Backpacking Info FILE CONTENTS

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Abigayle Johns
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1 Page 1 Backpacking Info FILE CONTENTS Page 2 Lines on Topo Maps 3 US LAND SURVEY, An Introduction 4 Trip Leg Table and Trail Profile (Blank Form) 5 Water Purification Info 6 Snow Camp Clorhing Usage Handout 7-8 Summer Outing Clothing List 9 Distance Scale on Topo Map 9 Time Estimation

2 Page 2 LINES ON TOPO MAPS...a guide on understanding the meaning of lines on topo maps. Color Boundary Black Above ground oil or gas pipeline Small park, cemetery, airport, etc. X Black Fence or field line Trail Underground oil or gas pipeline Telephone or telegraph line Black (bold line) National boundary X Black State boundary X Black County, parish, municipal boundary (LONG dash) Inc. city, village, town, hamlet (shorter dash) Black Civil township, precinct, town, barrio X Black Reservation, national or state X Red Land grant X Red (bold line) Twp or range line (US Land Survey) Red Section line (US Land Survey) Red (bold dots) Township line (not US Land Survey) Red Section line (not US Land Survey) Red (bold line) Twp or range line (approx) (not US Land Survey) Red Section line (approx) (not US Land Survey) X

3 Page 3 US LAND SURVEY - An Introduction to Understanding Markings on Topo Maps The United States is divided by north-south and East-West lines to form Townships six miles square (six miles on each side). These Townships are further divided into 36 sections, each containing (as nearly as possible) 640 acres. Parts of Canada have a similar subdivision. In the lower 48 states, there are 31 Initial Points for land survey, representing the intersection of an east-west Base Line with a north-south Principal Meridian. Every 24 miles north and south of the Base Line, there are Standard Parallels ; e.g., First Standard Parallel North, etc. Approximately every 24 miles east and west of the Principal Meridian, there are Guide Meridians ; e.g., First Guide Meridian East, etc. Due to the curvature of the earth, these Guide Meridians tend to converge as they get closer to the north pole. At the Base Line and at each Standard Parallel, these Guide Meridians jog (or are offset) a bit to the east or west in order to maintain approximately the same area for subdivisions. Each of the following blocks represents one township. The Base Line is between T1N and T1S. (The I5-H14 junction is in a townships designated as: (T3N,R16W,SBBM), (T=Township; R=Range; SBBM is the initial point of the survey). Principal Meridian First Guide Meridian East T5N First Standard Parallel North T4N T3N T2N R1W T1N/R3W R2E R2W R3E Base Line T1S T2S Townships are divided into 36 sections; approximately one mile square, and numbered as shown below. The grid below represents 3 townships wide and 2 high. The I5-H14 junction is in section 24,T3N,R16W Section subdivisions are designated as shown at the right: (e.g., read the center top block as W 1/2 of the NE 1/4). A more complete designation is: W 1/2 NE 1/4, section 24, T3N, R16W, SBBM. This is read as West 1/2 of the NE 1/4 of section 24, Township 3 North, Range 16 West, SBBM Initial Point. NW 1/4 W 1/2 NE 1/4 (160 acres) (80 acres) NW 1/4 SW1/4 (40 acres) S 1/2 SW 1/4 (80 acres) NE 1/4 SW 1/4 (40 acres) NW 1/4 SE1/4 (40 acres) SW 1/4 SE1/4 (40 acres) E 1/2 E 1/2 (160 acres)

4 Page 4 TRIP LEG TABLE - Select points where terrain changes from uphill to downhill Selected Points Of Point This Leg Elevation Elev Gain Mi. Time per Time for Cumu- Actual This Leg Cumulative Cumulative Naismith Rule Rest/ Lunch lative Time Clock Time TRAIL PROFILE - Plot points from Trip Leg Table for a visual indication of trail's elevation gain and loss (Mark elevation scale along left edge.) Miles

