They, together with the ship recycling yard, shall arrange for inspection and clearance from agencies such as customs department, environmental agencies and Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB). They shall liaison with the ship recycling promotional body for implementation of the strategic ship recycling guidance plan. Ship recycling brokers will be involved in only stage 1 and is shown in Fig State maritime administration (National and regional) Ship State maritime administration (SRSMA) shall be in the forefront to frame rules and regulations related to ship recycling for implementation by shipowners, ship recycling yards and subcontractors. This administrative body shall play a major role in framing practical solutions to the recommendations made by the IASR within the legal frame work of the respective recycling nation. A national coordination with respect to sustainable ship recycling shall be an active agenda of this administrative body. The Ship State maritime administration may designate competent authorities who are responsible for duties related to recycling of ships in their country. Such competent authorities shall be formed for national and regional levels. To enable a smooth conducting of ship recycling it is better to have a single agency, such as a regional division of the Ship State Maritime Administration, as the competent authority at the state level in order to look after the recycling of ships within that state. This agency shall coordinate with the other agencies to enable a smooth conducting of the ship recycling operations. This competent authority at the regional level shall give approval of the Ship Plan (SRP) and Ship Facility Management Plan (SRFMP) and shall issue a document of authorization to conduct ship recycling (DASR) to ship recycling yards. The competent authority shall forward a copy of the Statement of Completion of Ship (SCSR) [1] relating to each ship, which is received from the respective ship recycling yard, to the concerned Flag State Administration. In India, the responsibility of regional SRSMA has been presently assigned to state maritime boards or port trust authorities. State maritime administration shall be actively involved in all three stages and is shown in Figs. 1 to 3 accordingly editor@iaeme.com

6 Strategic Guidance Plan for of Ships in India Ship recycling yard Infrastructure for recycling of ships is provided by the ship recycling yards. They shall liaison with statutory authorities and promotional bodies to ensure safe and environmentally friendly recycling of ships. Their responsibilities shall include implementation of relevant regulations and guidelines on safety, health, environment and quality in recycling of ships. The ship recycling yard shall issue a Statement of Completion as required by the Hong Kong Convention upon completion of the recycling of each ship at their facility [1]. Ship recycling yard, in consultation with the ship recycling promotional body, shall arrange for relevant inspections by agencies such as Environmental Agencies, Directorate of Industrial Safety and Health (DISH), Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation (PESO) and Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) during the recycling process. Ship recycling rard is assigned an important role in all the three stages and is therefore included in Figs. 1 to Ship recycling promotional body Ship recycling promotional body shall provide land, infrastructure, logistics support, consumables, expertise, and training for ship recycling yards and subcontractors. This body shall act as the main coordinator for getting feedback from the industry and such feedback will form the basis for the rules and regulations for safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships. The body shall be in close contact with ship recycling yards, Classification Societies, statutory bodies and subcontractors for development of a knowledge base in ship recycling. Ship recycling promotional body shall propose the minimum quality standard to be maintained in ship recycling sites based on international process quality standards such as ISO In India, the state maritime boards or port trust authorities also carry out the roles of a ship recycling promotional body. Ship recycling promotional body is indicated in Figs. 2 and Ship recycling subcontractors The subcontractors provide manpower and equipment to carry out recycling of ships. from them can be considered to be the fundamental input to develop a sound frame work for regulations in ship recycling. Subcontractors shall be equipped with both skilled manpower and sophisticated equipment to implement safe and clean ship recycling. Subcontractors shall comply with the standards set out by the promotional body for improving safety, quality and productivity in the process. Ship recycling subcontractor is positioned in Figs. 2 and Ship Workers Ship recycling workers do the physical disassembling of ships. They form part of stage 2 as shown in Fig Environmental agencies (National and regional) Both national and regional environmental agencies shall ensure proper coordination between the ship recycling activities inside ship recycling yards and the disposal activities outside the yard premises, and also the implementation of ship recycling plan. Recommendations shall be given by the national environmental agency to the competent authorities based on the feedback received by them from the industry. Centres for treatment, disposal and recycling of materials from ships shall be under the purview of these agencies. from these centres shall be forwarded by the environmental agencies, through the ship recycling promotional body, to the national and international bodies working in the field of sustainable ship recycling. The central and state pollution control boards carry out the responsibilities of 96 editor@iaeme.com

