Disaster Planning for Historic Properties Initiative. Volume One: Final Report. Phase 1: Historic Resource Survey Monroe County, Pennsylvania

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1 Disaster Planning for Historic Properties Initiative Monroe County, Pennsylvania Volume One: Final Report Prepared for: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission State Historic Preservation Office 400 North Street, 2nd Floor Harrisburg, PA Prepared By: AECOM 437 High Street Burlington, New Jersey February 2016

2 Right: The Fenner-Snyder Mill (Key No ) and a Pratt Truss Bridge (Key No ) are located in Hamilton Township. Top left: A contributing structure (Key No ) to the recommended eligible Shawnee On Delaware Historic District in Smithfield Township. Middle left: The Appenzell School House (Key No ) in Jackson Township. Bottom left: The Shrader-Sittig House (Key No ) is one of the oldest structures in the recommended eligible Shawnee On Delaware Historic District in Smithfield Township.

3 Disaster Planning for Historic Properties Initiative Monroe County, Pennsylvania Prepared for: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission State Historic Preservation Office 400 North Street, 2nd Floor Harrisburg, PA Prepared by: 437 High Street Burlington, NJ February 2016

4 Abstract AECOM Technical Services, Inc. completed this of Monroe County, Pennsylvania as part of a larger three county survey for the Disaster Planning for Historic Properties Initiative on behalf of the Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office, who received grant funds from the National Park Service appropriated in accordance with the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act of 2013 following Hurricane Sandy. The survey consisted of a countywide reconnaissance of all historic resources over 45 years of age within the 100-year or 500-year flood hazard areas. The goal of this historic resource survey was to record architectural details as well as hazard-specific information (including information on character-defining features that may be vulnerable to flood damage, and precise elevation data) for buildings and structures that have not been previously recorded, as well as properties and districts that are NRHP-listed or eligible, contributing resources to NRHP-listed or eligible historic districts, and potential locally important "community landmarks" (resources that may not meet the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility criteria but may otherwise be locally important). AECOM documented a total of 895 historic architectural resources over 45 years of age that fall within the 100-year or 500-year flood hazard areas: 278 were previously surveyed and recorded at the PASHPO, and 617 were newly identified by AECOM during this survey effort. Of the 895 total resources, 146 are NRHP-listed or have previously been determined to be NRHP-eligible by the PASHPO or the Keeper of the NRHP, recommended NRHP-eligible by AECOM, recommended as potential locally important "community landmarks" by AECOM, are contributing to a NRHP-listed or eligible historic district, or are recommended for additional research/investigation to adequately assess their eligibility. Included in those recommended NRHP-eligible by AECOM is one newly identified district, the Shawnee on Delaware Historic District. Elevation data was captured for all resources NRHP-listed, NRHP-eligible, recommended NRHP-eligible, recommended as potential locally important "community landmarks, or recommended for additional research. In addition to the significant resources, AECOM also recorded a minimal level of documentation for resources over 45 years of age in the flood hazard areas that were previously determined to be NRHPineligible by PASHPO or are recommended NRHP-ineligible by AECOM. There are a total of 749 resources that were determined by PASHPO to be NRHP-ineligible, are considered to be noncontributing to eligible districts, are recommended NRHP-ineligible by AECOM, or are not recommended as locally important "community landmarks". In addition, one locally designated historic district (in accordance with Pennsylvania s Historic District Act of 1961), the Stroudsburg Historic Preservation Area, is located in the study area. Elevation data was not captured for resources that have been previously determined to be NRHP-ineligible by the PASHPO, recommended to be NRHP-ineligible by AECOM, not recommended by AECOM to be considered locally important "community landmarks," or for resources in locally designated historic districts. February 2016

5 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction Methodology Data Collection Background and Archival Research Fieldwork Historic Resource Survey Elevation Data Survey Data Management Public Outreach Historic Overview Barrett Township Chestnuthill Township Coolbaugh Township Delaware Water Gap Borough East Stroudsburg Borough Eldred Township Hamilton Township Jackson Township Middle Smithfield Township Mount Pocono Borough Paradise Township Pocono Township Polk Township Price Township Ross Township Smithfield Township Stroud Township February 2016 i

6 4.18 Stroudsburg Borough Tobyhanna Township Tunkhannock Township Historic Contexts Early Industry Agriculture Pocono Resorts Civic Institutions Results Historically Significant/Locally Important Community Landmarks in the Flood Hazard Areas Recommended NRHP-Eligible Shawnee on Delaware Historic District NRHP-Ineligible Resources in the Flood Hazard Areas Unsurveyed Resources in the Flood Hazard Areas Bibliography Volume 1: Appendices Appendix A: Appendix B: Appendix C: Appendix D: Historically Significant/Locally Important Community Landmarks in the Flood Hazard Areas (maps) Ineligible Resources in the Flood Hazard Areas (maps and table) Unsurveyed Resources in the Flood Hazard Areas (maps) Survey Team Credentials Volume 2: Historic Resource Survey Forms Appendix A: Appendix B: Recommended NRHP-Eligible Shawnee on Delaware Historic District HRSF Historic Resource Natural Hazard Vulnerability Survey Forms February 2016 ii

7 List of Tables Table 1. Thematic Studies and Historic Resource Survey Reports on File at PASHPO... 8 Table 2. Record of Public Outreach Table 3. Previously Recorded Resources in Barrett Township Table 4. Previously Recorded Resources in Chestnuthill Township Table 5. Previously Recorded Resources in Coolbaugh Township Table 6. Previously Recorded Resources in Delaware Water Gap Borough Table 7. Previously Recorded Resources in East Stroudsburg Borough Table 8. Previously Recorded Resources in Eldred Township Table 9. Previously Recorded Resources in Hamilton Township Table 10. Previously Recorded Resources in Jackson Township Table 11. Previously Recorded Resources in Middle Smithfield Township Table 12. Previously Recorded Resources in Paradise Township Table 13. Previously Recorded Resources in Pocono Township Table 14. Previously Recorded Resources in Polk Township Table 15. Previously Recorded Resources in Price Township Table 16. Previously Recorded Resources in Ross Township Table 17. Previously Recorded Resources in Smithfield Township Table 18. Previously Recorded Resources in Stroud Township Table 19. Previously Recorded Resources in Stroudsburg Borough Table 20. Previously Recorded Resources in Tobyhanna Township Table 21. Previously Recorded Resources in Tunkhannock Township Table 22. Historically Significant/Locally Important Community Landmarks in the Flood Hazard Areas Table 23. Historically Significant Historic Districts in the Flood Hazard Areas Table 24. Demolished Historic Resources in the Flood Hazard Areas February 2016 iii

8 List of Figures Figure 1. Project Location Map Showing Monroe County, Pennsylvania... 3 Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Project Location Map Showing the Northwest Portion of the County and Specific Survey Areas in Flood Hazard Areas... 4 Project Location Map Showing the Northeast Portion of the County and Specific Survey Areas in Flood Hazard Areas... 5 Project Location Map Showing the Southern Portion of the County and Specific Survey Areas in Flood Hazard Areas... 6 February 2016 iv

9 List of Photos Photo 1. Circa 1800 Fenner-Snyder Mill (Key No ) restored to working order in the 1990s Photo 2. Circa 1840 Kellersville Mill (Key No ) Photo 3. Circa 1910 Coleman & Decker Sawmill (Key No ), built on the site of a tannery Photo 4. Circa 1900 workers housing (Key No ) constructed by Coleman & Decker Sawmill. 55 Photo 5. Circa 1921 icehouse (Key No ) converted to a private residence Photo 6. Yeisley-Pearce barn (Key No ), constructed in three sections Photo 7. Yeisley-Pearce farmhouse, circa Photo 8. The barn on the property of the Lesh House (Key No ) has been modified to accommodate changing market preferences Photo 9. Circa 1920 secondary residence at Porter s Goat Farm (Key No ) Photo 10. Modified barn on the Farm on the Hill property (Key No ) Photo 11. Photo 12. Photo 13. Circa 1850 McMichael Hotel (Key No ), a former inn that currently houses a fishing club Circa 1880 Stites Mountain House (Key No ) is representative of a smaller, nineteenth century Pocono resort 62 Circa 1910 Buckwood Inn (Key No ) reflects the maturation of the Pocono resort industry in the early twentieth century.63 Photo 14. The circa 1934 Art Deco-influenced Stroudsburg U.S. Post Office (Key No ) Photo 15. The former late nineteenth century Appenzell School House (Key No ), now home to the Pocono-Jackson Historical Society...65 February 2016 v

10 1.0 Introduction The Pennsylvania State Historic Preservation Office (PASHPO) of the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC) contracted AECOM Technical Services, Inc. (AECOM) to conduct a Historic Resource Survey in Monroe, Bedford, and Cameron Counties, Pennsylvania for Phase 1 of the Commonwealth s Disaster Planning for Historic Properties Initiative. The project was initiated to assist the three counties with updating their state and federally-approved hazard mitigation plan to include considerations for historic properties. This project was awarded by the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service and funded via the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act of 2013, which was intended to provide disaster assistance in the wake of the devastating destruction and damage caused by Hurricane Sandy in PASHPO plans to undertake the project in two phases which include: 1. The identification of selected counties' most hazard-prone historic resources through a carefully defined reconnaissance-level survey and recording hazard-specific information for detailed vulnerability assessments. 2. The development of strategies to protect these local historic assets from future natural disasters and integrating those strategies into selected counties' FEMA-approved hazard mitigation plans along with historic resource inventories and vulnerability assessment information. Data gathered by AECOM during the reconnaissance-level survey for the first phase will be used to inform Phase 2, which will be awarded to a historic preservation consultant under a separate contract. Survey of Monroe County has been prioritized to coincide with the county s process to update its hazard mitigation plan, scheduled for completion in early The overarching goal of this project is to gather up-to-date information on historic properties in hazardaffected areas (particularly flood hazard areas) of Monroe County to facilitate more accurate damage assessments at the time of the next disaster event, as well as provide accurate data to enable detailed vulnerability assessments to be undertaken for the county's historic resources for various hazard scenarios. Another primary intention of the reconnaissance-level survey was to gather adequate background and physical information in order to make recommendations on whether the resources surveyed would be eligible for listing in the NRHP or may be considered locally important community landmarks. This survey focused on documenting buildings, structures, objects, and historic districts over 45 years of age within the 100-year (1% annual chance) and 500-year (0.2% annual chance) flood hazard areas in Monroe County that had not been previously recorded, but also consisted of updating records for previously surveyed resources that may have changed since they were last surveyed. Flood hazardspecific data was captured for historic properties NRHP-listed, NRHP-eligible, recommended NRHPeligible, or recommended for inclusion in the Monroe County hazard mitigation plan as locally important community landmarks. February

11 The survey area was limited to the flood hazard areas in all twenty municipalities of Monroe County, a county that is approximately 617 square miles in size (Figures 1-4). In total, 895 resources were documented that fall within the 100-year or 500-year flood hazard areas. Of those 895 resources, 89 resources are considered historically and/or culturally significant and are listed in, eligible for listing in, or recommended for listing in the NRHP or are recommended as a locally important community landmark. Fifty-seven additional properties are not individually eligible for the NRHP or locally important community landmarks, but are contributing resources to a historic district. Of the properties surveyed in the county s flood hazard areas, 749 resources were either previously determined by the PASHPO to be NRHP-ineligible, are recommended by AECOM to be NRHP-ineligible, or do not appear to meet the project s criteria for locally important community landmarks. During the course of their survey, AECOM determined that 42 previously surveyed/recorded properties were demolished. This investigation included a program of background and archival research, public outreach, field survey, data management, completion of Historic Resource Natural Hazard Vulnerability Survey Forms and full Historic Resource Survey Forms, and report preparation. Martin Abbot served as the Project Manager for this study and provided project oversight. Vanessa Zeoli was the Principal Architectural Historian and Team Leader for this investigation. As lead GIS specialist and GIS group manager, Matthew Harris developed and managed the web-based application (Fulcrum) that was used to capture data in the field and produce the survey forms. The report was written by Vanessa Zeoli, Samuel Pickard, and Jennifer Robinson. Survey forms were prepared by Vanessa Zeoli, Jennifer Robinson, Kate Farnham, Ann Marie DiLucia, and Courtney Clark. Background research was conducted by Vanessa Zeoli, Samuel Pickard, and Jennifer Robinson. The fieldwork was supervised by Vanessa Zeoli and conducted by Vanessa Zeoli, Martin Abbot, Kate Farnham, Emily Everett, Jennifer Robinson, Nicole McKairnes, Michael Robb, Courtney Clark, Samantha Kuntz, and Kaitlin Pluskota. The survey team that gathered elevation data consisted of Jacob Spuck, Raymond Dissinger, and Kaitlin Pluskota. Mary Lennon, Joel Dworsky, Richie Roy, and Meagan Ratini produced the graphics for the report. All field notes, survey forms, and photographs for the project are on file at AECOM s Conshohocken, Pennsylvania office. All key personnel meet the Secretary of Interior s Professional Qualifications Standards (36 CFR 61) (see Appendix D for survey team credentials). February

12 Figure 1: Project Location Map Showing Monroe County, Pennsylvania February

13 Figure 2: Project Location Map Showing the Northwest Portion of the County and Specific Survey Areas in the Flood Hazard Areas. February

14 Figure 3: Project Location Map Showing the Northeast Portion of the County and Specific Survey Areas in Flood Hazard Areas February

15 Figure 4: Project Location Map Showing the Southern Portion of the County and Specific Survey Areas in Flood Hazard Areas February

16 2.0 Methodology The approach employed for the background research and field work phases followed standard methodologies as defined in the Secretary of the Interior s Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation (NPS 1983) and the PASHPO s Guidelines for Architectural Investigations (PHMC 2014). Background research was collected from a variety of online and physical repositories held by local, county, state, and regional organizations. Below is a summary of research and fieldwork methodologies employed for the project. 2.1 Data Collection The initial data collection effort focused upon acquiring and importing the most up-to-date tax parcel and flood hazard data (available from FEMA s Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map (DFIRM) database) into ArcGIS (GIS). Specific information from the parcel and flood hazard datasets guided the research and fieldwork methodologies. These included parcel boundaries, property specific-information (such as tax parcel number, address, and owner name), approximate building age, and flood hazard area boundaries. This data was imported into ArcGIS, Google Earth, and the web application Fulcrum, which were the primary mapping and data collection tools used by the team to organize and track the field survey, as well as to geospatially analyze the survey data for the reporting phase. An initial analysis of the tax parcel data revealed approximately 2,700 properties in the 100-year or 500- year flood hazard areas in Monroe County, containing buildings over 45 years of age. Approximately one-quarter of the properties within the county contained no construction date information, so additional desktop research was undertaken using current and historic aerial images to determine whether properties actually contained buildings and whether they were over45 years of age and required survey). 2.2 Background and Archival Research AECOM conducted research online and at various local and state repositories to search for information on previously recorded historic architectural resources in Monroe County, and to assess the potential for undocumented resources. PASHPO provided AECOM with an ArcGIS shapefile of all previously recorded resources within Monroe County that are mapped in their Cultural Resource Geographic Information System (CRGIS). A complete list of resources and reports held by the PASHPO was compiled and a two-day research visit to PASHPO was conducted on October 13 and 14, 2015 to gather the files. Previously recorded resources included NRHP-listed and NRHP-eligible historic properties (buildings, structures, objects, districts, and sites), resources determined to be NRHP-ineligible, and resources identified as part of a compliance project, but not evaluated for NRHP eligibility (categorized in CRGIS as insufficient information to evaluate ). Using ArcGIS, AECOM was able to determine which previously recorded properties were intersected by the 100-year or 500-year flood hazard areas and extracted a list of properties that would require survey. As per the scope of work, AECOM surveyed individual NHLlisted, NRHP-listed, or NRHP-eligible properties as well as resources contributing to NRHP-listed or February

17 NRHP-eligible historic districts to capture hazard-specific data, but also included those resources that were NRHP-ineligible as a way to establish a record of all historic-age properties in the flood hazard areas to aid in the evaluation of properties subject to review under Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of Previously recorded properties that were not yet evaluated for NRHP-eligibility required survey to determine their NRHP-eligibility and their potential to be locally important community landmarks for consideration in the Monroe County Hazard Mitigation Plan. Desktop studies included a review of the statewide historic contexts developed by the PASHPO for various resource types. A study that was particularly useful throughout the course of the project was the 1980 Monroe County Historic Resource Survey which had identified, photographed, and mapped approximately 1,500 structures within the county. AECOM also consulted the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project, a statewide historic context (a document that details geographical, cultural, and chronological themes) that characterizes regional trends in agricultural history and building types. Monroe County falls entirely within the context for Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming. AECOM also gathered PASHPO documents on historic burial grounds and cemeteries, Pennsylvania s New Deal History", historic bridges, railroads, suburbs, and schools. While PennDOT s 2001 Statewide Historic Bridge Survey served as a useful reference tool, most of the bridges recorded in that survey were already mapped in CRGIS. See Table 1 below for a full list of the studies consulted. Table 1: Thematic Studies and Historic Resource Survey Reports on File at PASHPO Report Number Report Name Report Date Author Name 1979-H A 1979-H B 1980-M M M H H Preliminary Research Report, : Historic Sites and Structures Survey Data Analysis Report/Monroe County Historic Resources Survey Resorts of the Delaware Water Gap Area Thematic Nomination Resorts of the Delaware Water Gap Area Thematic Nomination Resorts of the Delaware Water Gap Area Thematic Nomination Comprehensive Preservation Planning Historic Period Cultural Resources Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area Preliminary Historic Resources Survey 07/13/ /01/ /01/1980 Janet Wetzel 06/01/1980 Janet Wetzel, 06/01/1980 Janet Wetzel 04/01/1988 Amy Friedlander, etal 01/01/ Organization/ Agency Monroe County Planning Commission Monroe County Planning Commission Monroe County Planning Commission Cultural Resource Group Berger & Associates February