5 WATER PURIFICATION INFO All water obtained in the wilderness should be considered contaminated and should be treated. Before treatment, strain through a clear cloth (e.g., T-shirt) to remove large Boiling Iodine Filter (0.2 micron) Kills all pathogens at approx 180F Kills everything except cryptosporidium (& (possibly cyclospora) Removes everything except viruses particles. Summary: The surest ways to treat water: either (1) boil or (2) treat with iodine, then use a 0.2 micron filter. Page 5 NOTE: All the following information is based on listed references and assumes a healthy immune system. TABLE I - METHODS Below 6000, vigorous boil for 1 min; above 6000, for 3 min. Above 14,000, need pressure cooker (as water boils at less than 180F) Cryptosporidium appears to be very uncommon; therefore, iodine, by itself, may be adequate most of the time. Remember to treat cap and threads as well as canteen. Filters do not remove viruses (including hepatitis)! TABLE II - PROCESS PUR Explorer filter Allegedly removes or kills all pathogens (uses iodine) Iodine crystals - Nearly fill the one oz bottle with Qty Temp Time 4 to 8 gm USP water; shake vigorously for 1 min (cc) C / F (min) grade resublimed to get saturated solution; let settle / Iodine crystals Temp of this solution determines / (covered with amount of iodine it holds. Qty at / water) in a one right is amount to obtain proper / oz leak proof medicine bottle parts per million concentration in one qt of water / Iodine solution 2% tincture 5 drops/qt clear water (10 if Tetraglycine hydroperiodide tablets - easiest & most effective Halazone (chlorine) tablets One tablet/qt clear water (two if discolored). After tablet dissolves, shake, then allow solution to contact threads of cap. Wait 10 min (20 or 30 min if below 40F) Two tablets/qt clear water (4 if cloudy); wait 30 min) Cryptosporidium (protozoan microorganism) Giardia lamblia (protozoan microorganism) Giardiasis may cause explosive, watery, foulsmelling bowel movements, lack of appetite, nausea, gas, abdominal bloating, chills & vomiting; bulky but bloodless stools cloudy) AFTER treatment, a tablet of vitamin C gets rid of iodine taste. Any supplements should be added only after the purification has been completed. After boiling, add a pinch of salt or aerate to improve taste. (Time is safe estimate - All parts of water need to get to 180F.) Do not use iodine if: allergic, pregnant, thyroid disease. Otherwise, use for several months is considered reasonably safe. Temperature of untreated water determines contact time after solution is decanted into untreated water. Solution listed will treat approximately 1000 quarts before crystals are all dissolved. (Ref #4) CAUTION: Iodine crystals are poisonous! Discard unopened bottle after 4 yr; opened bottle after 1 yr. Immediately recap container tightly. Use tablets immediately after removing from bottle as air deactivates. Store in refrigerator. not as effective as iodine TABLE III - MISC Causes transient diarrhea Boiling kills; iodine & chlorine do not kill cyst. Cyst small enough to pass thru municipal water supply. Treatment: See your doctor, who may recommend - atabrine (100 mg 3x/day for 5-10 days), flagyl (avoid alcohol - 2 gm single dose for 3 days or 750 mg 3x/day for 5 days or 250 mg 3x/day for 5-10 days), or furoxone Filters to use: Reverse osmosis filters or Membrane filters (less than one micron; 0.2 preferred PUR Explorer, Katadyn) 3. Filters that meet NSF standard 53 for cyst removal (call to check on make & model of your filter) If filter does not use iodine, treat filtered water with iodine to kill viruses. The PUR Explorer is advertised to use iodine and to kill all pathogens. However, if water is cold, additional treatment with iodine may be necessary, especially in high-risk areas. Filters are expensive, bulky, weigh one pound (or more), & require proper maintenance. If dropped, ceramic elements can crack & become ineffective. If manufacturer (e.g., First Need) provides test kit, test filter periodically. References: 1. Mountain Medicine, Darvill, 14 th ed, 1998, pp Wilderness Medicine, Auerbach, 3 rd ed, pp Backpacker magazine, March 1997, Liquid Assets 4. Off Belay, June 1977, pp 23-24, based on Western Journal of Medicine, May 197?, 122-5, Water Disinfection in the Wilderness Drs. K??? & Visscher (??? Indicates can t read copy) V