7 Jayaram S., Sivaprasad K. and Nandakumar C. G. environmental agencies in India. Figures 1 to 3 shows the required interactions between these stakeholders in the proposed ship recycling system Treatment, storage and disposal facility (TSDF) Recycled product treatment and disposal facilities shall provide infrastructure and guidance to attain safe and clean recycling and the disposal of recycled products. They shall follow the relevant guidelines and regulations for safe disposal of hazardous items from ships. This facility shall work in close association with the environmental agencies, regional administration and promotional body. TSDF is shown in Fig Recycled steel re-rollers) Recycled steel re-rollers shall work under guidance of the ship recycling promotional body. They shall undergo certification process from the Classification Societies or other accredited agencies and seek guidance from the promotional body for the purpose of achieving good quality of re-rolled steel products. They shall provide feedback to the promotional body on the reuse or remanufacturing of the products. In order to reduce customer dissatisfaction or any kind of risk, they shall provide information regarding their re-rolled steel products to outside market. Recycled steel re-rollers are indicated in Fig Pre-owned item broker, sellers and customers Pre-owned item brokers shall work as registered business partners with the promotional body. They must be made aware of the consequences of reuse and disposal of dismantled products from ships. Directions regarding sale of pre-owned item, emphasizing the risk factors and the environmental impact, shall be provided by the promotional body to the pre-owned item brokers and customers. Pre-owned item sellers operate outside the domain of the ship recycling system. Eventhough ship recycling promotional bodies may not have any direct control over this element, recycling awareness campaign by various agencies should target also these elements. Pre-owned item customers may not strictly follow the principles of ship recycling as envisaged by maritime industrial community. However continuous efforts specially targeting the market and its customers by the State authorities can bring substantial changes in attitude among the customers. Without involvement of this sector, sustainable development in ship recycling cannot be achieved fully. State maritime administration, promotional body and nongovernmental organisations shall contribute in making the market aware of the role to be played by them in order to achieve sustainable development. Pre-owned item brokers, sellers and customers are positioned in Fig editor@iaeme.com

8 Beaching/docking permission No objection for recycling SRFMP, SRP, Report, Planned start Approval (DASR, SRP) Ship Data No objection Ship data Quality certification data Decision Condition monitoring & Survey requests Decision Strategic Guidance Plan for of Ships in India Survey request, Intention to recycle Ship data World Fleet Database International Agency for Ship (IASR) Ship data Ship Classification Society Rules Recommendations Rules Recommendations Decision Support Flag State Maritime Administration -National Decision SHIP Decision, Final survey Certification (ICIHM, IRRC) Decision Support Navy/Coastguard Intimation Port Authority Ship data Permission Cash Buyer/ New Owner Ship data, IHM Ship Ship Broker Authorisation Recomm- Ship State Maritime Administration (National) Environmental endations Agency - Competent National Authority- Authorisation National Competent Authority- Regional Shipowner Environmental Agency- Regional AERB Authorisation Customs Ship Yard Land allotment Promotional Body Figure 1. Strategic ship recycling guidance plan for stage 1 (preparation for ship recycling) 98 editor@iaeme.com

9 Facilitation/Audit/Survey Provision of recycling Plan Monitoring & inspection, Training General monitoring Facilitation support Decision support/ Implementation of rules (Survey, Safety, Health & Environment) Authorisation Authorisation Jayaram S., Sivaprasad K. and Nandakumar C. G. International Agency for Ship (IASR) FSMA- National SRSMA- National Ship Classification Society Environmental Agency- Regional DISH PESO AERB Decision Support Ship Yard (Recycler) Survey, Monitoring Monitoring Shipowner Oversee Monitoring permission Competent Authority- National Competent Authority- Regional Promotional Body Ship Subcontractors Safety/environmental monitoring Workers Figure 2. Strategic ship recycling guidance plan for stage 2 (ship being dismantled) 99 editor@iaeme.com