18 Report Number Report Name Report Date Author Name I 2009-M A 2009-M B An Initial Study and Assessment of Bridges over 50 Years of Age Currently Owned By Monroe County, Pennsylvania MPDF DRAFT: African American History in Pennsylvania Theme Study; The Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political Legacy of African Americans in Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania's African American Historic Resources, Survey Report of Findings, 2009 Organization/ Agency 01/01/1998 Thomas Jones Groenendaal 8 11/02/2009 C. Stutman 02/01/2010 S. W. Splain Keystone Preservation Group, Inc. Keystone Preservation Group, Inc. AECOM historians retrieved historical maps, atlases, and aerial photographs showing historic buildings in order to illustrate development in the survey areas. The maps and aerial photographs were used to identify concentrations of historical buildings as they developed within the flood hazard areas throughout Monroe County s history, and to visually assess changes to these concentrations over time. By overlaying the historical maps with known resources recorded in CRGIS, locally important community landmarks and tax parcel data indicating locations of buildings over 45 years of age, the parameters of the field survey were well established prior to data collection in the field. AECOM gathered data from a number of other digital and physical repositories. Various digital archives were consulted for additional information on historic architectural resources as well as general background information to build the historic context. Digital data gathered from online repositories included Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscape Survey (HABS/HAER/HALS) files, local and regional histories, and historic photographs. It also included local, state and national repositories such as the National Park Service s website for the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area, the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation s (PennDOT) website, the Library of Congress, the Internet Archive, Ancestry, NETR Online (HistoricAerials.com), Penn Pilot, as well as digital cartographic archives maintained by Ancestry, Ancestor Tracks, and United States Geological Survey (USGS). Archival research was also conducted at the Monroe County Historical Association, located in the Stroud Mansion in downtown Stroudsburg. Desktop research was conducted to determine which municipalities have an active historic preservation commission and Historic Architectural Review Board (HARB) with an enforceable historic preservation ordinance. Online research determined that Stroudsburg Borough is the only municipality in the county with a historic preservation ordinance, which was passed by the Stroudsburg Borough Council in July 2006 to preserve the buildings within the Stroudsburg Historic Preservation District. The Historic February

19 Architectural Review Board is tasked with reviewing and approving applications (Certificate of Appropriateness) for alterations to buildings within the historic district. The Stroudsburg Historic Preservation District includes a large part of downtown Stroudsburg and includes properties within the NRHP-eligible Stroudsburg Commercial Historic District. As a local historic district that does not appear to qualify for the NRHP, elevation data was not taken for every property within the district; only those that were previously determined NRHP-eligible by the PASHPO or recommended as NRHP-eligible by AECOM, recommended as a locally important community landmark, or located within a NRHP-eligible historic district. AECOM gathered historic preservation plans that were established as standalone documents or as part of a comprehensive plan (as mandated by the Pennsylvania Municipalities Planning code). At the same time, PASHPO, through their direct coordination with the Monroe County Hazard Mitigation Planning Team (which included a representative from the Monroe County Planning Commission), provided a number of county-wide documents addressing local historic preservation efforts and locally-important resources. The documents were shared with AECOM to help with the project planning process. These documents include: 1980 Monroe County Historic Preservation Plan 1980 Monroe County Historic Legacy: A Summary of Historic Sites and Structures in Monroe County, Pennsylvania 2014 Monroe County Comprehensive Plan Update 2005 Regional Comprehensive Plan for Coolbaugh Township, Borough of Mount Pocono, Tobyhanna Township, and Tunkhannock Township 2005 Multi-Municipal Comprehensive Plan for Hamilton Township, Stroud Township, Pocono Township, and Stroudsburg Borough 2.3 Fieldwork The goal of the field survey was to collect information on architectural details, flood-prone characterdefining features, and elevation data for NHL-listed, NRHP-listed, NRHP-eligible properties (individual resources and historic districts), recommended NRHP-eligible properties (resources over 45 years of age), and locally important community landmarks (the latter may or may not meet the NRHP eligibility criteria) in the 100-year or 500-year flood hazard areas. The reconnaissance-level survey was conducted by two teams of architectural historians equipped with hand-held tablets, digital cameras, and paper map sets. The elevation survey was conducted by a team of GIS professionals equipped with hand-held tablets, digital cameras, a laser range-finder, and a Trimble Global Positioning System (GPS) unit. All data was recorded on the tablets in a custom-designed web-based application called Fulcrum Historic Resource Survey The historic resource survey was conducted by two teams in the field at a time, each staffed with two architectural historians. The teams were led by a senior architectural historian with over 10 years of February

20 experience, and whom exceeded the professional qualifications set forth by the Secretary of the Interior under 36 CFR Part 61. The teams were equipped with a portable tablet and tasked with capturing architectural details and character-defining features using Fulcrum. The second team member was responsible for capturing high-resolution, well-framed color photos of the resources and recording notes on the color, tabloidsized spiral-bound map books indicating which properties were surveyed, the PASHPO Key Number for each resource, and which were not surveyed (and why). Fulcrum and the map books were also used as navigational tools to guide the teams from property to property during the field survey effort. To capture data in the field, AECOM used a membership-based web application called Fulcrum that is able to successfully bridge the data between AECOM s application and PASHPO s CRGIS database. The purpose of the new database was to create a hybrid of PASHPO s portable application and the Historic Resource Natural Hazard Vulnerability Survey Form to isolate the data needed for the survey and create a format that it is easy to read and simple to use on a hand-held tablet. Fulcrum users can develop customizable forms that can be adapted to project needs. For this project, AECOM was able to create free text fields and drop-down menus needed for the Historic Resource Natural Hazard Vulnerability Survey Form that was developed by PASHPO to capture architectural details, character-defining features, and elevation data within the 100-year or 500-year flood hazard areas. Additionally, AECOM included other hazard specific data for surveyed properties that approximates the proximity of dense vegetation and mature trees to historic structures in the case of a wildfire or severe wind hazard event. The Fulcrum application enabled the teams to toggle between GIS maps and aerial images of the project area and the pre-designed form to record important physical information about the historic resources including the exact location of all historic buildings and structures on the property. Since information from CRGIS was pre-loaded into the database, the teams were also able to update physical and locational information of previously recorded resources that was incorrect, incomplete, or had changed since they were last surveyed. Using the Wi-Fi-connected hand-held tablets enabled AECOM to efficiently capture data in the field and minimize desktop analysis. The tablets were set up so they would automatically back up to the database when the tablet was connected to Wi-Fi. When there was no connectivity, the data captured on the tablets was automatically stored on the device and manually backed up when the Wi-Fi connection was restored. The goal of the project was to capture information on significant resources; however, during the field investigation, and through discussions with the PASHPO, it was decided that it would be helpful for AECOM to record basic information about resources that are NRHP-ineligible to facilitate future studies undertaken in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of As such, AECOM photographed and recorded locational information (GPS points) for resources that appeared clearly NRHP-ineligible or did not qualify as a locally important community landmark and were within the 100-year or 500-year flood hazard areas. February

21 While in the field, teams were cognizant of potential NRHP-eligible historic districts that may require recordation on PASHPO s full Historic Resource Survey Form (full HRSF), which are used for intensive documentation of historic resources. Preliminary historic district boundaries were marked on the paper map sets and individual contributing resources to those districts were recorded on the special Historic Resource Natural Hazard Vulnerability Form. AECOM identified several potential historic districts in the field, but following further analysis, only one newly identified historic district has been recommended NRHP-eligible by AECOM: Shawnee on Delaware Historic District. A full HRSF for this district is included in Volume 2, Appendix A. Since the survey was conducted from the right-of-way, information captured in the field was limited to resources that were visible from the road or sidewalk. Team members discovered that many resources were set back at a distance from the road, some within gated communities, obscured by other buildings, vegetation, or topography, making documentation and photography difficult. While some additional research back in the office was conducted to gather more information about the resources (i.e. reviewing current aerial photographs and birds-eye-view images), there were over 1,000 resources within the 100-year or 500-year flood hazard areas that could not be recorded adequately. AECOM noted which properties were not visible or not accessible in the field, and have provided maps of those properties in Volume 1, Appendix C Elevation Data Survey A third team was positioned in the field to capture elevation data for all the historically significant and/or locally important resources surveyed by the architectural history teams. This elevation survey team was staffed by two GIS professionals proficient in capturing elevation data using the equipment prescribed by PASHPO. The equipment used to capture the elevation data consisted of three major components: a laser range-finder, an Arrow EOS Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) GPS unit, and a Samsung Galaxy S3 tablet equipped with applications to capture and convert the data from the two devices. These applications store and synch the captured elevation, location, and photograph data to a cloud-based server for viewing and analysis from the desktop. The Arrow EOS GPS unit was linked via the web to a Virtual Reference Station (VRS) acting as a virtual real time kinematic (RTK) solution for real-time post processing to the sub decimeter level of accuracy. The basic data collection procedure recorded the location and elevation at which the laser-rangefinder shots were taken from, the distance to and elevation relative to three locations on each structure. These locations include the lowest first floor opening (FF), typically the base of the front door, the lowest structure opening (LO), and the lowest adjacent ground (LAG) elevation. The laser range-finder has an accuracy of within 4-centimeters and enabled the team to successfully capture elevation data from the public right-of-way. These three relative measurements are then processed to derive the elevation of each point relative to mean sea level. This was accomplished by subtracting the instrument height from the selected gravitational undulation model, and then subtracting that from the Height Above Ellipsoid (HAE) as recorded by the GPS GNSS or VRS solution. Two different undulation models (also referred to as geoids) were used in this project depending on if the HAE was derived from the GNSS or the VRS. The February

22 GNSS elevations are in the WGS84 coordinate system and elevations are calculated using the EGM2008 geoid. Whereas the VRS HAE measurements are in the NAD83 coordinate system, so the GEOID12A geoid is used. This data will be used by the Phase 2 team to compare elevations of building features (FF, LO, and LAG) to the approximate Base Flood Elevation (BFE) as identified on FEMA's Digital Flood Insurance Rate Maps (DFIRMs). This information will allow hazard mitigation planners to understand precisely how Monroe County's historic buildings will flood and may become damaged during a given flood scenario, so that effective flood risk reduction measures may be developed for these community resources Data Management All data was backed up daily to Fulcrum, employee laptops, and the AECOM server. At the end of each day of fieldwork, the team organized the photos according to PASHPO Key Numbers into dated folders. The teams also used the paper field maps to keep track of every property visited in the field and whether or not the property was surveyed. If applicable, an explanation was given for why properties were not surveyed. The following are common reasons why some properties were not surveyed: 1. The property contained resources that were less than 45 years of age; 2. The property was vacant; 3. The property contained no buildings within the flood hazard areas. This information was transferred daily into a spreadsheet, imported into GIS, and used to create the maps included in Volume 1, Appendix C, showing all unsurveyed properties in the 100-year and 500- year flood hazard areas. February

23 3.0 Public Outreach Public outreach has been a central component of the Disaster Planning for Historic Properties Initiative from the outset. From soliciting feedback from local residents on locally important community landmarks to attending a meeting of the Monroe County Historic Coalition, AECOM maintained an open door for conversation on its process and results. Prior to commencing the field survey, a letter was sent to a total of 35 community groups, historical societies, and historic site-specific organizations to make them aware of the upcoming survey and requesting input on local landmarks. Realizing that local residents have an institutional knowledge of their community beyond the scope of AECOM s research, solicitation of this feedback helped to ensure that the historic structures that contribute to the sense-of-place of Monroe County s communities were recorded during the survey effort. These locally important buildings, structures, and historic districts are major contributors to the character and identity of Monroe County and documenting those that are hazard prone has been a key objective for this project. Letters were sent to the following organizations to solicit input: Anthracite Railroads Historical Society Antoine Dutot School and Museum Barrett Township Historical Society Coolbaugh Township Historical Association Delaware Water Gap Station Preservation Partnership East Stroudsburg Railroad Tower Society Eastburg Community Alliance Eldred Township Historical Society Heritage Center of the Western Pocono Community Library Historical Association of Tobyhanna Township Historical Barn & Farm Foundation of Pennsylvania Lenni Lenape Historical Society and Museum of Indian Culture Little Bethel Historical Association Mid-Atlantic Chapter of the Society for the Preservation of Old Mills Monroe County Conservation District Monroe County Historical Association National Society Daughters of the American Revolution Jacob Stroud Chapter National Society Daughters of the American Revolution Tunkhannock Paradise Township Historical Society Parkside Chapel of Henryville Pennsylvania Downtown Center Pennsylvania Historical Association Pocono Indian Museum February

24 Pocono Jackson Historical Society Pocono Mountains Visitors Bureau Pocono Northeast Resource Conservation & Development Council Polk Township Historical Society Polk/Chestnuthill Township Historical Society Preservation Pennsylvania Quiet Valley Living Historical Farm Railroad & Locomotive Historical Society Lackawanna Chapter Shawnee Preservation Society Tannersville Cranberry Bog Preserve Committee Theodore Burr Covered Bridge Society of Pennsylvania The following table offers a recap of the communication AECOM received from members of the public regarding the project, and suggestions of locally important community landmarks. Table 2. Record of Public Outreach Date Agency/Organization Name Issues Raised/Actions Taken 11/4/2015 Daughters of the American Revolution Jacob Stroud Chapter Sought clarification on how to identify possible community landmarks within the 100-year or 500-year flood hazard areas. Provided information on two potential community landmarks: one was in flood hazard area and was already a planned survey. The other was outside of the flood hazard area. 11/6/2015 Eastburg Community Alliance Suggested two community landmarks; both were determined to fall outside of the flood hazard area. 11/9/2015 Historical Association of Tobyhanna Township Concerned with timing of project, purpose of project, and criteria for survey. Suggested a possible community landmark, but it was determined to be out of flood hazard area. 11/12/2015 Parkside Chapel of Henryville Suggested a community landmark, but it was determined to be outside of the flood hazard area. 11/17/2015 Paradise Historical Society Request for information on the survey project. 11/21/2015 East Stroudsburg Railroad Tower Society 11/21/2015 Grey Towers National Historic Site Suggested two community landmarks: one was determined to fall outside of the flood hazard area; the other was determined to fall within the flood hazard area, but is in ruinous condition and was not surveyed. Suggested a community landmark, but structure was determined to fall outside of the flood hazard area. 11/23/2015 Archivist for Monroe County Suggested two community landmarks, but both were determined to fall outside of the flood hazard area. February

25 Date Agency/Organization Name Issues Raised/Actions Taken 1/14/2016 Paradise Historical Society Provided a list of seven community landmarks: two were determined to be out of flood hazard area; two were not accessible to surveyors; two had been surveyed by the team; and one was surveyed during the next deployment. In addition to the letters mailed, three representatives from AECOM attended a meeting of the Monroe County Historic Coalition on Saturday, November 21, 2015 at the Monroe County Historical Association s headquarters at the NRHP-listed Stroud Mansion in downtown Stroudsburg. At this meeting, a presentation on the projects methodology was given by Martin Abbot and Vanessa Zeoli to the 13 attendees. This meeting also included a question-and-answer session that covered topics such as defining a locally important community landmark; clarifications on survey methodology; and ways that attendees and their associates could contribute information that may be beneficial to the project. February

26 4.0 Historic Overview European settlement began in what is now Monroe County in the early eighteenth century, with some of the earliest known settlers including Nicholas DePuy, Daniel Broadhead, and Peter LaBar. As the region was relatively sparsely settled until the later eighteenth century, early European colonists in the area came into frequent contact and conflict with local Native Americans, who allegedly killed over 300 settlers in a single year. After the American Revolution, most Native Americans had been forced out of the area and the settlers population steadily grew. Small villages and towns such as Saylorsburg, Kellersville, Dutotsburg (now Delaware Water Gap), Spragueville (Analomink), and Fennersville (now Sciota) were established in the south of what is now Monroe County during this time, while the northern areas remained largely unsettled (Miller 1989:12-13). In 1806, Stroudsburg, which had begun as a settlement around the home of Nicholas DePuy s former apprentice was established, and when Monroe County was erected in 1836 it won a controversial election to become the seat of the new county (Leiser 2005; 2011; 2012). In the nineteenth century Monroe s main industry revolved around the extraction of timber from its vast forests. Logs were floated down the Delaware River to Philadelphia and the tree s bark supplied the tannic acid used in tanning animal skins. In addition to logging, a modest tourist industry had begun in the county by 1829, and grew exponentially in the second half of the nineteenth century after the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad opened their line through the county. The logging industry diminished in importance as the county became deforested, though in its place emerged the ice industry. Employing outside laborers and farmers in the winter, ice from frozen lakes and ponds in the county was harvested, processed, and shipped to major metropolitan areas such as Philadelphia and New York City. This industry continued into the twentieth century until electric refrigeration obviated the largescale need for ice (Leiser 2005; 2007; 2011a; 2012; Kochis and O Brien n.d.; Miller 1989:13-14). The tourism industry and the county population continued to grow in the twentieth century, with new resorts, especially with a focus on skiing opening. The construction of Interstates 80 and 380 along with Pennsylvania Route 33 expressway in the 1960s enabled easy access to the county. Suburban developments began in some parts of the county after 1970, with development continuing through the 1990s. (Leiser 2011b; Gillin 2005; ISHA 2015; Forstall 1995; Kitsko 2015; historicaerials.com). 4.1 Barrett Township Barrett Township, located in northeastern Monroe County, had a population of 4,225 in It was erected in 1859 from portions of neighboring Price and Paradise townships. The township has uneven and densely forested terrain, with a ridge running northeast on the eastern half of the township, separating a relatively level plain from a hilly western half that culminates in a plateau running northsouth. Most of the township is drained by Brodhead Creek, Monroe County s main watershed. The Brodhead forms in Barrett with the convergence of the Middle Branch, Leavitt Branch, Griscomb Creek, and Buck Hill Creek, and south across the center of the township, joined along the way by Goose Pond Run, Mill Creek, Spruce Cabin Run, and Lucky Run. The far northwest of the township, which has several February

27 man-made lakes, is drained by Taylor Creek, which flows north to the Lackawaxen River. In the northeast of Barrett, several streams join to form Wells Creek, which eventually flows into Bush Kill, while Stony Run, dammed to form Weenausabuck or Brown s Lake, flows south out of the township before eventually joining the Brodhead (Leiser 2011; Walling 1860; Beers 1875; Google Maps 2015; PDH 1941). Settlement by European colonists in the area of Barrett Township began with the Price family in 1756, and by the early nineteenth century there were four villages in Barrett along the north-south running State Road Coveville (no longer extant), Canadensis, Oakland (now Cresco), and White s Tannery or Oak Valley (now Mountainhome). The logging and tanning industries dominated the township early on, with tanneries clothespin factories, and saw mills located in an around the villages. As the area became logged out, tourism took a greater role, with tourists arriving on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, which had opened a station at Cresco in 1856, and added a spur to Mountainhome in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. By 1886, there were two hotels and five boarding houses in the township. Private resort communities, such as Buck Hill Falls in the west and Skytop in the north were founded in the early twentieth century, and growth has continued since then, though there has not been large scale suburban development (Mathews 1886: ; Leiser 2011; Walling 1860; Beers 1875; historicaerials.com; Google Maps 2015; PDH 1915; PDH 1941; Buck Hill Falls, 2015; Skytop Lodge 2015). Agriculturally, Barrett Township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region. By 1880, Barrett Township was below average agriculturally, but holding its own compared to the rest of the county. By the late 1920s, the number of farms and their productivity had dropped significantly (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b; PHMC 2015c). There are 17 previously recorded historic resources in Barrett Township s flood hazard areas: six were not previously assessed for NRHP eligibility and 11 were determined to be NRHP-ineligible. Ten of the resources (all NRHP-ineligible) are bridges. Two of these of these resources are dwellings, likely all farm related, though one was built circa 1870 and the other (composed of two dwellings) was built circa The remaining three resources include two previous tannery sites and one demolished bridge. Table 3. Previously Recorded Resources in Barrett Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Guy's Blue Room Bar & Grill Smith-Deubler House [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] White's Tannery Site (Demolished) Canadensis Tannery Site (Demolished) Spruce Cabin Road Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible (Demolished) February