6 Ten Essentials: Extra Clothing, Extra Food and Water, Fire Starter, First Aid Kit, Flashlight (extra batt/bulb), Map and Compass, Matches (waterproof), Pocketknife, Sunglasses (extra) Wear Friday Night (when you get off bus) SNOW CAMP CLOTHING USAGE HANDOUT Wear Inside Sleeping Bag Fri Nite Sat Morning (fixing breakfast) In Day Pack (while hiking Sat or Sun) Sat (fixing dinner) Wear Inside Sleeping Bag Sat Nite Sat Morning (fixing breakfast) In Pack Sat (hiking) Ten Essentials X X Sunglasses (#2 is spare) #1, #2 #1 #2 #1 Sunscreen, Lip Protection, Toilet Paper X X Light Weight Camera (in plastic bag) Optional Optional Day Pack X Use Ski Pole Carry Attachable Carry Attachable Carry Shovel Attached Attached Snowshoes Attached Attached Balaclava X Maybe X X X Maybe X Hat with Brim X X X Ear Muffs (head band-for use with hat) X X-Note 1 2 Polypro Shirts (lite or mid-weight) #1 #2 #1 #1 #1 #2 #2 #2 #2 Wool (button) shirt X Maybe X X X Maybe X X Sweater or Expedition wt polypro X-Spare X-Spare Warm Jacket or coat X-Note 1 (pillow) X X X Rain Jacket X-Note 2 Maybe X-Note 2 Maybe Maybe Rain Pants X-Note 2 Maybe X-Note 2 Maybe Maybe Gaiters X X Maybe X 2 Undershorts #1 #2 #1 #1 #1 #2 #2 #2 #2 Long Underwear bottoms X Maybe X X-Note 1 X Maybe X Nylon Outer Pants X X X X X X 2 Inner polypro socks #1 #2 Maybe #1 #1 #1 Maybe #1 #1 2 Outer wool socks #1 #2 Maybe #1 #1 X #1 Maybe #1 #1 Optional Booties (down or synthetic) X X X Hiking Boots X X X X X X Lt wt wool gloves X X X X X X Heavy wt wool mittens X-Note 1 X-Note 1 Waterproof overmittens X-Note 1 X-Note 1 2 Handkerchief #1 #2 #1 X Sun (hiking) Toothbrush/paste,small towel X Sml Foam Pad to Stand or Sit On X X X X X 2 Plastic bag to cover backpack (+spare) #1, #2 (over pack) (over pack) (over pack) (over pack) 2 Plastic bags for boots inside sleeping bag X Plastic bag for inside day pack X X Food X Breakfast Lunch/Snacks Dinner Breakfast Water - 2 quarts X X Extra canteen for water storage X Sleeping Bag X Use Use Foam Pad (for under sleeping bag) X Use Use Ground Cloth (for under tent or foam pad) X Use Use Tent X Use Stove, pot, handle, utensils X Maybe Use Use Paper towels &lastic garbage bag Maybe Use Use Page 6

7 SUMMER OUTING CLOTHING LIST Page 1 of 2 TRANSITION TO SUMMER / PACK WEIGHT REDUCTION In summer, leave the heavy-weight winter gear (snow shoes, shovel, ski pole, down parka, down booties) at home. Substitute summer items: water filter, insect repellent, mosquito net hat, cord & bag for hanging food. Modify list to suit your personal needs. Switch from winter- to summer-weight sleeping bag, tent, foam pad. Avoid the temptation to take multiple backups. Just make sure you have what you need - and provide adequate protection to avoid damage. (Plastic bags do not weigh much.) Take a light-weight camera unless you are sure you will need a heavier SLR. Coated-nylon rain jacket and pants probably weigh half that of equivalent Gore-tex items (14 oz savings). With a lighter pack, you will enjoy outings more - and will be able to hike further with less energy expended. # = skip to save another 2 lb. Item Snow Camp Saving if Weight lb/oz Tent, Stove, etc. are Shared Weight for Weekend Summer Backpack (with Snow Camp Subtotals) Wear (10 lb 1.3 oz) Cap, insulated Sunglasses (without case) Rain jacket, Goretex Polypro shirt lightweight Wool shirt Wool gloves (or equiv) Handkerchief Under shorts Pants, nylon pants Pants alternate: Lt wt long under-wear (6 oz)+ Nylon running shorts (3 oz) Wallet & Keys Gaiters, waterproof Inner socks Wool socks Mountaineering boots, snow sealed Weight (Wear) (oz) Weight (Wear) (lb) Item Snow Camp Saving if Weight lb/oz Tent, Stove, etc. are Shared Weight for Weekend Summer Backpack Page 7 (with Snow Camp Subtotals) Clothing in Pack (6 lb 4.2 oz) Hat with wide brim Balaclava (Capilene) 1.9 Hat, mosquito net 0.7 Sunglasses (extra) in case Down parka 31.0 Polypro top expedition weight Polypro shirt (spare) lightweight Handkerchief (extra) Overmittens, waterproof # Wool mittens (Dachstein or equiv) Rain pants, Goretex Long underwear bottoms polypro midweight 7.8 Wool socks (spare) Inner socks (spare) Booties down 8.0 Camp (10 lb 12.2 oz) Groundcloth Tent Tent Poles Tent Stakes Sleeping bag Sleeping bag compression bag Sleeping bag plastic bag Foam pad 28" wide with strap Foam sit pad (old ensolite) 2.2 Headlamp + extra bulb Travel (13 lb 14.8 oz) Backpack Cover for pack Daypack Shovel 45.0 Ski pole (1) 7.5 Snow shoes (small size) 62.0 # Camera Bag # Camera with film # Camera - Film extra roll Maps (in Ziploc bags) First aid kit (1 lb 7 oz) Batteries (extra) Candle or fire starter Face mask (Goretex) 0.6 Nail clipper Scissors, folding First aid supplies