10 , Authorisation Selling Selling Facilitation Ship recycling plan Rules & recommendations, Decision support Product quality survey & certification SCSR Decision Support Strategic Guidance Plan for of Ships in India Competent Authority- National Authorisation SRSMA (National) SCSR FSMA (National) Promotional Body Ship recycled product assessment Competent Authority- Regional Ship Yard (Recycler) Environmental Agency (Regional) Ship Subcontractors Selling Pre-owned Item Brokers Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facility Recycled Steel Re-rollers Pre-owned Item Sellers Pre-owned Product Market Figure 3. Strategic ship recycling guidance plan for Stage 3 (sale of recycled products and disposal) 3. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS India, as a major ship recycling country, has to take necessary initiatives to improve the situations in the ship recycling industry and to make it a sustainable industrial sector. One of such measures is to identify all the stake holders and rightly assign their responsibilities for each of the ship recycling stages. Selling Selling editor@iaeme.com

11 Jayaram S., Sivaprasad K. and Nandakumar C. G. Various stakeholders involved in the ship recycling industry in India have been identified in this paper. A guidance plan has been developed for implementation at the strategic level for recycling of ships in India. The guidance plan has been developed based on the present practice in the Indian ship recycling industry, new regulations and other factors which can improve the functioning of the industry for achieving sustainable development. The plan can assist the stakeholders, especially the shipowner and the ship recycling yards, to coordinate and to execute various activities in an efficient manner during each stage of ship recycling. REFERENCES [1] IMO (International Maritime Organisation). Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound of Ships, SR/CONF/45. Hong Kong: International Maritime Organisation, [2] ILO (International Labour Organisation). Safety and Health in Shipbreaking- Guidelines for Asian Countries and Turkey. Geneva: International Labour Office, [3] NGO Shipbreaking Platform. List of All Ships Scrapped Worldwide- Facts and Figures, Shipbreaking-Platform-Stats-Graphs-2017-List-UPDATED.pdf [4] Litehauz. Feasibility Study for Ship Dismantling. Denmark: Litehauz, ShipDismantlingStudy.English.pdf [5] GMB (Gujarat Maritime Board). The Gujarat Maritime Board (Conditions & Procedures for Granting Permission for Utilising Ship Plots) Ship Regulations, Gandhinagar, Gujarat: The Government of Gujarat, [6] IL&FS Ecosmart (Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Ecosmart Limited). Technical EIA Guidance Manual for Ship Breaking Yards. Hyderabad, India: IL&FS Ecosmart, [7] Ministry of Steel, Government of India. Shipbreaking Code, New Delhi: Government of India, [8] Ministry of Shipping, Government of India. Shipbreaking Code (Revised), New Delhi: Government of India, [9] GMB (Gujarat Maritime Board). Gujarat Maritime Board Ship Regulations, Gandhinagar, Gujarat: The Government of Gujarat, [10] SBC (Secretariat of the Basel Convention). Technical Guidelines for the Environmentally Sound Management of the Full and Partial Dismantling of Ships, Basel Convention Series/SBC No. 2003/2. Geneva: Secretariat of the Basel Convention, United Nations Environment Programme, [11] Misra, P. and Mukherjee, A. Ship - A Handbook for Mariners. New Delhi: Narosa, [12] Sivaprasad, K. Development of Best Practices for Ship Processes. Ph.D. Dissertation, Kochi: Cochin University of Science and Technology, [13] Lloyd s Register. Ship - Practice and Regulation Today. London: Lloyd s Register, [14] IMO (International Maritime Organisation). Guidelines for Safe and Environmentally Sound Ship, Resolution MEPC.210 (63). London: Marine Environment Protection Committee, International Maritime Organisation, [15] Robin des Bois. Shipbreaking- Bulletin of Information and Analysis on End-of-life Ships (#42), [16] Jayaram, S., Sivaprasad, K. and Nandakumar, C.G. Guidance Plan for Ship based on Disassembly Concept. Proceedings of the International Conference on Ship and Offshore Technology ICSOT India: Coastal & Inland Shipping, Kharagpur, India, 2015 pp editor@iaeme.com