28 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible 4.2 Chestnuthill Township Chestnuthill Township is located in the west of Monroe County and in 2010 had a population of 17,156. Named for the once abundant chestnut trees, the township was established in September 1763 and originally included Polk and Eldred townships and portions of Ross. The latter two were separated in 1817, while the former was part of Chestnuthill until The township has undulating but fertile terrain with gravelly soil on hills and a more clay-like soil in the valleys. The primary streams in the township are the Pohopoco and McMichael Creeks, which flow west to the Lehigh River and east to the Delaware River respectively. In Chestnuthill Township, the Pohopoco flows more or less south along the western boundary of the township before turning west. The Pohopoco has two large tributary streams in the township Sugar Hollow Creek, which flows southwest across the north of the municipality to meet the Pohopoco, and Weir Creek, which flows west across the southern portion of Chestnuthill and joining the Pohopoco in neighboring Polk Township. McMichael Creek, forming at the confluence of three streams in the northern corner of the township, flows roughly south along the eastern boundary before exiting to the east. (United States Census Bureau 2015; Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886:1218, 1224, 1233; historicaerials.com; Google Maps). Many of the early European settlers in the township were German or of German ancestry, including the first known settler, George Hood (Hoeth), who settled on land west of Brodheadsville. The first school was established in the township in 1806, followed two years later by the first major road, the Wilkes- Barre and Easton Turnpike, now Pennsylvania Route 115. By the late nineteenth century several villages had sprung up across the township, with the oldest and largest settlement being Brodheadsville in the south central region. By the mid-1880s it featured two stores and Fairview Academy, which operated from 1881 until 1938 as a normal and business school. To the southeast was McIlhaney (formerly Mechanicsville), which had a store, a hotel, post office, and school. In the northeast, McMichael (formerly Philipsburg), was home to two stores, a post office, hotel, blacksmith, and sawmill. Along the western boundary and the turnpike from north to south were Merwinsburg, Effort, and Gilberts. Merwinsburg had two sawmills, a store, post, office and hotel, but its larger southern neighbor, Effort, was home to St. John s Church, two schools, two stores, a distillery, grist and saw mills, hotel, February

29 blacksmiths, a wheelwright, a foundry and a tannery. Gilbert, partially in Polk Township, had two shops, a blacksmith, hotel, church, and saw and grist mills (Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886: ; Walling 1860; Beers 1875) Chestnuthill Township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region. Agriculture remained the backbone of the township s economy into the twentieth century, and in the 1920s led the county in wheat, oat, buckwheat, hay, and apple production. In addition, it seems likely that lakes and ponds such as Lake Mineola in Brodheadsville were used to harvest ice, a common winter industry in the Pocono region (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b). Though a substantial portion of the township s area is still occupied by woodland or agricultural uses, suburban developments are now ubiquitous across Chestnuthill Township. Though a few of these developments were begun in the late 1950s and early 1960s, such as Sun Valley in the far northwest of the township, much of this development has occurred in the years since 1970 (Google Maps; historicaerials.com). There are 14 previously recorded historic resources in Chestnuthill Township flood hazard area: six were not previously assessed for NRHP eligibility and eight are bridges (all determined to be NRHP-ineligible). Of the non-bridge resources, three are historic dwellings (mostly farmhouses) one is a former hotel occupied by a fishing club, and one is a nursing home. Table 4. Previously Recorded Resources in Chestnuthill Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Francis Airport Farm McMichael Hotel Kresge House Kishbaugh House Kresge House & School Site Brookmont Nursing Home Pa. 715 Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible Pa. 715 Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible February

30 4.3 Coolbaugh Township Coolbaugh Township is located in the northwest of Monroe County and in 2010 had a population of 20,564. Formed in November 1794, it originally encompassed what are now Tobyhanna and Tunkhannock townships as well. Despite that land being separated from Coolbaugh in 1830, it is still the largest township by area in Monroe County. The township was historically heavily wooded and crisscrossed by creeks and small lakes. Much of it is covered by a swampy area that at one time was known as Shades of Death. With the exception of a few small streams in the far northeast of Coolbaugh, the township is located in the watershed of the Lehigh River, which forms its western boundary. Almost all major streams, including the Tobyhanna Creek, Trout Creek, and Dresser Run are dammed at least once, and as a result, lakes dot the landscape. (Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886: ; Walling 1860; PDH 1941; Google Maps). The first Europeans to permanently settle in what is presently Coolbaugh Township arrived in 1829 from New York City. Many of these settlers, late by Monroe County standards, came to tap the vast swampy forests of Coolbaugh Township, which was still considered a wilderness. By 1860, there were two main settled areas in the township. One of these was in the southeast along the North-South Road (now Pennsylvania Route 196), including the villages of Forks (now Mount Pocono Borough) and Pocono Summit. Tobyhanna Mills, in the center of the township, was on Drinker s Turnpike (now Pennsylvania Route 611) and the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad, which opened in This village, later simply called Tobyhanna, became an industrial settlement, with the Tobyhanna and Lehigh Lumber Company operating a sawmill, a clothespin factory, and a silk mill by the 1880s. At that time Tobyhanna was home to two churches one Methodist and one Catholic and three stores. As the logging industry slowly ran dry, tourism became a more important industry for the area, with 10 hotels and five boarding houses split between Coolbaugh, Tobyhanna, and Tunkhannock townships as early as 1886 (Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886: ; ; Walling 1860; Beers 1875) (Figure 6). Coolbaugh Township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region, yet the township was never an agricultural center, containing 16 farms (compared to the county average of nearly 120 a township) in 1880, and only four in While not technically agriculture, ice was harvested from lakes, especially Gouldsboro and Tobyhanna Lakes in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a practice common across the Pocono region (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b; PHMC 2015c; DCNR 2015). Much of the north and west of Coolbaugh Township was acquired by the federal government for use as a military facility in Over the next several decades Tobyhanna Military Reservation was variously used as a tank, ambulance, and artillery training center, a Civilian Conservation Corps camp, and a prisoner of war camp. Though a military facility still operates in Tobyhanna, much of the land was given to Pennsylvania after World War II. Around two-thirds of the land was designated Game Lands 127, while the remainder was split between Tobyhanna and Gouldsboro State Parks, which opened in 1949 and 1958 respectively (DCNR 2015; PDH 1941). February

31 In the mid-1960s, Interstate 380 was constructed across Coolbaugh Township, and in the years following significant suburban development occurred along the eastern and far southwestern portions of the township (historicaerials.com). Coolbaugh Township is home to Pocono Mountains Municipal Airport. Constructed as Mount Pocono Airport before 1941, it is located in the southeast of the township (PDH 1941; Google Maps). There are nine previously recorded resources in Coolbaugh Township s flood hazard areas: two have not been assessed for NRHP eligibility, six were determined NRHP-ineligible, and one was demolished. The resources consist of a circa 1850 hotel in Tobyhanna, another is what is believed to be the oldest manmade lake in the township, and was formerly used in conjunction with a sawmill, four are bridges, a boat house, and the Tobyhanna Army Depot. Table 5. Previously Recorded Resources in Coolbaugh Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Brookside Inn Mill Pond No Main Street Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible Tobyhanna Army Depot, Building 32 Demolished or 100% Destroyed [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible Camp Tegawitha Boat House SHPO: Not Eligible Tobyhanna Army Depot SHPO: Not Eligible 4.4 Delaware Water Gap Borough Delaware Water Gap Borough, located in southeastern Monroe County, had a population of 746 in 2010, making it the least populated municipality in the county. It was part of Smithfield Township until its incorporation as a borough in Most of the developed area of Delaware Water Gap is in the north of the borough on a relatively flat plain between Brodhead and Caledonia Creeks with Cherry Creek bisecting it. South of this there are high bluffs and mountains, which are part of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area and are heavily forested. (Leiser 2011; Google Maps 2015). Delaware Water Gap Borough was founded as Dutotsburg in 1793 and in 1836 competed with Stroudsburg and Kellersville to serve as county seat of Monroe County, but was eliminated in the first round of the election. A resort from its earliest days, Delaware Water Gap s first hotel was founded in 1829, and by 1875 there were six, including the Kittatiny House, the Water Gap House, the Mountain House, and the Brainard House. The village featured stores, confectionary shops, a carpenter, blacksmith, ice cream parlor, and a saloon. In addition there were both Presbyterian and Methodist churches. The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad ran a line through the future borough in February

32 1856, providing rail service to Scranton and New York. An electric interurban trolley also operated through the borough in the early twentieth century, linking it to Stroudsburg and Portland (Leiser 2011; Leiser and Bissett 2014; Walling 1860; Beers 1875; PDH 1915) (Figure 7). Interstate 80 was built through Delaware Water Gap in the 1950s, with an interchange located in the borough. In the area around this interchange over the next several decades new hotels and suburban housing was constructed, though most strip malls appear to have been built after the early 1970s (historicaerials.com) There are 25 previously recorded resources in Delaware Water Gap Borough s flood hazard areas. One property, the 1904 Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Station is NRHP-listed, while the Delaware Water Gap Historic District, a NRHP-eligible district, appears to include a number of the other resources, most of which have an not been evaluated for NRHP eligibility on their own (categorized in CRGIS as insufficient information to evaluate ). These resources are primarily nineteenth or early twentieth century dwellings, but also include several commercial/residential structures. Table 6. Previously Recorded Resources in Delaware Water Gap Borough, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status [No Resource Name Provided] Piper House Shannon & Son Grocery Store Brodhead-Smith House Shannon/Westbrook House Snyder House Harry Brodhead Home Presbyterian Parsonage Overfield/Newhart House Reinhart House Nellie Burd House Queen Anne Cottage [No Resource Name Provided] (Demolished) Broadhead-Heitler House Broadhead/Brown House Broadhead Store Elam Gray House Ice Cream Parlor D. Shannon House Delaware Water Gap Historic District SHPO: Eligible Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad: Station NRHP Listed Retaining Wall SHPO: Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible February

33 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible 4.5 East Stroudsburg Borough East Stroudsburg Borough is located in the east of Monroe County and had a population of 9,840 in It was incorporated in 1870 with land from neighboring Stroud and Smithfield Townships. The borough is located along Brodhead Creek, which forms its western and southern boundary, and for the most part sits above the creek s floodplain, with the southeast of the borough actually on a hill overlooking the creek. Flowing across the north of East Stroudsburg is Sambo Creek, which empties into the Brodhead (Leiser 2011; Walling 1860; Google Maps 2015). The area of East Stroudsburg was first settled by European colonists in about 1737, when New Yorker Daniel Brodhead purchased a tract of land. Here, along with his family, he established a farmstead he called Dansbury Manor, and after converting to the Moravian faith allowed a mission to be built on his property in This mission was destroyed in an Indian raid in 1755, but the fortified Brodhead house survived. The East Stroudsburg area remained undeveloped and agricultural until 1856, when the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad s line opened through the community, giving it access to Scranton and New York. As a result of the ensuing population boom the area was incorporated in 1870, and soon became the industrial and commercial center of Monroe County. By the 1880s there were a number of factories and manufacturing facilities in the borough, including a match factory, glass factory, brewery, and silk mill. By the 1920s, there was a boiler factory, hot water heater factory, tannery, several lumber mills, a liquid soap factory, a publishing house, and multiple silk mills. In addition to these industrial concerns there were multiple hotels and churches of at least three denominations. A normal school (now East Stroudsburg University) was founded in (Leiser 2011; Keller ). East Stroudsburg expanded its boundaries somewhat to the north and east in the twentieth century. Interstate 80 was constructed across the south of the borough in the 1950s, and in subsequent decades the outskirts of the borough were developed. Much of this development, which took place mostly in the north and east of the borough and just beyond its boundary, was well underway by the late 1960s and early 1970s (Beers 1875; PDH 1915; PDH 1941; historicaerials.com). There are four previously recorded resources in East Stroudsburg s flood hazard area that include three dwellings and one institutional building. February

34 Table 7. Previously Recorded Resources in East Stroudsburg Borough, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Dr. Singer House Drake House Monroe County Office for the Aging Brookside 4.6 Eldred Township Eldred Township is located in the southwest of Monroe County and in 2010 had a population of 2,910. In September 1851 Eldred was separated from Ross Township and named in honor of Nathaniel B. Eldred, a local judge. The township has a varied terrain, with the limestone Chestnut Ridge in the south, Chestnut Hill Mountain running east-west across the south-center, and hilly plateaus in the north. Two main streams flow in a westerly course across the southern portion of Eldred Township, the Aquashicola and Buckwa (or Frantz) Creeks. Smaller streams such as Princess Run and Chappel Creek flow from the north of the township into Buckwa Creek, which joins the Aquashicola in Carbon County before the latter flows into the Lehigh River. (United States Census Bureau; Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886:982, ; Walling 1860; historicaerials.com). The first European to settle in what is presently Eldred Township may have been Count Zinzendorf, a Moravian missionary who established a mission in 1742 that continued until Like Zinzendorf, many of the early settlers were German or of German ancestry, and into the late nineteenth century many still spoke the Pennsylvania German language. A log church was constructed in the township in 1779 and a log schoolhouse in The church, now St. Matthew s United Church, served both the local Lutheran and Reformed congregations and moved to a new two-story structure in Kunkletown in The first store had been established in the town in 1832, the first hotel by 1849, and a post office by By the 1880s Kunkletown had a school, hotel, church, four stores, two blacksmith shops, and both grist and sawmills. Further north, along Princess Run, the small village of Fiddletown possessed a blacksmith shop, two hotels, and had previously been home to a saw mill (Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886: ) (Figure 9). Despite its rural character, industry got an early start in Eldred Township. In 1812, Philip Hess opened a musket factory along the Aquashicola Creek in the south of the township, which continued to operate until about A tannery was established on the same site in 1857 and operated for 20 years. In 1899 the New York and Philadelphia Brick Company opened a factory in that produced two million white bricks annually and was connected to the Central Railroad of New Jersey by the 11 mile Chestnut Ridge Railway which ran along Buckwa Creek. The plant went out of business sometime before the Great Depression but stood until Eldred was also home to several extractive industries in the nineteenth century. Coal was sought after (though not found) and Bossardville limestone was quarried in the south, February

35 as well as a siliceous clay that when refined was marketed as a soap. Bog iron was extracted from an area near Kunkletown and manufactured into a metallic paint. (Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886:1229, 1233; Walling 1860; Beers 1875; PDH 1941; Rufe 1975; McGreevy 2001). Agriculture was the mainstay of Eldred Township s economy for most of its history, with the land along its streams proving fertile. The township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region. Oats, rye, buckwheat, and potatoes were the principal crops in the township into early twentieth century, along with a significant amount of hay. (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b; Leiser 2011). Eldred Township has seen a number of suburban-style developments built since the late 1960s and early 1970s, particularly in the north and northwestern portions of the township, but there has not been a large scale construction of suburban homes (historicaerials.com). There are ten previously recorded resources in Eldred Township that fall within the flood hazard area: six have not been previously evaluated for NRHP eligibility (categorized in CRGIS as insufficient information to evaluate ) and four were determined NRHP-ineligible. Three of the properties are nineteenth century schoolhouses, four are nineteenth century dwellings, and four are bridges. Table 8. Previously Recorded Resources in Eldred Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status [No Resource Name Provided] Smith Gap School Smith House Gower School (Demolished) Frable/Frantz Farm Correll School [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible 4.7 Hamilton Township Hamilton Township, located in south central Monroe County, has a population of about 9,083 and an area of approximately 38.5 square miles (Hamilton Township, Pennsylvania). The township was erected on December 24, 1762 in what was then part of Northampton County, but became part of Monroe County when the latter was erected in The township has varied terrain types, ranging from a limestone ridge in the south to a hilly northern area with valleys in the center. Monroe County s main watershed is that of the Brodhead Creek, which drains into the Delaware River. Three main streams, the McMichael, Pensyl or Appenzell, and Cherry Creeks, flow across the township s land. The Appenzell, February

36 along with several smaller streams, flows across the north of the township into McMichael Creek, which in turn joins the Brodhead in Stroudsburg. The Cherry Creek, fed by smaller streams, flows roughly east across the south of the township, eventually reaching the Delaware at Delaware Water Gap. In the southwest corner of the township is Saylors Lake (formerly Lake Poponoming), which feeds Lake Creek, a tributary of McMichael Creek (Mathews 1886:982, 1204; Walling 1860; Google Maps 2015). Settlement by European colonists, many of German origin, began sometime in the early eighteenth century and a mill was potentially operating in current bounds of the township by The circa 1800 Fenner-Snyder Mill is currently located on this site. By the early nineteenth century multiple villages and hamlets including Snydersville and Kellersville had arisen. This latter village, though relatively small, was a strong contender for the location of the county seat when Monroe County was erected, but lost out to Stroudsburg after two elections apparently rife with fraudulent voting (Mathews 1886:986-87). Despite this setback, Hamilton continued to grow, with over 1,500 inhabitants by 1840 and nearly 1,900 by the mid-1880s. In its villages and hamlets were numerous small industrial sites by the late nineteenth century, including a tannery and wagon factory in Sciota, foundry and woolen mill outside of Kellersville, and kilns producing lime for local farmers in Bossardville and Stormville. Several hotels were also present in the township by the 1880s, though it appears that these were smaller concerns and the municipality was not viewed as a resort area (Mathews 1886: ). By the early twentieth century, like many local municipalities, Hamilton was home to an ice company, Lackawanna Ice Co., which presumably cut ice from Saylors Lake in the winter (Keller 1927:279). Though the county s population had been steadily growing into the twentieth century, after the end of World War II, the rate of growth exploded. The construction of Interstate 80 and Pennsylvania Route 33 expressway in the 1960s created easy access to the county, including Hamilton Township, which part of Route 33 runs through, connecting with I-80 in the northern corner of the township. Suburban developments did not really begin in Hamilton until after 1970 however, with development continuing through the 1990s. Initially this was in areas adjacent to Route 33, but it has expanded to areas along major roads across the township (Forstall 1995; Kitsko 2015; historicaerials.com). Agriculturally, Hamilton Township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region, though on some older classifications place it in or on the edge of the Great Valley region to the south. Contemporary accounts from the late-nineteenth century seem to place it within the diversified region of the Pocono resorts. Wheat, rye, oats, corn, potatoes, and fruit were grown, along with a significant amount of hay. Though the cultivation of hay declined as a whole across the region in the twentieth century, in the 1920s Hamilton Township farms were still one of the top producers for the county. Interestingly, they remained relatively un-mechanized in this era, with only 12 trucks and one tractor among its 88 farms in 1924 (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b). There are 54 historic resources in Hamilton that fall within the flood hazard areas. The Fenner-Snyder Mill is the only property listed in the NRHP. The mill is noted for its age, size, and the relatively large amount of grain it was able to process into the twentieth century. Aside from this mill, the NRHP-eligible Kellersville Historic District is also partially in the flood hazard area. An additional 32 properties in the February