8 TRANSITION TO SUMMER / PACK WEIGHT REDUCTION Page 2 of 2 Item Snow Camp Saving if Weight lb/oz Tent, Stove, etc. are Shared Weight for Weekend Summer Backpack (with Snow Camp Subtotals) Belt pack (11.4 oz) Compass Chapstick # Altimeter 6.0 Moleskin Sunscreen Insect Repellent 1.7 # Whistle Pocket knife # Comb Food snacks (see Food) Accessories (1 lb) Pack, light weight to hang food 2.9 Cord/rope to hang food 5.0 Carabiner to hang food 1.7 # Carabiner to hang food 1.7 Paper towels Plastic bags misc Straps, 2 dark blue Straps, 2 lt blue extra Straps, 2 yellow Pack towel Wash cloth Toothbrush/paste Toilet paper Cooking (3 lb 2.7 oz) Stove pouch Stove Stove wind screen Stove reflector # Stove bag - pot handle Stove bag - base Stove bag - Matches Cardboard base for stove Fuel can Isobutane Fuel can Isobutane Pot for cooking Waterproof matches Eating - Eqpt (10.9 oz) Bowl Cup Utensils misc Container, sandwich Container, sandwich Item Snow Camp Saving if Weight lb/oz Tent, Stove, etc. are Shared Weight for Weekend Summer Backpack Page 8 (with Snow Camp Subtotals) Food (2 lb 3 oz) Snack: Beef, dried Snack: Carrots, bag Snack: Peanuts, bag Snack: Fruit, dried Snack Sat: Granola bar Snack Sun: Granola bar Extra: Fruit, dried Extra: Sandwich (peanut butter & honey) Extra: Granola bar Extra: Muffin, small bran Lunch Sat: Sandwich Lunch Sun: Sandwich (peanut butter & honey) Sat eve: Cup of Noodles Sat eve: Sandwich Sun breakfast: Muffin, small bran Sun breakfast: Oatmeal packet Sun breakfast: Raisins Sat/Sun: Coffee in plastic bag Water (6 lb 8.8 oz) Canteen, empty # Canteen, empty Canteen + qt water Canteen + qt water Gatorade packet (Sat) Gatorade packet (Sun) Filter, water (First Need) 21.0 Belt bag, insulated flap top 4.0 Belt bag, insulated open top 2.5 Belt bag, insulated zip top 3.5 Belt to hold belt bags Belt bag, regular (1.5 oz) 1.5 Belt bag, regular (1.5 oz) 1.5 Pack weight (oz) Pack weight (lb) Sat breakfast (8.2 oz) Banana Muffin, small bran Oatmeal packet Raisins Possible heavy weight pack add-ons Apple or orange Space blanket, aluminized Gaiter, neck (for COLD weather) 2.0 Can of beer or cold drink Straps, bungee

9 DISTANCE SCALE ON TOPO MAP (in Arkansas) 7-1/2 Minute Topo Maps (1 : 24,000 scale) One inch on the map represents 24,000 inches on the ground. 24,000 inches / 12 in/ft = 2000 feet; therefore, One inch on the map represents 2000 feet on the ground feet / 5280 ft/mi = 0.38 mile; therefore, One inch on the map represents approximately 0.4 mile on the ground. One mile on the ground equals approximately 2.5 inches on the map. 1/10 (0.1) mile on the ground equals approximately 0.25 inch on the map. TIME CALCULATIONS Hiking on a good trail with a light pack: T (hours) = 1/3 D (miles) + 1/2 H (elevation gain in thousands of feet) At 3 miles an hour, you travel 1 mile in 20 minutes or 0.1 mile (approx. 500 feet) in 2 minutes. It will take 2 minutes to walk between two objects 0.25" apart on the map. Example: A hike of 6 miles with 2000' of gain and 1000' of loss will take: (6 miles / 3 mi/hr) + (2000 feet / 2000 ft/hr) = 3 hr (Disregard elevation loss.) Backpacker's Rule T (hours) = 1/2 D (miles) + H (elevation gain in thousands of feet) Example: A hike of 6 miles with 2000' of gain and 1000' of loss will take: (6 miles / 2 mi/hr) + (2000 feet / 1000 ft/hr) = 5 hr (Disregard elevation loss.)

Summer 14er Trip Checklist

Summer 14er Trip Checklist Figure 1 Figure 2 Figures 1 and 2 show my pack fully loaded for an 2 night 14er trip. The pack is a 40 liter pack that expands to 50 liters. Figure 3 shows all the gear contained