37 Hamilton flood hazard area have not been evaluated for NRHP eligibility (categorized in CRGIS as insufficient information to evaluate ), though a number of these structures are included in the Kellersville Historic District. Most of the structures are from the nineteenth century and related to agriculture, with inns and stores in villages included as well. County Bridge #7, carrying Beaver Valley Road over McMichael Creek in the township was a circa 1890 Pratt Truss bridge with an unusual lower chord configuration and determined to be NRHP-eligible due to its engineering significance, was formerly located in the flood hazard area. After a decade of closure to deck and structural failure it was demolished circa 2000 and replaced by a two span pre-stressed concrete spread box beam bridge. Table 9. Previously Recorded Resources in Hamilton Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible Fenner - Snyder Mill NRHP Listed Reynolds House Blue Ridge Enamel Brick Factory (Demolished) Lesh Farm [No Resource Name Provided] Peter Konkle House John Konkle House Joseph Fetherman House Dr. Harps Office Snydersville Post Office Haney Mill Rinker's Farm (Demolished) (Demolished) Spragle-Meckas Schoolhouse Mackes-Setzer Farm Shoemaker House Kellersville Methodist Episcopal Church Kellersville School Andrew Keller House Kellersville Mill Miller's House Duke House Keller-Slutter House Kellersville Hotel Old Post Office Judge Rhodes House Marsh Foundry Complex Sciota Inn Butcher Shop (Demolished) Miller-Kintz-Hunt House February

38 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Featherman-Deotte Farm [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] Buskirk Mackas Farm Kellersville Historic District SHPO: Eligible U.S. 209 (Bus.) Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible Metzgers Mill Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible Beaver Valley Rd. Bridge SHPO: Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible 4.8 Jackson Township Jackson Township is located in the central area of Monroe County and in 2010 had a population of 7,033. It was incorporated in December 1843, when it was separated from neighboring Pocono Township. The township has an undulating, hilly terrain in the south and central regions, and Camelback Mountain in the north. The primary stream in the township is Appenzell Creek, which flows north to south from about the center of the township through three manmade lakes Mountain Spring Lake, Trout Lake, and Gruber s Lake. A small stream flows south from the base of Camelback and through the manmade Lake Akiba before joining the Appenzell. Pocono Creek, located to the east of Jackson Township, is fed by Reeders Run and Rocky Run (which is twice dammed to form small lakes), which flow east across the center of the township. To the north of Camelback Mountain, several small lakes in State Game Lands 38 feed streams that flow east and into Pocono Creek as well. Finally, two small streams Kettle Run in the southeast and Fall Creek in the northwest flow south to Appenzell Creek and southwest to McMichael Creek respectively. (United States Census Bureau; Mathews 1886:1238; historicaerials.com; Google Maps). February

39 The first permanent European settlers in the township were Frederick Miller and his family, who upon purchasing 400 acres came to the area at some point before 1765 and built a saw mill. This mill burned in 1815 and was rebuilt in Several other saw mills were in operation in the township by 1830, but the first grist mill was not constructed until The main village in the township was Jackson Corners, which is now Appenzell. Jackson Corners was the site of the first store and hotel in the township and, as of 1861, the first post office. By that time the village was also home to a forge and St. Mark s Church, shared by the Lutheran and Reformed congregations. Other villages in the township included Neola (formerly Woodville) in the southwest, which was home to several stores and Jackson Methodist Church, and Reeders (formerly Singersville) in the east, home to Dugan Methodist Chapel. Reeders gained brief importance when it became a stop on the Wilkes-Barre and Eastern Railroad, which ran between Wilkes Barre and Stroudsburg from 1893 until the 1930s. (Leiser 2006; Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886:1238, ; Walling 1860; Beers 1875; PDH 1915) Despite its gravelly soil, agriculture and lumbering were the mainstays of Jackson Township s economy for much of its history. The township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region. Jackson contributed a significant proportion of the oats harvested in Monroe by the early twentieth century, and held its own among other townships in the county with regard to rye, buckwheat, potatoes, hay, and fruit trees. Jackson Township, like many townships in the Pocono region, was also home to a substantial ice harvesting industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries on Trout and Mountain Spring Lake, if not others. In fact, these lakes, along with the others south of Camelback Mountain, may have been created primarily for ice harvesting. (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b; Leiser 2011; PDH 1915; PDH 1941; Google Maps). With the opening of Big Pocono State Park in 1954 and the construction of Interstates 80 and 380 (which run across north of the township) and the Camelback Mountain ski resort in the mid-1960s, Jackson Township became an easily accessible destination with attractions drawing visitors. Perhaps owing to this accessibility, a number of suburban developments were constructed across the township between the late 1960s or early 1970s and 1992, with construction expanding in more recent years (DCNR 2015; ISHA 2015; historicaerials.com) There are five previously recorded resources within the flood hazard areas in Jackson Township, all of which are bridges. Three of the bridges have been demolished and the two remaining bridges were previously determined NRHP-ineligible. Table 10. Previously Recorded Resources in Jackson Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Miller Drive Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible L.R Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible (Demolished) [No Resource Name Provided] Demolished or 100% Destroyed February

40 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible (Demolished) 4.9 Middle Smithfield Township Middle Smithfield Township, located in eastern Monroe County, had a population of 15,997 in Erected in 1794 in Northampton County, it became part of Pike County in It finally became part of Monroe County when the latter was erected from Northampton and Pike Counties in Middle Smithfield Township has a hilly terrain, though the soil in the south is fertile and was traditionally well suited for agriculture. The northern portion has a limestone ridge and slate and red shale deposits, and historically had forests composed of oak, beech, chestnut, maple, hemlock, and pine. One of the larger streams in the township is the Bush Kill, which flows across the northeast of the township before eventually forming its northern border near the Delaware, which it empties into. Flowing northeast across the eastern side of the township is Sand Hill Creek, a tributary of the Bush Kill. Shawnee Creek, Pond Creek, and Newton Run, the latter two of which are dammed at points to form lakes, drain the southeastern and south central regions of Middle Smithfield. The west center of the township is drained by Marshalls Creek and Bear Swamp Run, both of which are also dammed to form Otter Lake and Lake Monroe respectively. Finally, on the western edge of the township Poplar Run, Pine Mountain Run, Leas Run, Michael Creek, and Sambo Creek (most of which are dammed at points), flow west and southwest to Brodhead Creek (Leiser 2011a; Leiser 2011b; Mathews 1886:982, 1105; Google Maps 2015; PDH 1941). Precisely who the earliest settlers in Middle Smithfield Township were or when they arrived is not known, though by the mid to late eighteenth century, there a number of farms had been established across the municipality. By the early nineteenth century a number of roads crisscrossed the township and by midcentury the area s many streams were being used for industrial purposes. Tanneries, grist mills, saw mills, and even turning and woolen mills had sprung up along Middle Smithfield s creeks, and the Delaware was being used to float logs downstream. Several small hamlets arose, mostly on the eastern side of the township, including Bushkill, and Shoemakers near the Bush Kill, Coolbaugh further down the road to Stroudsburg, and Maple Grove in the southeast. In the north, near Resica Falls on the Bush Kill, a small industrial community based around tanneries had been established. (Leiser 2011a; Mathews 1886: , ; Walling 1860; Beers 1875; PDH 1915; PASHPO Key No ). In the late nineteenth century tourism became a more important industry in Middle Smithfield, with at least ten hotels or boarding houses in the township by A short line railroad, the Delaware Valley Railroad, was built out from the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad in neighboring Smithfield Township and began service in Reaching northeast across the township and into Pike County, the Delaware Valley Railroad had six stations in the township, and carried passengers until 1928, well into the automobile era. Despite its resort appeal, much of Middle Smithfield remained largely undeveloped February

41 until the mid-1970s or later, with only some minor development occurring around Lake Monroe by the late 1960s. Today, much of the east and central portions of the township are heavily developed with the exception of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area along the Delaware River in the east (Mathews 1886:1121; PASHPO Key No ). Agriculturally, Middle Smithfield Township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region. Though the area to the south, especially along the Delaware River, was allegedly quite fertile, the north of the township was not suited for agriculture. As the tourism industry became more significant, the agriculture of the township shifted to support it. This can be seen in the early twentieth century, where the main crop appears to be apples, with large numbers of milk cows and poultry being raised as well. In addition, some if not most of the numerous lakes created by damming streams in the early twentieth century were likely used to harvest ice, a common wintertime industry in the county and region. (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b; PDH 1941). There are eight previously recorded resources in the flood hazard areas of Middle Smithfield Township, one of which is listed in the NRHP and another that is NRHP-eligible. The NRHP-listed structure, the Captain Jacob Shoemaker House, is a circa 1810 fieldstone farmhouse built into a hillside near the Delaware River. The NRHP-eligible property, the Angle Property is a circa 1860 farmstead with numerous outbuildings extant. Despite this, many have been adapted to other purposes and the farmhouse itself was modified in the early twentieth century to reflect a Colonial Revival Style. Table 11. Previously Recorded Resources in Middle Smithfield Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Captain Jacob Shoemaker House NRHP Listed Smith Property Resecca Falls Village Archaeological Site SHPO: Eligible River Road Historic District SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible Henry and Loretta Ahnert Residence SHPO: Not Eligible St. John's Catholic Church SHPO: Not Eligible Bushkill Gulf Station SHPO: Not Eligible 4.10 Mount Pocono Borough Mount Pocono Borough, located in northern Monroe County, had a population of 3,170 in It was incorporated as a borough in 1927 from parts of Coolbaugh and Paradise townships. Mount Pocono Borough is located on the edge of a plateau, with a section of the borough and plateau extending east on a formation known as the Knob. The main streams in Mount Pocono are Red Run, which is fed by a small lake in the far north of the borough and quickly flows over the western border, Yankee Run in the February

42 east, the headwaters of which are in a nature preserve, and Forest Hills Run, which runs east across the southern area of the borough fed by Fairview Lake. (Leiser 2011; Google Maps 2015). Originating as the village of Mount Pleasant in the southeastern corner of Coolbaugh Township, by the mid-nineteenth century it was already a vacation destination. In the 1860s, Mount Pleasant, which had been home to a stop on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad since it opened in 1856, was renamed Forks Station or simply Forks due to the five-points intersection at the center of town. The name was changed again in 1886 to Mount Pocono. In that year, the village was home to two hotels and three boarding houses in addition to two stores, a Methodist church, a bottling company, and about 20 residences. Mount Pocono s resort industry continued to boom in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with more and more hotels and boarding houses being constructed. Like many places in the Poconos, many of these resorts eventually closed and in some cases were burned to the ground as a hazard to the public (Leiser 2006; Leiser 2011; Walling 1860; Beers 1875; PDH 1915). Interstates 80 and 380 were built nearby in the 1950s and 1960s, and the borough saw new development. Suburban development had occurred on the east side of the borough by the early 1970s, but it wasn t until later that the housing and strip malls on the west side near Pennsylvania Route 940 were constructed (historicaerials.com) There are no previously recorded resources in Mount Pocono Borough s flood hazard areas Paradise Township Paradise Township, located in northern Monroe County, had a population of 3,186 in It was erected in 1848 when it was separated from Price Township. Initially including part of what is now Barrett Township, Paradise lost this land when Barrett was formed in The township has a hilly terrain, with fertile creek valleys separating the high points. The main stream in Paradise Township is Paradise Creek, which forms with the confluence of Yankee Run and Tank Creek in the west of the township, and then cuts a course west and south as it is fed by Devils Hole Creek, Cranberry Creek, Forest Hills Run, and Swiftwater Creek among other smaller streams. Cranberry Creek runs south along the eastern side of the township, Forest Hills Run flows east across the southern portion, while Swiftwater Creek flows north and east, dipping in and out of neighboring Pocono Township (Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886:1250, 1254, 1263; Google Maps 2015; historicaerials.com). Settlement by European colonists, many of German descent, in the area of the township began in the third quarter of the eighteenth century, with settlers concentrating in the Paradise Creek and Forest Hills Run creek valleys. Paradise Valley in the center of the township and Henryville in the southeast of the township arose as the main villages by the 1840s. Henryville, with a saw and grist mill, and after 1856 a rail station on the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, grew but never became the dominant settlement. Despite this, it along with Paradise Valley did host several boarding houses and became somewhat of a tourist destination by the late nineteenth century. Tourism greatly expanded after World War II, and the township served as the home of Mount Airy Lodge, a massive resort located February

43 in the southwestern area of Paradise. The resort, which closed in 2001, was later replaced by Mount Airy Casino. The township has only seen modest suburban-style development, with some of it beginning in the late 1960s and early 1970s north and west of Paradise Valley (Mathews 1886: ; Leiser 2011; Walling 1860; Beers 1875; PDH 1915; Gillin 2005; historicaerials.com; Google Maps 2015). Agriculturally, Paradise Township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region. With the fertile creek valleys, Paradise was primarily an agricultural community for much of its history, though even in the late nineteenth century its yields were only about average for townships in the county. By the 1920s, its crop yields had declined even further. (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b; PHMC 2015c). There are fifteen previously recorded properties in Paradise Township s flood hazard areas: five have not been evaluated for NRHP eligibility (categorized in CRGIS as insufficient information to evaluate )and ten were previously determined NRHP-ineligible. Nine of the ineligible resources are bridges. Other resources include a mill, a chapel, a golf course, and a property considered to be the first honeymoon resort in the Poconos, established about 1945 (Farm on the Hill). Table 12. Previously Recorded Resources in Paradise Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Paradise Valley Mill Osbaker House (Demolished) [No Resource Name Provided] Keokee Chapel Jymbo Lynn; Farm on the Hill [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible Best 18 Golf Course SHPO: Not Eligible 4.12 Pocono Township Pocono Township is located in the center of Monroe County and in 2010 had a population of 11,065. Created in Northampton County in 1816, it initially included the area now covered by Jackson Township as well. It became part of Monroe County in 1836 when the county was split from Northampton, and gained its present boundaries when Jackson Township was separated in The township has a February

44 varied, often hilly terrain, with the mountainous north little suited for agriculture historically. Camelback Mountain extends into Pocono Township from the west and terminates in a feature known as the Knob. Most of the township is drained by the Pocono Creek, which flows roughly southeast along the length of the township s western edge. The creek is fed by numerous tributary streams, the largest of which is Scot Run, which itself is fed by several tributaries and had been dammed several times. Other significant tributaries include Bulgers Run, Reeders Run, and Cranberry Creek, the last of which flows through the Tannersville Cranberry Bog, a naturally occurring cranberry bog and a designated National Natural Landmark. Two other streams, Swiftwater Creek and Butz Run flow east across the northern section of Pocono Township into neighboring Paradise Township where they join Paradise Creek, which like Pocono Creek eventually flows into Brodhead Creek and then the Delaware River (United States Census Bureau; Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886:982, 1243; Google Maps; NPS 2012; Heaney 2012). One of the first European settlers in what is now Pocono Township was John Learner (various spellings), who acquired a large tract of land near Tannersville around Some of Learner s family and possibly he himself were killed in a 1780 Indian attack. Despite this, the Learner family continued to reside in the township, constructing a saw mill on Pocono Creek, which was joined by a grist mill erected by a Henry Edinger in A store was established in 1830, and in 1834, the eponymous tannery, which operated until it was destroyed by fire in Two years after the tannery burned, Tannersville was home to two grist mills, three stores, two blacksmiths, a public hall, both Lutheran and Methodist churches, a school, and two hotels. (Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886: , 1249). In addition to the main village of Tannersville, the smaller villages of Bartonsville, Knipesville (now Scotrun), and Stanhope (now Swiftwater) were also located in Pocono Township. Bartonsville, just south of Tannersville on the North-South Road (now PA Route 611) was a small hamlet that in 1875 possessed a blacksmith shop and two stores. Stanhope was home to a post office and a blacksmith shop, but was most notable as the location of the historic Swiftwater Inn. In addition to shops and a wagon store, Knipesville boasted several tanneries in the mid-nineteenth century, though they eventually closed after the township s extensive forests had been logged-out (Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886:1245; Walling 1860; Beers 1875; Gredlein 2003). Though much of Pocono Township s soil was gravelly and unconducive for farming, land along Pocono Creek and other streams proved fertile. Located within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region, in the late nineteenth century Pocono Township farm staples included wheat, rye, buckwheat, corn, and hay, with fruits cultivated as well. Though farming continued in the township in the early twentieth century, it was on a greatly reduced scale, with a new economic mainstay tourism already having taken root. (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b; Mathews 1886:1243). Perhaps due to its mountainous terrain and location along the North-South Road, Pocono Township has had a tourism industry since at least the early nineteenth century, with the Swiftwater Inn playing an important early role. The township was made more accessible with the construction of the Wilkes-Barre and Eastern Railroad in 1893, which stopped in both Tannersville and Bartonsville. One guest recovering February

45 from cholera at the Swiftwater in 1897, Dr. Richard Slee, married the proprietor s daughter and was inspired to create a medical facility in Swiftwater, the Pocono Biological Laboratories, which produced the smallpox vaccine. Now known as Sanofi Pasteur, it is one of the county s largest employers. The Pocono Manor Inn was constructed atop Little Pocono Mountain in the north of the township in 1902, and more resorts opened with the completion of Interstates 80 and 380 in the 1950s and 1960s. The now closed Birchwood resort opened in 1953 and featured its own airstrip (where fugitive Eric Frein would be captured in 2014), and about a decade later, Camelback Mountain ski resort, which straddles the boundary between Pocono and Jackson Townships opened. Since the late 1960s and early 1970s suburban developments have been constructed across the township, with the number growing into the 1980s and 1990s. The tourism industry has not stood still either, with Great Wolf Lodge opening in the early 21 st century near Scotrun (Leiser 2006; Leiser 2011; PDH 1915; The Inn at Pocono Manor 2015; Freeman 2015; ISHA 2015; Google Maps; historicaerials.com). There are 18 previously recorded resources in Pocono Township flood hazard areas that include four resources that have been demolished, five that have not evaluated for NRHP eligibility (categorized in CRGIS as insufficient information to evaluate ), and eight that are NRHP-ineligible. The one NRHP-listed resource, Pocono Manor Historic District, is an early twentieth century resort located partly in Mount Pocono Borough, partly in Pocono Township and partly on the far eastern edge of Tobyhanna Township. Table 13. Previously Recorded Resources in Pocono Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Swiftwater Inn Keeper: Not Eligible (Demolished) Tannersville Inn Patriotic Order Sons of America Hall [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] (Demolished) [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] (Demolished) [No Resource Name Provided] (Demolished) Pocono Township Consolidated and High School Demolished or 100% Destroyed [No Resource Name Provided] L.R Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible Pocono Manor Historic District NRHP Listed [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible February

46 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible 4.13 Polk Township Polk Township is located in the west of Monroe County and in 2010 had a population of 7,874. Named after James K. Polk, it was incorporated in September 1846, when it was separated from neighboring Chestnuthill Township. The township has hilly terrain but fertile terrain with mountains along the northern edge and the smaller Wire Mountain in the southeast. The primary stream in the township is Pohopoco (formerly Big) Creek, which rises in neighboring Chestnuthill Township and flows southwest across the southern portion of Polk Township into Carbon County, and is fed by various smaller streams. The two largest of these tributaries are Middle Creek and Dotters (formerly Little) Creek, which flow roughly north to south across the center of the township before joining as one shortly before meeting the Pohopoco. Dotter s Creek is itself fed by Jonas Creek, which flows into the township from the north before emptying into Dotter s. Two other small streams are Hell Creek and Cross Run, which flow across the far northwest corner of Polk Township and empty into the Bethlehem Municipal Water Authority s Penn Forest Reservoir, which straddles the Carbon-Monroe county line (United States Census Bureau; Mathews 1886:1233; historicaerials.com; Google Maps). Many of the early European settlers in the township were German or of German ancestry, including the first known settler, Philip Shupp, who built a log structure in the area in about Due to multiple Indian attacks, Fort Norris was constructed to provide protection and shelter to settlers. It is believed to have been located in an area behind the current Polk Elementary School in Kresgeville on the Pohopoco Creek. A Moravian mission was founded in the township to the south of Fort Norris in 1760, but due to animosity toward local Indians from settlers it was discontinued after only three years. The village of Kresgeville grew up around the area where the fort had been located, and by about 1830 a school had been erected there. The town continued to grow after a post office was established in 1845, and by 1886 it boasted four stores of various kinds, two hotels, two grist mills, four blacksmith shops, a saddler s shop, and a shoemaker s shop. Other villages and hamlets in the township included Dottersville, New Mechanicsville (now Jonas), Gilbert, and Washington Store. Dottersville was home to several distilleries, a hotel, blacksmith, and a carpenter. Gilbert, straddling the boundary with Chestnuthill Township had in 1875 a saw mill, grist mill, hotel, and a school. New Mechanicsville/Jonas grew up around a sawmill and eventually featured a hotel. Washington Store seems to have been less of a village and more of a crossroads where a store and hotel were located for a time (Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886:1238, ; Walling 1860; Beers 1875) Polk Township was home to some industry in the nineteenth century, notably a slate mine and processing center outside of Kresgeville begun in 1855 that manufactured school slates. It was also for a time home to a tannery which operated from 1864 until sometime past February

47 Polk Township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region. Polk Township led the county in potato production in 1927, and was among the leaders in most crops, including corn, wheat, oats, rye, buckwheat, hay, and fruit trees. (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b). Though a large proportion of the township s land is still occupied by woodland or agricultural uses, suburban developments are now ubiquitous across Polk Township. Though some of these developments were begun in the late 1950s and early 1960s, such as El-Do Lake and Robin Hood Lakes in the northwest of the township, much of this development has occurred in the years since 1970 (Google Maps; historicaerials.com). There are nine previously recorded historic resources in Polk Township that fall within in the flood hazard areas. Six are NRHP-ineligible bridges. Timothy United Methodist Church, a small, three bay frame rural church built in The first church built in Polk Township; it was located to the east of Dottersville, but has been demolished. The second resource is a two-story rectangular shed with clapboard siding and a stone foundation formerly used as a distillery on what was J. Serfass farm. Though the associated farmhouse is still present, the distillery, which was in poor condition when surveyed circa 1978, appears to have been heavily altered or replaced with another structure. Table 14. Previously Recorded Resources in Polk Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Timothy United Methodist Church (Demolished) Distillery [No Resource Name Provided] L.R. 560 Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible 4.14 Price Township Price Township, located in northeastern Monroe County, had a population of 3,573 in 2010 and is the smallest township in Monroe County. It was erected in 1830 when it was separated from Smithfield Township in what was then part of Northampton County. Initially including what are now Barrett and Paradise Townships, it became part of Monroe County when the latter was erected in Paradise and Barrett separated from Price in 1848 and 1859 respectively. The township has uneven terrain, traditionally with most of the little farming in the township taking place along the Brodhead Creek. The Brodhead, Monroe County s main watershed, flows north to south along the western portion of the February

48 township, and eventually reaches the Delaware River at Delaware Water Gap. Several smaller streams including Stony Run, Laurel (or Poplar) Run, Pine Mountain Run, and Leas Run flow east to west across the township, draining into the Brodhead. Pine Mountain Run is partly fed by small Lake Manzanedo and Leas Run was dammed sometime in the twentieth century, creating Hallowood Lake. Bush Kill flows roughly north-south across the far northeast corner of the township, and is fed by a number of smaller streams, including Sixteenmile Run, which flows through Wilkinson Lake. (Mathews 1886:1250, 1254, 1263; Google Maps 2015; PDH 1941; PDH 1961). Settlement by European colonists in the area of the township was relatively late, with the alleged first settler and township namesake, John Price, only arriving in No villages or hamlets ever arose in the present bounds of the township, and most people settled on farms along the Brodhead Creek. Those not employed in agriculture in the 19 th century worked in the lumber industry (with two sawmills on the Brodhead by 1810) or a flagstone quarry in the south of the township. The first schoolhouse was erected in 1810, and by the late 19 th century there were three despite the township having only 252 inhabitants in The township s first church, McComas Methodist Episcopal Chapel, grew out of a congregation that began meeting in 1856, but a church was not constructed until 1867, located near the only burial ground in the township. A tavern and a grist mill are depicted along the Brodhead on Walling s 1860 atlas, but are absent from Beers 1875 atlas. As demonstrated by Pennsylvania Department of Highways maps from 1941 and 1960, Price Township saw a growth in campsites, and vacation homes, with the construction of suburban-style developments on high ground to the east of Brodhead Creek occurring post Alpine Mountain, a ski resort, was opened along the Brodhead Creek in (Mathews 1886: ; Leiser 2011; Walling 1860; Beers 1875; historicaerials.com; Google Maps 2015; PDH 1941; PDH 1961; ISHA 2015). Agriculturally, Price Township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region. As soil was not particularly fertile, it seems that hardier crops such as rye, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, and tree fruit were grown, along with some hay. (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b). There are seven previously recorded properties in Price Township: four have not been evaluated for NRHP eligibility (categorized in CRGIS as insufficient information to evaluate ), two were demolished, and one bridge is NRHP-ineligible. Two of these structures appear to have formerly served as schoolhouses and have been modified into dwellings. The other two structures are late nineteenth century farm dwellings. Table 15. Previously Recorded Resources in Price Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name Houck Property [No Resource Name Provided] NRHP/SHPO Status (Demolished) (Demolished) February

49 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Samuel Postens House [No Resource Name Provided] Rockledge Manor [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible 4.15 Ross Township Ross Township is located in the south of Monroe County and in 2010 had a population of 5,940. Originally part of Northampton County, the township was established in 1817 from portions of Hamilton and Chestnuthill Townships, and became part of Monroe County when it was erected in Initially including what is now Eldred Township as well, the present boundaries were created when the latter township was erected in The township has undulating terrain, with the limestone Chestnut Ridge in the south, Chestnut Hill Mountain running east-west across the center, and a hilly northern area terminating in a plateau to the north with valleys in the center. Three main streams, the Aquashicola Creek, the Buckwha Creek, and Princess Run flow west across the township, with the latter two eventually joining the Aquashicola before it flows into the Lehigh River in Carbon County (United States Census Bureau; Leiser 2011a; Leiser 2011b; Mathews 1886:982, 1224; Walling 1860; Google Maps 2015). Settlement by European colonists, many of German origin, began sometime in the mid-eighteenth century. The Altemose family, which arrived in the area around 1770, constructed the first grist mill and saw mill in the bounds of the township. The first school was founded in 1806 and lessons during the three month term were taught in German. Though a portion of the village of Saylorsburg is located on the eastern edge of the township and several clusters of houses along roads are apparent on an 1860 county map, the population of Ross Township remained small into the twentieth century, with only 634 individuals in Despite the early German influence, the township derives its name from Judge John Ross, a justice on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. Ross father, Jessie Ross, had constructed a family home in the area in 1787, and the judge constructed his federal-style home of local Blue Mountain Stone in approximately After John Ross death in 1834 the estate, located on the Wilkes-Barre and Easton turnpike just north of the heavily trafficked Wind Gap Pass, was converted to an inn and became a popular stop for stage coaches. After railroads entered the area, the inn went into decline for a number of decades, but was revitalized in the early 1880s when Bethlehem businessman and railroad builder Charles Brodhead purchased it and marketed it as a stopping place for Monroe County residents coming to and from his railroad on the other side of the Wind Gap Pass. Curiously, it was not until the mid-1880s that Mount Eaton Church, the only one in the township to the present, was founded by local Lutheran and Reformed congregations. Though Monroe County s population had been steadily growing into the twentieth century, after the end of World War II, the rate of growth greatly increased. The construction of Interstate 80 and Pennsylvania Route 33 expressway a portion of which transverses the southeastern corner of Ross Township in the 1960s created easy access to the county. Some February

50 suburban development occurred in the 1960s, the majority of it in Ross Township seems to have occurred post (Forstall 1995; Kitsko 2015; historicaerials.com; Leiser 2011a; Asa Packer Mansion and Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission 1978; Mathews 1886: ). Agriculturally, Ross Township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region. Oats, corn, buckwheat, and potatoes were the principal crops in the township into early twentieth century, along with a significant amount of hay. On the whole, the sparsely populated township had little industry aside from quarrying limestone and aborted attempts to mine iron ore and anthracite coal. (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b; PHMC 2015c; Leiser 2011a; Mathews 1886:1224). There are five previously recorded resources in Ross Township that fall within the flood hazard areas: three are bridges that are NRHP-ineligible, one is a demolished dwelling, and the Phillip Samuel Lessing House is a 1 ½-story, stone dwelling built in the eighteenth century. Table 16. Previously Recorded Resources in Ross Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Philip Samuel Lessig House SHPO: Not Eligible Barleib House Demolished or 100% Destroyed L.R Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible 4.16 Smithfield Township Smithfield Township, located in eastern Monroe County, had a population of 7,357 in Erected in 1748 when the area was part of Bucks County, it became part of Northampton County in 1752, and was subsequently divided into Upper and Lower Smithfield. Lower Smithfield was in turn divided into Middle Smithfield and Smithfield Townships in It finally became part of Monroe County when the latter was erected from Northampton and Pike Counties in Smithfield Township has diverse topographical features, ranging from fertile valleys along the Delaware River and major streams, to a broken, hilly, and irregular terrain that occupies most of the municipality s area. Most of Smithfield Township is in Brodhead Creek s watershed even though the creek traverses only a small portion of the center of the township before emptying into the Delaware River. The only tributary that enters Brodhead Creek in Smithfield Township is Marshall Creek, which enters the township from the north and flows south to the Brodhead. Marshalls is partly fed by Pond Creek, which has been dammed to form a lake just after it enters Smithfield s northern boundary. In the northwest of the township, several smaller streams (also dammed to form lakes) eventually combine to form the Sambo Creek, which joins the Brodhead in neighboring Stroud Township. Smithfield is included in parts of three other watersheds that of the Shawnee Creek in the northeast, and in the south the Cherry and Caledonia Creeks. The February

51 Shawnee, which has also been dammed to form lakes, enters the Delaware in Smithfield, while the latter two pass into neighboring Delaware Water Gap Borough (Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886:982, 1047; historicaerials.com; Google Maps 2015; PDH 1941). One of the earliest areas to be settled in what is now Monroe County, Smithfield saw European colonists arrive in two main waves. The first wave, inaugurated by Nicholas DePui, a French Hugenot by way of the Netherlands, established his farm in 1725, and was followed by several Dutch settlers originating in New York. The house Nicholas built in present-day Shawnee-on-Delaware was later fortified by his son Samuel and expanded by his grandson Nicholas. During this time a Reformed Dutch Church was constructed near Shawnee. A second wave began sometime around 1750 and drew largely from Pennsylvania, with a stone Presbyterian Church being erected in Though the community remained primarily agricultural, there was a significant lumber industry in the township, which had access to southern regions via the Delaware River, and after 1856 New York via the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad, which ran through the southern portion of the township. A short line railroad, the Delaware Valley Railroad, was branched out from the Delaware Lackawanna and Western Railroad and reached northeast across the township, carrying passengers until 1928 and freight until the end of the 1930s. By the second half of the nineteenth century there were several villages in the township, including Experiment Mills and Branchville along the Brodhead Creek (now Minisink Hills), Shawnee-on- Delaware at the mouth of the Shawnee Creek, and Marshall s Creek along the stream of the same name in the north of the township. In 1875, most of these villages featured, a store or two, grist and saw mills, and a blacksmith as well as a church or in the case of Marshall s Creek two (Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886: , ; Leiser and Bisset 2014; Walling 1860; Beers 1875; PDH 1915; PASHPO Key No ). In 1875 all of the villages barring Shawnee were home to hotels and boarding houses, signs of the already burgeoning tourism industry. Some, such as the Kittatinny House, had been in operation since the early nineteenth century, but the number rapidly increased after the coming of the railroad and the end of the Civil War. Some, such as the Wesley Water Cure, were explicitly touted as health facilities, but in general it seems that the region was sold as a healthy vacation from urban areas. In 1902 the largest resort in the township, Buckwood Inn (now Shawnee Inn), was opened on the banks of the Delaware in Shawnee. Since then, numerous new facilities have been constructed across the township, including Shawnee Mountain Ski Area in (Mathews 1886: ; Keller 1927:280-83, ; PASHPO Key No ; ISHA 2015). Agriculturally, Smithfield Township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region. Though the area along the Delaware River was allegedly quite fertile, much of the township was not suited for agriculture. As the tourism industry became more significant, the agriculture of the township shifted to support it. This can be seen in the early twentieth century, where the main crops appear to be fruit trees, with large numbers of milk cows and poultry being raised as well. In addition, at least some if not most of the numerous lakes created by damming streams in the early twentieth century were used to harvest ice, a common wintertime industry in the county and region. (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b; Keller 1927:279; PDH 1941). February

52 Though the county s population had been steadily growing into the twentieth century, after the end of World War II, the rate of growth exploded. Despite this, the township s population only grew by about 2,700 between 1900 and Much of the development has occurred since the late 1960s and in areas to the west and south of the township, with much of the northeast remaining forested. (Forstall 1995; Leiser 2011; United States Census Bureau 2015; historicaerials.com). There are 50 previously recorded resources in Smithfield Township. Of the NRHP-eligible properties, the Yeisley-Pearce Farm has several late nineteenth century agricultural structures including a farmhouse and barn, but the late eighteenth century log house on the site was moved to Waterfront Park in 2006 (Bishow 2006). The Titania House is an 1888 boarding house now used as a private residence, while the circa 1860 Huffman & Sons General Store and the 1902 Buckwood/Shawnee Inn are still functioning in their original uses. Many of the structures are mostly late eighteenth or nineteenth century dwellings, a number of which were originally farm houses. There are also a significant number of nineteenth or early twentieth century resort properties, be they former boarding houses, hotels, or summer cottages Also included among the 50, though far less numerous, are several nineteenth century mills or commercial structures. Table 17. Previously Recorded Resources in Smithfield Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Worthington Hall (Demolished) Demolished or 100% Destroyed Willow Dell House SHPO: Not Eligible Yeisley-Pearce Farm; Green Valley Farm Keeper: Eligible Schoonover Airport House Huffman & Sons General Store SHPO: Eligible E.D. Huffman House SHPO: Not Eligible Barber Shop SHPO: Not Eligible Marshalls Falls House (Demolished) Maple Grove House Demolished or 100% Destroyed Eagle Rock Structure falls out of flood hazard area, but contributes to recommended NRHP- eligible Shawnee on Delaware Historic District (Key No ) River Farm House Zimmerman Mill William Fetterolf Property Demolished or 100% Destroyed Yeisley-Strunk House SHPO: Not Eligible David Yetter Property SHPO: Not Eligible Minisink Hotel (Demolished) February

53 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Shawnee Lake House SHPO: Not Eligible (Demolished) Harry Clausen-Higgins House Charles Mott House Isaac Shoemaker Transue Shop [No Resource Name Provided] Elanora Hauser Shawnee Presbyterian Church Structure falls out of flood hazard area, but contributes to recommended NRHP- Shawnee on Delaware Historic District (Key No ) Manwalamink-Fort Depui Waring House Transue House Stettler House [No Resource Name Provided] Miredl Shawnee Store & Post Office [No Resource Name Provided] Martha's Tavern George V. Bush House Buckwood Inn SHPO: Eligible Labar House [No Resource Name Provided] Shrader-Sittig House Sam Dietrick/Ross Fuller House Structure falls out of flood hazard area, but contributes to recommended NRHP- eligible Shawnee on Delaware Historic District (Key No ) Seven Bridges Rd. Bridge SHPO: Eligible Route 402 Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible Marshalls Creek Fire Company SHPO: Not Eligible Marshalls Creek Rd. Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible Bridge over Pond Creek SHPO: Not Eligible MacDonough Cabin Property Twin Falls Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible (Demolished) J.M. Strunck Farmstead SHPO: Not Eligible Sun Mountain Recreation Club SHPO: Not Eligible February

54 4.17 Stroud Township Stroud Township, located in eastern Monroe County, had a population of 19,213 in Formed in January 1817 in Northampton County, it was named for settler Jacob Stroud, and became part of Monroe County when the latter was erected from Northampton and Pike Counties in The township s terrain can be divided between northern and southern portions. In the south the fertile Cherry and Poplar Valleys sit between Kittatinny (Blue) Mountain and two smaller ridges. To the north, the land is much hillier and the soil is more gravelly and less suited to agriculture. The major stream in Stroud Township is Brodhead Creek, which flows north to south along the township s eastern edge before entering Stroudsburg Borough and eventually the Delaware River. Though fed in Stroud Township by smaller streams such as Paradise Creek, Michael Creek, and Sambo Creek, the largest tributary of the Brodhead is McMichael Creek, which flow west to east and converges with it in Stroudsburg. McMichael Creek is fed by Pocono Creek, which in turn is fed by Big Meadow Run, Flager Run, Wigwam Run, and Little Pocono Creek. Many of the smaller tributary streams have been dammed at points to create manmade lakes. The one major stream not in the Brodhead watershed is Cherry Creek, which runs northeast across the southern portion of the township in Cherry Valley before emptying into the Delaware River (Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886:982, ; historicaerials.com; Google Maps 2015). Settlement by European colonists, many of German origin, began sometime in the mid-eighteenth century when Peter Sly migrated south from New York. The county s first tavern, operated by John and Hannah McMichael, opened in 1762, and was followed by another in The first school, built on the road from Stroudsburg to Wind Gap, was erected before Relatively few hamlets and villages arose in Stroud Township. Of these, which included Snyders Corners in the West and Stites Bridge in the far north, Spragueville (now Analomink) was the only one of note. By the late nineteenth century it boasted one of the three Methodist churches in the township, a tannery, store, blacksmith shop, grist and saw mills, and a station on the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad, which had opened in Two other railroads crossed Stroud Township the New York, Susquehanna, and Western briefly crossed the township as it entered Stroudsburg from the east, where it connected with the Wilkes-Barre and Eastern, which snaked its way to the county seat from the northwest. Neither appears to have had a station in Stroud Township. By the late nineteenth century, the township was a well-known resort, with numerous hotels and boarding houses located on Godfrey Ridge in the south and the Stites Mountain House located at the convergence of Brodhead and Paradise Creeks in the far north of the township. Several country and golf clubs, such as Glen Brook County Club along McMichael Creek, were founded during the late nineteenth or early twentieth centuries (Leiser 2011; Leiser and Bisset 2014; Barrington 1881; Mathews 1886: , 1139; Walling 1860; Beers 1875; PDH 1915; Keller 1927:287-88). Agriculturally, Stroud Township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region. Contemporary accounts from the latenineteenth century speak of corn, rye, oats, and hay being grown in abundance in the south of the township as well as fruit and vegetables to supply local resorts. Though it was not in the top bracket of February

55 agricultural townships in Monroe County in the early twentieth century, Stroud Township farms continued to have quite respectable yields. Stroud Township also served as the site of an important agricultural event, the Monroe County Fair, from the fair s founding in 1860 until after World War I. Finally, while initial documentary evidence is scant, it seems likely that at least some of the numerous lakes created by damming streams in the early twentieth century may have been used to harvest ice, a common wintertime industry in the county and region. (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b; Stroud Township 2015; PDH 1941). Though the county s population had been steadily growing into the twentieth century, after the end of World War II, the rate of growth exploded. The construction of Interstate 80 and the U.S. Route 209 expressway in the late 1950s and early 1960s created easy access to the county, including Stroud Township. Though sprawl from Stroudsburg had spilled over into Stroud Township, large scale suburban development did not being until the late 1960s, though now much of the township is occupied by suburban housing developments and strip malls (Forstall 1995; historicaerials.com). There are 44 previously recorded resources in Stroud Township, most of which have not been evaluated for NRHP eligibility (categorized in CRGIS as insufficient information to evaluate ). The one with a NRHP-eligible status, the Stites Mountain House, is a nineteenth century resort and hotel located at the convergence of Paradise and Brodhead Creeks in the far northern corner of Stroud Township. The remaining structures are mostly nineteenth or early twentieth century frame dwellings, some of which were farm houses, while others were the residences of local industrial workers. Also included among the resources, though less numerous, are several nineteenth century mills and mill sites, a church, at least one former hotel, and a number of bridges. Table 18. Previously Recorded Resources in Stroud Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Burd Property Stokes Mill Site [No Resource Name Provided] Miller Farm (Demolished) Rice Home [No Resource Name Provided] Vineyard Cottage Shilbert Property (Demolished) Smiley Farm Cramer-Lanterman Farm Stites Mountain House-Hotel Stites Mountain House, Farmhouse Stites Mountain House [No Resource Name Provided] February

56 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Detrick-Bates House [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] Decker's Mill Housing Decker's Mill Housing (Demolished) [No Resource Name Provided] Spragueville Methodist Episcopal Church Old Miller House George Adams Analomink General Store Analomink Grist Mill Site Coleman & Decker Sawmill Charles Detrick Property Charles Detrich Farm Mill Housing Mill Housing [No Resource Name Provided] Nelson Whitmore Property Hillgert House Wicks Farm Stites Mountain House SHPO: Eligible Hallet Rd. Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible Pa. 191 Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible (Demolished) [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible 4.18 Stroudsburg Borough Stroudsburg Borough, the county seat of Monroe County, is located in the east of the county, and had a population of 5,567 in Incorporated in 1815 in Northampton County, it was named for settler Jacob Stroud. Most of the land is located in stream valleys, though the north and far southern portions of the borough are on hills or ridges. Stroudsburg is located along McMichael Creek where Pocono Creek joins it and where McMichael flows into Brodhead Creek (Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886:982, ; historicaerials.com; Google Maps 2015). Settlement by European colonists likely began in 1730 when Peter LaBar erected a log house near the corner of present-day Ninth and Main Streets. Jacob Stroud, who had formerly been apprenticed to local February

57 landowner Nicholas DePui, purchased land near Stroudsburg in the mid-eighteenth century, and by 1769 had built a home there. He served as the commander of Fort Penn in the east of what is now Stroudsburg, it having replaced Fort Hamilton after the latter was abandoned in By 1779 Stroud had begun developing a town around his home, though not liking the home, he left it and the town s development to his son Daniel after Stroudsburg was incorporated as a borough in 1815 and upon the formation of Monroe County in 1836 a candidate for county seat along with what is now Delaware Water Gap Borough and Kellersville in Hamilton Township. After two rounds of an election rife with fraud, Stroudsburg was declared the winner and subsequent court challenges were beat back. (Leiser 2005; Leiser 2011; Leiser 2012). Stroudsburg became a seat of industry as well as the courthouse. A tannery had been built by Daniel Stroud s sons in 1822, and a grist mill had been established on the Pocono Creek by 1823, with another to follow on McMichael Creek. In 1865 both the first saw mill and first woolen mill opened in Stroudsburg. Rail access came by the 1880s when the New York, Susquehanna, and Western (NYSW) opened its line. A rail connection to Wilkes-Barre was added in 1896 with the opening of the NYSW controlled Wilkes-Barre and Eastern Railroad. By the 1920s, the borough was home to a foundry, cut glass factory, hosiery mill, woolen mill, silk mill, vinegar plant, feed mill, numerous ribbons factories, a wire mill, and a toilet seat factory (Leiser 2011; American Rails.com 2015; Keller 1927:275-76). Stroudsburg, which had expanded its boundaries somewhat to the west and south in the late nineteenth or early twentieth centuries, lost its rail connection to Scranton in 1939 and to New Jersey in Interstate 80 was built along a portion of the former right-of-way in the 1950s. Though much of the town was already developed, Stroudsburg continued to see relatively open land along its southern and western edges developed in the late-1960s and early 1970s (Walling 1860; Beers 1875; PDH 1915; American-Rails.com 2015; historicaerials.com). There are 22 previously recorded resources in Stroudsburg s flood hazard areas with varying NRHP statuses. The Stroud Mansion, a circa 1795 Federal-style mansion built by Jacob Stroud is listed in the NRHP, and is the same structure that was surveyed as the Stroud Community House. The NRHP-eligible George Tillotson House is a circa 1880 Second Empire mansion and the only survivor of that style that once lined Main Street. The NRHP-eligible Stroudsburg Commercial Historic District contains buildings from the borough s founding through the mid-twentieth century, with a geographical focal point at South Seventh and Ann Streets. The Stroudsburg Historic Preservation District is a local historic preservation district that encompasses much of downtown Stroudsburg as opposed to the much smaller NRHP-eligible Stroudsburg Commercial Historic District. The remaining recorded resources appear to be a variety of buildings or sites, most from the second half of the nineteenth or first half of the twentieth, that one might associate with a town, such as a church, dwelling converted into a library, and an elementary school. February

58 Table 19. Previously Recorded Resources in Stroudsburg Borough, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Stroud Mansion (see also ) NRHP Listed Stroudsburg Freight Station SHPO: Not Eligible Hotel Rapids/Stroud Manor Hotel Monroe County Public Library [No Resource Name Provided] Red Cross Building Stroudsburg Engine Works Stroud Community House; Stroud Mansion (see also ) Fort Hamilton Site Saint John's Lutheran Church Stroudsburg Cemetery Kitson Woolen Mill NRHP Listed Stroudsburg U.S. Post Office SHPO: Eligible George Tillotson House SHPO: Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible Stroudsburg Commercial Historic District SHPO: Eligible B.F. Morey Elementary School SHPO: Not Eligible Stroudsburg High School SHPO: Not Eligible Stroudsburg Historic Preservation District - HDA Local Historic District Plattenburg House; Stroud House Christian Missionary Alliance Church 4.19 Tobyhanna Township Tobyhanna Township is located in the northwest of Monroe County and in 2010 had a population of 8,554. Formed in 1830 from the southern portion of Coolbaugh Township, it originally included what is now Tunkhannock Township as well. Tunkhannock in turn was split from Tobyhanna in The township is and was historically heavily wooded, and crisscrossed by creeks and small lakes, much of it is covered by a swampy area that at one time was known as Shades of Death. Locust Ridge is located in the north central area of the township, while Hungry Hill and several other smaller hills are in the northeast corner. With the exception of a few small streams, the township is located in the watershed of the Lehigh River, which forms its western boundary. Almost all major streams, including the Tobyhanna Creek, Trout Creek, and Upper Tunkhannock Creek are dammed at least once, creating or enlarging lakes such as Stillwater Lake, Lake Naomi, Pocono Lake, and Anglewood Lake. (Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886:1269; Walling 1860; PDH 1941; Google Maps). The first people of European descent to permanently settle in what is presently Tobyhanna Township arrived in approximately Many of these settlers, relatively late by Monroe County standards, came February

59 to tap the vast swampy forests of Tobyhanna Township, which was still largely considered a wilderness. By 1860, there were two main settled areas had arisen in the township, both of which had three villages. One of these settled strips was in the center of the township along the Old Sullivan Road (now Pennsylvania Route 940) and was composed of the villages of Tompkinsville, Hauser s Mill and Millertown. This area is now occupied by Pocono Lake and Pocono Pines. Across these three villages in the late-nineteenth century one could find saw mills, feed mills, a post office, a black smith, tannery, a shoe peg mill and a hotel. In the west of the township, from south to north, were the villages of Soxville (now Blakesee), Middletown, and Stoddartsville. Between these villages were a Methodist Church (built 1852), a blacksmith, two schools, a store, and two hotels Stoddarts Hotel and the Tobyhanna Hotel. These hotels were likely part of a larger trend of tourism becoming a more important industry for the area as logging ran dry. By 1886, 10 hotels and five boarding houses were split between Coolbaugh, Tobyhanna, and Tunkhannock townships. The tourist industry may have received a boost from the construction of the Wilkes-Barre and Eastern Railroad in the 1890s. The railroad, which ran from Wilkes- Barre to Stroudsburg (and then via the New York, Susquehanna and Western on to New York City), ran across much of the township and may have had as many as four stations in Tobyhanna before it ceased operations in the late 1930s (Leiser 2006; Leiser 2011; Mathews 1886: ; ; PDH 1915; Walling 1860; Beers 1875). Tobyhanna Township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region. Though it had a respectable 64 farms in 1880, many were largely covered in woodland. Despite this, they produced respectable yields of hardier crops such as buckwheat and rye. By 1927 agriculture was largely gone from the township, and with only 11 farms in operation only Coolbaugh Township to the north had fewer. While not technically agriculture, ice was harvested from man-made lakes in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a practice common across the Pocono region (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b; PHMC 2015c; DCNR 2015). In the mid-1960s, Interstates 80 and 380 were constructed across the south and east of Tobyhanna Township respectively and in the years following significant suburban-style development occurred along the eastern, southern and central areas of the township, with developments or vacation home developments being laid out if not constructed by the early 1970s (historicaerials.com). There are seven previously recorded resources in Tobyhanna Township s flood hazard areas, one of which is NRHP-listed, two that have been demolished, and the remainder of which have not been evaluated for NRHP eligibility (categorized in CRGIS as insufficient information to evaluate ). Stoddardsville Historic District, split between Buck Township in Carbon County and Tobyhanna Township is a nineteenth century commercial and residential hub that was formerly home to several early industries in the region, such as tanning. Of the remainder, one is an early nineteenth century hotel located within the Stoddardsville Historic District, another is a circa 1870 dwelling, and three are bridges (one which was demolished). The final resource is the site of a shoe peg mill that was demolished or destroyed pre February

60 Table 20. Previously Recorded Resources in Tobyhanna Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Stauffer House Stoddart's Hotel Isaac Stauffer's Mill (Demolished) Stoddartsville Historic District NRHP Listed [No Resource Name Provided] Demolished or 100% Destroyed [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible 4.20 Tunkhannock Township Tunkhannock Township is located in the northwest of Monroe County and in 2010 had a population of 6,789. It was formed in 1856 from the southern portion of Tobyhanna Township. The township is and was historically heavily wooded, and the north of it is crisscrossed by creeks and small lakes, the southern edge of a swampy area that at one time was known as Shades of Death. In the southwest of the township is an elevation known as Pimple Hill, and Pocono Mountain runs along the southern border. The main stream in Tunkhannock is the Tunkhannock Creek, which snakes its way from north to south and then northwest across the township, widening into a lake known as Long Pond. Fed by smaller streams and lakes such as Mud Pond Run and Grass Lake, it eventually turns west then northwest again, forming a portion of Tunkhannock Township s northwest border. In the south and west, smaller streams such as Hypsy Creek, Mud Run (dammed to form Indian Mountain Lake), and Dilldown Creek flow out of the township (Leiser 2011; Walling 1860; PDH 1941; Google Maps). The first people of European descent to permanently settle in what is presently Tunkhannock Township arrived in the early nineteenth century. Many of these settlers, relatively late by Monroe County standards, came to tap the vast swampy forests of the township, which was still largely considered a wilderness. As such, a saw mill was in operation at Long Pond as early as In later years, ground pines were also harvested and used to create vast quantities of garland for holiday decorations. In 1860, a village had yet to arise in the township, though two hotels, both on the Easton and Wilkes-Barre Turn Pike of which had three villages. One of these settled strips was in the center of the township along the Old Sullivan Road (now Pennsylvania Route 940) and was composed of the villages of Tompkinsville, had been established in the south and northwest of Tunkhannock Township. The situation was little changed 15 years later, though a third hotel had been established at the south end of Long Pond. It was not until July 1883 that the first post office opened, likely in Long Pond, a small hamlet that arose to the east of the lake in the late nineteenth century. (Leiser 2011; Walling 1860; Beers 1875; PDH 1915). Tunkhannock Township lies within the Pennsylvania Agricultural History Project s Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region. Tunkhannock actually saw an increase in the number of farms from 22 in 1880 to 30 in 1927, but by the later year they were in generally unproductive, only February

61 producing appreciable quantities of oats, buckwheat, and hay. While not technically agriculture, ice may have been harvested from lakes in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a practice common across the Pocono region (PHMC 2015a; PHMC 2015b; 1880 U.S. Federal Census Agricultural Schedule). Much of the eastern, central, and northern areas of the township are included in conservation or natural areas. The remainder has seen significant development. In the mid-1960s, Interstates 80 and 380 were constructed across the north of Tunkhannock Township and in the years following significant suburbanstyle development occurred in strips across the north to the northeast and in the south, with some developments or vacation home developments being laid out if not constructed by the mid-1970s, but most occurring later. Perhaps one of the most notable developments is the Pocono Raceway in the northwest of the township, which was built in the 1960s and held its first NASCAR race in 1974 (historicaerials.com). There are two previously recorded historic bridges in Tunkhannock Township s flood hazard areas, one that was demolished, and another that was determined NRHP-ineligible. Table 21. Previously Recorded Resources in Tunkhannock Township, as Identified in PASHPO s CRGIS PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status L.R , Bridge Demolished or 100% Destroyed [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible February

62 5.0 Historic Contexts The built environment of Monroe County is characterized by a number of historic contexts and property types that are representative of the history and development of the county. Monroe County s location along the upper Delaware River, northwest of the Delaware Water Gap, meant the settlement arrived later than the more desirable agricultural lands in the piedmont southeast of Blue Mountain. Settlement and industry was initially focused on the rivers and creeks of the county, as the uplands had little arable land. The following subsections address historic contexts and property types encountered in the county s flood hazard areas and consist of Early Industry, Agriculture, Pocono Resorts, and Civic Institutions. 5.1 Early Industry Among the earliest industrial concerns in Monroe County were grist mills, with the first ones being constructed in the opening decades of the eighteenth century. Powered by flowing water, these mills were built along creeks and streams. As farmers settled the region that now includes Monroe County, grist mills were constructed to mill their grain into flour, enabling farmers to bake their own bread and sell the excess flour at market. Among the best surviving examples of grist mills that were surveyed are the circa 1800 Fenner-Snyder Mill (Key No ) in Hamilton Township and the Zimmerman Mill (Key No ) in Smithfield Township. The Fenner-Snyder Mill is notable as it has been restored to working condition and is listed in the NRHP (Photo 1). Another mill in Hamilton Township, the Kellersville Mill (Key No ), contributes to the NRHP-eligible Kellersville Historic District (Key No ), but is in poor physical condition (Photo 2) (Leiser 2006; Weekes 1990). In addition to grist mills, saw mills were also constructed in Monroe County to process timber, one of the first natural resources to be extracted from the region. Logs would be rafted down the Delaware and Lehigh Rivers to Philadelphia or be processed in Monroe County, with lumber related industries such as shoe peg and clothespin mills and tanneries (which used tree bark in the tanning process). A surviving example of a saw mill is the circa 1900 Coleman and Decker Sawmill along the Broadhead Creek in Stroud Township (Key No ) (Photo 3). Built on the site of an earlier tannery, it lacks integrity and is comprised mainly of sheds. It operated until the 1950s when the end of local rail service caused it to go out of business. Nineteenth and early twentieth century housing for the employees of this and possibly other mills has survived in the area as well (Key Nos , , ) (Photo 4) (Wright 1955; Bodenschatz 2013; Brooks 1979). The logging industry declined as the area became deforested; the ice industry arose from its ashes. Using some of the mill ponds built by logging companies, ice companies established a lucrative business where men would be hired each winter to cut ice from frozen lakes in Monroe County, process the ice in icehouses built alongside the lakes, and then load the ice on trains for shipment to towns in county as well as larger metropolitan areas. February

63 Photo 1. Circa 1800 Fenner-Snyder Mill (Key No ) was restored to working order in the 1990s Photo 2. Circa 1840 Kellersville Mill (Key No ) February

64 Photo 3. Circa 1910 Coleman & Decker Sawmill (Key No ); The sawmill was built on the site of a tannery Photo 4. Circa 1900 Workers Housing (Key No ) constructed by the Coleman & Decker Sawmill February

65 With the rise of electric refrigeration, the demand for ice from Monroe County s lakes and ponds melted away. Most of the icehouses were either demolished or burned down, though the survey did encounter at least one surviving example in Hamilton Township (Key No ), a smaller circa 1921 icehouse which had been converted into a private residence (Photo 5). The lakes and ponds used for ice harvesting survive, and at least one Mill Pond No. 1 (Key No ) in Coolbaugh Township is still used for an annual ice harvest by the Coolbaugh Township Historical Association (Leiser 2007; Kochis and O Brien n.d.; GJF 1992). 5.2 Agriculture The abundance of forests, mountains, and mineral-rich soils in the Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Diversified Farming region of northeastern Pennsylvanian has guided development in this portion of the state, leading to development first of the mining industry, and later, recreation and leisure. To a significantly lesser degree, fertile soil can be found. This unique topography defines development in the region, resulting in agriculture within the region is that can be characterized as localized and of a small scale (PHMC nd: 10). After a settlement period that extended later into the nineteenth century than was typical for the state, the region s economy was focused on the mining industry, and later by recreation. The coal industry provided a major source of labor, drawing inhabitants to the region and providing a primary source of income. It also resulted in the settlement of immigrants to the region. Thus, farm production was intended for local markets and was not often the sole source of income for the household. Farms such as Smiley Farm (Key No ) and the Kaul-Smith-Lambert Farm (Key No ) retained more woodland and less pasture or cropland than was typical for the state. Outbuildings included corn cribs, hog houses, barns, and carriage houses for the machinery required to operate the farm. Summer kitchens, root cellars, and spring houses were typically essential to household sustenance, but practices such as canning and small-scale meat processing were also undertaken within those structures for commercial sale. The scale at which these properties were operating made employment of outside labor unnecessary. Farms were tended by family members rather than by hired hands. Resources such as the Yeisley-Pearce Property of Smithfield Township (Key No ) retain a farmhouse, a barn, and representative outbuildings including a smoke house and a spring house. The barn is the oldest building on the property, dating to the early 19 th century and modified circa 1850 and circa 1885, in keeping with agricultural changes in the region (Photo 6). The property used to contain a circa 1795 log house, but in 2006, it was moved to Waterfront Park. The barn pre-dates the circa 1880 farmhouse (Photo 7) (Keller 1994). The farmhouse is, in turn, older than a circa 1920 carriage shed on the premises. The Lesh Farm of Hamilton Township (Key No ) retains a circa 1866 house with multiple outbuildings including a large barn that was likely expanded as with the advent of the railroad in the region (Photo 8). February

66 Photo 5. Circa 1921 icehouse (Key No ) has been converted to a private residence. Photo 6. Yeisley-Pearce barn (Key No ), constructed in three sections. February

67 Photo 7. Yeisley-Pearce farmhouse, circa Photo 8. Circa 1866 Lesh House (Key No ). The barn on the property (background) was modified over time to accommodate changing market preferences. February

68 Like the Yeisley-Pearce Property, growth of this farm coincides with expansion due to the rise of the railroad. The initiation of milk trains in 1887 by the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad allowed transport of fresh products to farther markets including New York City (Smith and Needham 1976: 79).Between 1910 and World War I the agriculture peak was reached as resident employed by the mining industry sought the crops and animal products offered by local farms (PHMC nd: 11). In addition to the railroad, economic prosperity could be attributed to a rise in tourism. An influx of visitors to the region valued easy access to farm products and were a great boon to the owners of small farms and farmsteads. Agriculture declined after Interstate highways brought inexpensive goods to local markets and small-scale farmers were unable to price their goods competitively; this downward spiral continued with the economic depression and consequent unemployment and decreased tourism (PHMC nd: 11). Those farms that remained adapted to the needs of the market with specialized production and mechanization. Construction of large truck sheds are a clear manifestation of this practice. Large silos and large-scale poultry houses were built, and dairying was, by far, the most common farming practice (PHMC nd: 45). Increased reliance upon machinery also resulted in the hiring of outside labor to accommodate the larger scale of production, and some were housed on the premises, as was the case on Porter s Goat Farm (Key No ) (Photo 9). Ultimately and frequently, operating expenses exceeded returns. As a result, farms were abandoned and outbuildings were repurposed for personal use as garages or storage structures. Unnecessary outbuildings were left dormant, often falling to ruin. Farm on the Hill in Paradise Township retains a large barn that has been modified to accommodate non-agricultural function, while other buildings on the property appear to be repurposed outbuildings (Photo 10). 5.3 Pocono Resorts The development of the Poconos as a resort destination began in the early 1800s. Industrialization resulted in prosperity and gave rise to tourism among the upper and middle classes. At the same time, cities were becoming increasingly crowded and polluted. The Delaware Water Gap, with its breathtaking scenery, was the original destination for regional sightseers. Inns, often housed in converted farmhouses, arose rapidly to cater to increasing numbers of tourists who were discovering the region s cool air and waterfalls (Thomas 1986; Squeri 2002:1-3; Wetzel 1980). The first vacationers to the area were Quakers from Philadelphia who, beginning circa 1820, came to spend time in a rustic setting with fellow Quakers who had settled there (Squeri 2002:3-4). Poor accessibility over local roads initially kept the Poconos as a niche resort, undiscovered by most vacationers outside the Quaker community. However, the advent of railroads made the Poconos available to a wider sector of the public. The Delaware Lackawanna and Western Railroad was constructed through the region in the 1850s and played a major role in promoting the Poconos as a resort area. The dirt roads made for difficult traveling via stagecoach or carriage, and railroads provided far greater access from multiple East Coast cities. February

69 Photo 9. This small, secondary residence on the property of Porter s Goat Farm (Key No ) dates to circa Photo 10. This barn has been partially modified for non-agricultural use. February

70 During the late-1800s and early-1900s, the Delaware Lackawanna and Western Railroad published annual Summer Excursion Guides to the destinations accessible from its routes, including lists of local inns and resorts at each stop and its service schedule. The villages of Henryville, Cresco, Mount Pocono, Tobyhanna, Spragueville, and other stops soon had small concentrations of tourist inns and resorts that took advantage of proximity to Delaware Lackawanna and Western Railroad stations (Squeri 2002:4, 10-11; Thomas 1986). Health beliefs of the nineteenth century, which emphasized retreats from the city, aided the development of resorts in the Poconos and other mountain areas during the late-nineteenth and earlytwentieth centuries. In addition, the Pocono region was an early nexus of innovation and development of recreational fishing as a sport. Although flyfishing is commonly believed to have originated in New York s Catskill Mountain region, there is evidence that this fishing method was employed along the Brodhead stream network of Monroe County as early as the 1850s. The c McMichael Hotel, Chestnuthill Township, houses the Pohoqualine Fishing Assocation, which dates from the nineteenth century (Photo 11) (Bodle 1977; Fleeson 1993; Thomas 1986; Wetzel 1980). The first Pocono mountain resorts were often working farms that took in a few boarders and were later expanded into inns. These resorts had relatively austere wood-frame buildings featuring ample porches and often simple Gothic Revival gabled wall dormers. The buildings were often enlarged over time giving them sprawling footprints. More elaborate examples had multistory porches. The Kittatinny Mountain House at the Delaware Water Gap (built circa 1829; now demolished), was the first larger hotel property in the region and was followed by a few others of similar scale, but larger properties, housing over 200 guests, were not as common as the unpretentious smaller resort properties like the Stites Mountain House, the Henryville House, the Canadensis House, the Schoonover Mountain House, and countless others housing 100 guests or less (Fleeson 1993, 1994; Thomas 1986). Relatively few of these firstgeneration, nineteenth-century Pocono resorts remain extant; the Stites Mountain House (Key Nos and ) (Photo 12) are among those which have survived. Resorts of the Poconos grew larger and more elaborate after The Buck Hill Inn (1901), Pocono Manor (1902), and the Buckwood Inn (now Shawnee Resort, 1904) (Photo 13) were established as large hotel properties with hundreds of guest rooms. Unlike the simpler, small resorts, these properties boasted amenities like golf courses and private bathrooms for guests. Buck Hill and Pocono Manor were both established by Philadelphia Quakers, who forbade both liquor and dancing. Despite their size, these hotels continued the unostentatious Pocono resort tradition. The Buckwood Inn was created to cater to golfers and featured a Spanish Colonial Revival building. Other large resorts followed, including Fernwood, Mount Airy Lodge, and Pocono Palace. In 1926, Skytop Lodge was established as a counterpoint to the quiet Quaker resorts nearby. Its massive stone façade contained card rooms, a dance floor, and a basement bar (Fleeson 1994). During the twentieth century, Pocono resorts became larger and more ostentatious. Older wood-frame properties were frequently lost to fire, and many of the early large resorts, such as Mount Airy Lodge, Pocono Palace, and Fernwood, were renovated beyond recognition. February

71 Photo 11. Circa 1850 McMichael Hotel (Key No ), a former inn that currently houses a fishing club. Photo 12. Circa 1880 Stites Mountain House (Key Nos and ) is representative of a smaller, nineteenth century Pocono resort. February

72 Photo 13. Circa 1904 Buckwood Inn (Key No ) reflects the maturation of the Pocono resort industry in the early twentieth century. Photo 14. The circa 1934 Art Deco-influenced Stroudsburg U.S. Post Office (Key No ) February

73 Many properties promoted themselves as romantic destinations for couples, while others catered to families. In addition, while vacationers early in the century might visit for a month or an entire summer, guests now came for a few days or a week at most. Resort owners struggled to retain business, but a number of properties, both large modern resorts and small historic inns, were failing by the end of the twentieth century (Fleeson 1994). 5.4 Civic Institutions Post offices and schools constitute the most common form of historic civic or institutional buildings encountered in the survey area. The majority of Monroe County s townships were historically dominated by residential and agricultural uses, thus institutions like Stroudsburg High School (Key No ) and the Price Township Election House (Key No ) represent the social and cultural identity of the Township in which they are located. In rural locales, in particular, the civic buildings provided a common touchstone for many residents of the County. Among the earliest surviving institutional buildings in the survey area are the Old Post Office in Kellersville, Hamilton Township (Key No ) and the Sciota P.O. (Key No ) both of which date from the early nineteenth century and Stroudsburg s early settlement period. It was during this period that Stroudsburg was incorporated as a borough, upon the formation of Monroe County in 1836, and a candidate for county seat. These institutions illustrate the Borough s burgeoning prominence as both a seat of industry as well as a courthouse location. Several institutional buildings were designed to reflect regional styles, such as the notable Stroudsburg U.S. Post Office (Key No ), constructed in 1934, which displays Art Deco-style influences popularized during the 1920s and 30s (Photo 14). The former Monroe County Library (Key No ) is also architecturally significant as a good example of the late Queen Anne style as expressed in beige brick. The County s crossroads communities, such as Snydersville and Shawnee Village, boast multi-use public and institutional buildings and illustrate the need to combine functions along the County s well-traveled thoroughfares to service both the local population as well as the growing tourism industry. For example, both the circa 1880 Snydersville Post Office (Key No ) and the circa 1859 Shawnee Store and Post Office (Key No ) include structures that operated for many years as both a post office and general store serving both locals and travelers alike. Both of these properties continued to operate as such well into the mid-late twentieth century. Many of the surviving public school buildings in Monroe County have been either demolished or heavily altered. Several, however, continue to convey their historic use and appearance and stand as focal points within their respective communities. Among these are three nineteenth century frame one-room schoolhouses: the Appenzell School House (Key No ) in Jackson Township (Photo 15), the Kellersville School (Key No ) in Stroudsburg, and the schoolhouse on PA 715 in Henryville (Key No ). February

74 One-room schoolhouses such as these were particularly common in rural communities during the period and served the children of farmers and miners in less populated regions (Vitiello 1992). It is estimated there were once thousands of one-room schools in the state. As this particular building type is quickly disappearing from the rural Pennsylvania landscape, they form an important trio within Monroe County. Photo 15. The former late nineteenth century Appenzell School House (Key No ), now home to the Pocono-Jackson Historical Society February

75 6.0 Results The Monroe County Historic Resource Survey sought to gather adequate background and physical information to make recommendations on whether the resources surveyed are eligible for listing in the NRHP or are worthy of consideration for inclusion in the Monroe County Hazard Mitigation Plan as locally important community landmarks, and to assess the vulnerability of each resource to be flood damaged. A detailed description of the significant resources documented within the 100-year or 500 year flood hazard areas is provided in Section 6.1 below and the completed full Historic Resource Survey Form (for the recommended NRHP-eligible Shawnee on Delaware Historic District) and Historic Resource Natural Hazard Vulnerability Survey Forms are contained in Volume 2, Appendices A and B. During the course of the survey, through discussions with the PASHPO, it was decided that it may be helpful for AECOM to record basic information about resources that are NRHP-ineligible to facilitate studies and evaluations undertaken in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of As such, AECOM photographed and recorded basic information about resources that appeared clearly NRHP-ineligible and were located within the 100-year or 500-year flood hazard areas. A detailed description of the ineligible resources documented within the flood hazard areas is provided in Section 6.3 below and are shown in a table and maps in Volume 1, Appendix B. 6.1 Historically Significant and/or Locally Important Community Landmarks in the Flood Hazard Areas The historic resource survey documented a total of 896 resources that fall within the 100-year or 500- year flood hazard areas within the 20 municipalities in Monroe County. Of the 895 total resources surveyed, 89 resources are considered significant and are NRHP-listed, NRHP-eligible, recommended by AECOM as NRHP-eligible, or are recommended by AECOM as a locally important community landmark for inclusion and consideration within the Monroe County Hazard Mitigation Plan. Five additional resources within the flood hazard that are NRHP-listed or NRHP-eligible were not surveyed because they contained no buildings over 45 years of age within the flood zone; were not accessible; or (in the case of Pocono Manor Historic District) only one noncontributing resource fell within the flood hazard areas. Those five resources include: Stoddardsville Historic District (Key No ), Pocono Manor Historic District (Key No ), Appalachian Trail (Key No ), Pennsylvania New Jersey (PNJ) Interconnection (Key No ) and Seven Bridges Road Bridge (Key No ). See Table 22 below for a table of historically significant and/or locally important community landmarks within the 100- year or 500-year flood hazard areas and see Volume 1, Appendix A for maps showing the location of these resources. February

76 Table 22. Historically Significant and/or Locally Important Community Landmarks in the Flood Hazard Areas PASHPO Key No. Resource Name Resource Type NRHP/SHPO Status AECOM Recommendation McMichael Hotel Hotel [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] Overfield/Newhart House Delaware Water Gap Historic District Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad: Station CHESTNUTHILL TOWNSHIP Dwelling Dwelling Dwelling Dwelling DELAWARE WATER GAP BOROUGH Dwelling NRHP Eligible; Community Landmark NRHP Eligible Additional Research Required NRHP Eligible Additional Research Required NRHP Eligible District SHPO: Eligible SHPO: Eligible Train Depot NRHP Listed NRHP Listed; Community Landmark Retaining Wall Structure SHPO: Eligible SHPO: Eligible Dr. Singer House Dwelling Smith House Dwelling Correll School School House [No Resource Name Provided] EAST STROUDSBURG BOROUGH Dwelling ELDRED TOWNSHIP HAMILTON TOWNSHIP Fenner - Snyder Mill Grist Mill NRHP Listed Peter Konkle House Dwelling NRHP Eligible NRHP Eligible Community Landmark Additional Research Required NRHP Listed; Community Landmark NRHP Eligible February

77 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name Resource Type NRHP/SHPO Status AECOM Recommendation Snydersville Post Office Kellersville Methodist Episcopal Church Store and Post Office Church Kellersville School School House Andrew Keller House Dwelling Kellersville Mill Grist Mill Miller's House Dwelling Keller-Slutter House Dwelling Kellersville Hotel Hotel Buzzard s Antiques; Kellersville General Store Store Wheelwright s House Dwelling George Keller House Dwelling Old Post Office Post Office Judge Rhodes House Dwelling Sciota Inn Hotel/Tavern Kellersville Historic District Old Mill Bridge #10 Bridge [No Resource Name Provided] Community Landmark Additional Research Required; Community Landmark Community Landmark NRHP Eligible Community Landmark Additional Research Required Additional Research Required NRHP Eligible; Community Landmark NRHP Eligible; Community Landmark Additional Research Required NRHP Eligible NRHP Eligible; Community Landmark NRHP Eligible Additional Research Required; Community Landmark District SHPO: Eligible SHPO: Eligible Monument Additional Research Required; Community Landmark Community Landmark February

78 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name Resource Type NRHP/SHPO Status AECOM Recommendation Appenzell School House School House Captain Jacob Shoemaker House St. John's Catholic Church [No Resource Name Provided] Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (Scranton to Slateford Junction) Pocono Manor Historic District (Not surveyed, only one noncontributing resource in the flood hazard areas) Appalachian Trail (Not surveyed, no buildings in the flood hazard areas) Pennsylvania New Jersey (PNJ) Interconnection (Not surveyed, a linear transmission line with no buildings in the flood hazard area) JACKSON TOWNSHIP MIDDLE SMITHFIELD TOWNSHIP Additional Research Required; Community Landmark Dwelling NRHP Listed NRHP Listed Church SHPO: Not Eligible Community Landmark Spring House Keokee Chapel Church Tannersville Inn Hotel None MULTI-MUNICIPALITY Additional Research Required District SHPO: Eligible SHPO: Eligible District NRHP Listed NRHP Listed District SHPO: Eligible SHPO: Eligible District SHPO: Eligible SHPO: Eligible PARADISE TOWNSHIP POCONO TOWNSHIP Community Landmark Community Landmark February

79 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name Resource Type NRHP/SHPO Status AECOM Recommendation Countryside Cottages Butz Creek School House [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] Kresgeville Cemetery/St. Paul s Lutheran Cemetery [No Resource Name Provided] Vacation Cottages School House Monument Dwelling Monument Cemetery POLK TOWNSHIP PRICE TOWNSHIP School House P. Price House Dwelling Ross Common Springwater Company Yeisley-Pearce Farm; Green Valley Farm Huffman & Sons General Store Delaware Valley Railroad Station at Marshall s Creek Office/ Warehouse Farm ROSS TOWNSHIP SMITHFIELD TOWNSHIP General Store Railroad Station Zimmerman Mill Grist Mill Harry Clausen-Higgins House Dwelling Keeper: Eligible SHPO: Eligible SHPO: Eligible Additional Research Required Additional Research Required; Community Landmark Community Landmark Additional Research Required Community Landmark Community Landmark Additional Research Required; Community Landmark Additional Research Required; Community Landmark Additional Research Required; Community Landmark Additional Research Required SHPO: Eligible; Community Landmark SHPO: Eligible; Community Landmark Community Landmark Additional Research Required February

80 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name Resource Type NRHP/SHPO Status AECOM Recommendation Manwalamink-Fort Depui Fort/Dwelling Waring House Dwelling Transue House Dwelling Stettler House Dwelling Miredl Dwelling Shawnee Store & Post Office Store and Post Office George V. Bush House Dwelling Buckwood Inn Hotel SHPO: Eligible Labar House Dwelling Shrader-Sittig House Dwelling Sam Dietrick/Ross Fuller House Seven Bridges Road Bridge (Not surveyed, not accessible) Dwelling Minisink Hotel Hotel Shawnee Playhouse Theater Shawnee on Delaware Historic District Stites Mountain House Hotel Stites Mountain House Farmhouse NRHP Eligible; Community Landmark NRHP Eligible NRHP Eligible NRHP Eligible NRHP Eligible NRHP Eligible; Community Landmark Additional Research Required SHPO: Eligible; Community Landmark Additional Research Required NRHP Eligible; Community Landmark NRHP Eligible Bridge SHPO: Eligible SHPO: Eligible District Hotel Dwelling Stites Mountain House Dwelling STROUD TOWNSHIP Community Landmark Community Landmark NRHP Eligible; Community Landmark NRHP Eligible; Community Landmark Community Landmark Community Landmark February

81 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name Resource Type NRHP/SHPO Status AECOM Recommendation Spragueville Methodist Episcopal Church Church Stites Mountain House District SHPO: Eligible / [No Resource Name Provided] Dwelling STROUDSBURG BOROUGH Stroud Mansion Dwelling NRHP Listed Stroudsburg Freight Station Monroe County Public Library Stroudsburg Engine Works Saint John's Lutheran Church Freight Station Library Mill Church Stroudsburg Cemetery Cemetery SHPO: Not Eligible Kitson Woolen Mill Industrial NRHP Listed Stroudsburg U.S. Post Office Post Office SHPO: Eligible George Tillotson House Dwelling SHPO: Eligible Stroudsburg Commercial Historic District B. F. Morey Elementary School Stroudsburg High School Christian Missionary Alliance Church [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] Community Landmark SHPO: Eligible; Community Landmark Additional Research Required NRHP Listed; Community Landmark Community Landmark NRHP Eligible; Community Landmark Additional Research Required Community Landmark Additional Research Required; Community Landmark NRHP Listed; Community Landmark SHPO: Eligible; Community Landmark SHPO: Eligible; Community Landmark District SHPO: Eligible SHPO: Eligible School SHPO: Not Eligible Community Landmark School SHPO: Not Eligible Community Landmark Church Community Landmark Dwelling None NRHP Eligible Dwelling None NRHP Eligible February

82 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name Resource Type NRHP/SHPO Status AECOM Recommendation [No Resource Name Provided] [No Resource Name Provided] Stoddartsville Historic District (Not surveyed, inaccessible) Dwelling Dwelling None None TOBYHANNA TOWNSHIP Additional Research Required Additional Research Required District NRHP Listed NRHP Listed Fifty-seven (57) additional properties are not individually NRHP-eligible or categorized as locally important community landmarks, but are contributing to a NRHP-listed, NRHP-eligible, or recommended NRHP-eligible historic district. This number excludes those individual properties that may be individually NRHP-listed, NRHP-eligible, recommended NRHP-eligible, or recommended as a locally important community landmark shown in Table 22 above. Below is a table showing all historically significant historic districts within the flood hazard area and their associated contributing and noncontributing resources. Table 23. Historically Significant Historic Districts in the Flood Hazard Areas PASHPO Key No. District Name Delaware Water Gap Historic District Kellersville Historic District NRHP/SHPO Status or AECOM Recommendation Contributing Resource Key No./InvID DELAWARE WATER GAP BOROUGH SHPO: Eligible , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , HAMILTON TOWNSHIP SHPO: Eligible , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Noncontributing Resource Key No./InvID , Comments February

83 PASHPO Key No. District Name Yeisley-Pearce Farm; Green Valley Farm NRHP/SHPO Status or AECOM Recommendation Contributing Resource Key No./InvID SMITHFIELD TOWNSHP Keeper: Eligible N/A N/A Noncontributing Resource Key No./InvID Comments Shawnee on Delaware Historic District Recommended Eligible by AECOM , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (Scranton to Slateford Junction) MULTI-MUNICIPALITY SHPO: Eligible February

84 PASHPO Key No. District Name Pocono Manor Historic District NRHP/SHPO Status or AECOM Recommendation PHMC Disaster Planning for Historic Properties Initiative Contributing Resource Key No./InvID Noncontributing Resource Key No./InvID Comments NRHP Listed See notes Not surveyed, no contributing resources in the flood hazard area Appalachian Trail SHPO: Eligible See notes See notes Not surveyed, no buildings in the flood hazard area Pennsylvania New Jersey (PNJ) Interconnection Stoddartsville Historic District SHPO: Eligible See notes See notes Not surveyed, linear transmission line NRHP Listed See notes See notes Not surveyed, not accessible Stites Mountain House Stroudsburg Commercial Historic District SHPO: Eligible STROUDSBURG BOROUGH SHPO: Eligible /038796, , , None Recommended NRHP-Eligible Shawnee on Delaware Historic District One recommended NRHP-eligible historic district was identified during the survey effort: the Shawnee on Delaware Historic District located along the Delaware River in Smithfield Township. The Shawnee on Delaware Historic District is a village which began as a frontier settlement in the 1700s, developed into a crossroads community during the early to mid-nineteenth century, and evolved into a premier resort during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is composed primarily of late nineteenth and early twentieth century single-family dwellings located adjacent to a large circa 1909 resort complex and golf course (The Shawnee Inn and Resort). A few commercial buildings and a church complete the village. Initially a small crossroads hamlet surrounded by farms and the Delaware River, the expansion of the resort industry in the Poconos transformed Shawnee on Delaware to a destination for tourism and an escape from the bustling city. Shawnee on Delaware retains this atmosphere as a place to escape to; it remains a small community with a mixture of visitors, vacation-home owners, and full-time residents. The Shawnee on Delaware Historic District is significant under NRHP Criterion A for its association with the regionally significant trend of resort development in the Poconos. The village encompasses the full gamut of hostelries, including farmhouses and boardinghouses which served as the first resort properties; the circa 1909 Buckwood Inn, among the first of the large resort hotels which eventually February

85 arose in the region; and summer homes and cottages owned by individual families. Shawnee on Delaware is also associated with the development of professional golfing competitions, as the 1912 golf competition held at the Buckwood Inn eventually led to the formation of the Professional Golfers Association (PGA). AECOM recommends that the Shawnee on Delaware Historic District be determined eligible for the NRHP under Criterion A in the area of Entertainment/Recreation. The Shawnee on Delaware Historic District is also significant under NRHP Criterion B for its association with three significant persons: Charles Campbell Worthington, A.W. Tillinghast, and Fred Waring. Worthington was a prominent inventor and industrialist of his era, and well known on a local and regional scale. He is credited with the invention of the first commercially successful gang lawnmower, and also set in motion the formation of the Professional Golfers Association. Worthington s longtime residence in the village, investment and development activities, and construction of many of Shawnee on Delaware s most notable amenities create a strong association between him and the village overall. The Shawnee Inn and Resort s golf course was the first course designed by Tillinghast, who went on to become a nationally renowned golf course architect who designed part or all of 265 different courses. Tillinghast was elected to the World Golf Hall of Fame in Waring, a popular entertainer by the 1940s as leader of Waring s Pennsylvanians, not only owned the Shawnee Inn but used the village of Shawnee on Delaware as a home base and a radio broadcast center for his musical ensembles. AECOM recommends that the Shawnee on Delaware Historic District be determined eligible for the NRHP under Criterion B. The district is also significant under NRHP Criterion C because it embodies the distinctive characteristics of several popular architectural styles, including excellent examples of the Queen Anne, Shingle Style, Colonial Revival, and Craftsman styles. The village s built environment embodies distinctive characteristics of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, clearly illustrating both its original function as a rural crossroads community and its later use as a high-end resort community. High artistic values are evident in a number of buildings, as well as in the design of the Shawnee Inn and Resort s golf course, which is the first course designed by a master architect of golf courses. AECOM recommends that the Shawnee on Delaware Historic District as eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion C in the area of Architecture and Landscape Design. 6.3 Ineligible Resources in the Flood Hazard Areas Of the 895 total resources surveyed, 749 were previously determined to be NRHP-ineligible, are recommended NRHP-ineligible by AECOM, or do not appear to be locally important community landmarks. This number also includes resources that are considered to be noncontributing resources within NRHP-listed, NRHP-eligible or recommended NRHP-eligible historic districts. See Appendix B for a table and maps illustrating the NRHP-ineligible resources within the 100-year or 500-year flood hazard areas. During the course of the survey, it was also determined that 42 previously recorded properties were demolished. See Table 24 below for a list of demolished historic resources. February

86 Table 24. Demolished Historic Resources in the Flood Hazard Areas PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Approximate Demolition Date BARRETT TOWNSHIP Spruce Cabin Road Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible circa 2005 COOLBAUGH TOWNSHIP Tobyhanna Army Depot, Building 32 Demolished or 100% Destroyed circa 2003 DELAWARE WATER GAP BOROUGH [No Resource Name Provided] circa 1990 ELDRED TOWNSHIP Gower School circa 2015 HAMILTON TOWNSHIP Blue Ridge Enamel Brick Factory circa Haney Mill circa Rinker's Farm circa Wolff House Demolished or 100% Destroyed circa Butcher Shop circa 2015 JACKSON TOWNSHIP [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible circa [No Resource Name Provided] Demolished or 100% Destroyed circa [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible circa 2000 PARADISE TOWNSHIP Osbaker House circa Jymbo Lynn/Farm on the Hill circa 1995 POCONO TOWNSHIP Swiftwater Inn Keeper: Not Eligible circa [No Resource Name Provided] circa [No Resource Name Provided] circa [No Resource Name Provided] circa Pocono Township Consolidated and High School Demolished or 100% Destroyed circa Double House Demolished or 100% Destroyed circa 2015 PRICE TOWNSHIP Houck Property circa [No Resource Name Provided] circa 2011 ROSS TOWNSHIP Barleib House Demolished or 100% Destroyed circa 1960 SMITHFIELD TOWNSHIP Worthington Hall Demolished or 100% Destroyed circa Marshalls Falls House circa Maple Grove House Demolished or 100% Destroyed circa William Fetterolf Property Demolished or 100% Destroyed circa [No Resource Name Provided] Shawnee Lake House SHPO: Not Eligible circa Mountain Lakes House Demolished or 100% Destroyed circa 2008 February

87 PASHPO Key No. Resource Name NRHP/SHPO Status Approximate Demolition Date [No Resource Name Provided] SHPO: Not Eligible Only one property associated with this key number has been demolished STROUD TOWNSHIP Miller Farm circa Shilbert Property circa Decker's Mill Housing circa Beakleyville Church circa Pa. 191 Bridge SHPO: Not Eligible circa 2006 TOBYHANNA TOWNSHIP Isaac Stauffer's Mill Pre TUNKHANNOCK TOWNSHIP L.R , Bridge Demolished or 100% Destroyed circa Unsurveyed Resources in the Flood Hazard Areas While a pre-survey desktop study was conducted to determine the likelihood that properties contained resources over 45 years of age and that those buildings fell within the flood hazard areas, survey was still required to ground truth the preliminary research. As part of the field survey effort, team members systematically visited all the properties intersected by the 100-year or 500-year flood hazard areas to determine whether they contained aboveground resources, whether those resources were over 45 years of age, and if the historic-age buildings were situated within the flood hazard areas. If a property was vacant, contained buildings less than 45 years of age, or historic-age buildings fell just outside the flood hazard areas, the property was not surveyed, but that information was recorded for future reference. These three categories of properties are those that do fit the criteria for this project and therefore, require no further work. Another category of properties that were not surveyed during the field investigation were those properties that were not visible from the public right-of-way and not accessible in order to get photos or elevation data. These are properties that likely contain historic resources over 45 years of age and may require further investigation if access is granted. The not visible/not accessible properties included properties that were not visible due to vegetation, gated communities, properties with long access driveways, and properties with visible no trespassing signs. Maps showing the location of the not visible/not accessible properties are located in Volume 1, Appendix C. February

88 7.0 Bibliography America-Rails.com 2015 The New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway. Web Page, accessed November 2, Asa Packer Mansion and Historical and Museum Commission 1978 Ross Common Manor. National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form. Available online at H000589_01H.pdf, accessed October 22, Barrington, W New Railway Map and Guide of New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey with Parts of Adjoining States and Canada. Smith & Stroup, Philadelphia. Beers, F. W County Atlas of Monroe, Pennsylvania. F. W. Beers & Co., New York. Bing Maps 2015 Polk Township, Pennsylvania. Web Page, accessed October 29, Bishow, Laurel 2006 Once upon a time, 211 years ago Electronic Document, articles/files/082506_storiesporch.html, accessed October 30, Bodenschatz, Rick 2013 Logging & Lumbering in Tobyhanna Township, notes on file at the Monroe County Historical Association, Stroudsburg, PA Bodle, Wayne K National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form for Schoonover Farm/Schoonover Mountain House. Prepared by the National Park Service. On file at the Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA. Brooks, Robert M Bark, spuds and things, Monroe County Sunday Herald, 5 August. Clipping on file at the Monroe County Historical Association, Stroudsburg, PA. Buck Hill Falls 2015 History. Web Page, accessed November 3, Evans, Morris, Jackson Lantz, E. L. Kemp, and Luke Willis Brodhead February

89 1897 Picturesque Monroe County, Pennsylvania, Embracing Particularly Stroudsburg, Highland Dell, Delaware Water Gap, Shawnee, Minsi, Analomink, Parkside, Marshall's Creek, Coolbaugh and Bushkill. M. Evans, Stroudsburg, PA. Forstall, Richard L. (editor) 1995 Pennsylvania. Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to Electronic Document, accessed October 23, Fleeson, Lucinda 1993 An Angle on Chic Trout-Camp Décor Complete With Twig Furniture, Fishing Rods, and Creels Is a Pennsylvania Legacy. The Philadelphia Inquirer, June 11, Fading Memories in the Poconos. The Philadelphia Inquirer, September 2, Freeman, Paul 2015 Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Northeastern Pennsylvania. Web Page, accessed 30 October Gillin, Beth 2005 Auctioning an era at once-beautiful Mount Airy Lodge, all you'll need this weekend is your checkbook. Heart-shaped tubs and other memories will be sold. Philadelphia Inquirer 3 March Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Available Online, 03/news/ _1_auctioning-scranton-businessman-tub, accessed November 3, GJF 1992 When Stillwater Lake, Essay in file Ice Harvest, on file at the Monroe County Historical Association, Stroudsburg, PA. Google Earth Pro 2015 Hamilton Township, Pennsylvania. Computer Application, accessed October 22, Google Maps 2015 Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Web Page, accessed November 3, Gredlein, Cheryl 2003 Way back when. Pocono Record 9 March Stroudsburg, PA. Available Online, accessed October 29, Hamilton Township, Pennsylvania 2013 Township Information. Web Page, accessed October 20, February

90 Heaney, Caitlin acre cranberry bog in Monroe County nurtures a Thanksgiving favorite. Scranton Times- Tribune 20 November Scranton, Pennsylvania. Available Online, accessed October 29, Heinrich, Keith T Shawnee-Minisink Site. Report no. 36MR0043. Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Historical Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA. Historicaerials.com 2015 Web Page, accessed October 23, Hosbach, Albert 2016 "Shawnee Presbyterian Church." Shawnee Presbyterian Church. Accessed January 25, The Inn at Pocono Manor 2015 About Us. Web Page, accessed October 29, International Skiing History Association [ISHA] 2015 Ski Resorts: Years They Were Founded. Web Page, accessed October 28, Keller, Amy 1994 Yeisley-Pearce Property, Smithfield Township, Monroe County. Pennsylvania Historic Resource Survey Form, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA. Keller, Robert Brown (editor) 1927 History of Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Monroe Publishing Company, Stroudsburg, PA. Kitsko, Jeffrey J PA 1 PA 50. Web Page, accessed October 23, Kochis, Lisa, and Erin O Brien n.d. The Ice Harvesting Industry of the Pocono Mountains. Essay in Ice Harvesting in the Poconos: Remembering the Past, on file at the Monroe County Historical Association, Stroudsburg, PA. Leiser, Amy 2005 How Stroudsburg Became County Seat. Electronic Document, accessed November 2, February

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92 2011a History of Chestnuthill and Middle Smithfield townships. Electronic Document, accessed November 2, b Our earliest townships: Smithfield and Hamilton. Electronic Document, accessed October 30, Stroudsburg and East Stroudsburg founded in the 1730s. Electronic Document, accessed November 2, Benjamin Franklin and his tie to Monroe County s frontier forts. Electronic Document, accessed November 2, Railroad tower in East Stroudsburg. Electronic Document, accessed October 30, "Monroe County s Frontier Forts: Fort DePue." Monroe County's Frontier Forts: Fort DePue. October Accessed January 25, Leiser, Amy, and Kendrick Bisset 2014 Railroad tower in East Stroudsburg. Electronic Document, accessed October 30, Mathews, Alfred 1886 History of Wayne, Pike and Monroe Counties, Pennsylvania. R. T. Peck & Co., Philadelphia. McGreevy, Candace 2001 Chestnut Ridge Railway had many uses during its brief tenure. Pocono Record 29 July Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Available online, article/ /features/ , accessed October 28, Miller, Charles W An Illustrated Booklet Descriptive of Its Home, Work, and Objects. Shawnee-on-Delaware: Society, Shawnee, PA. Miller, Patricia E Phase II Archaeological Survey Report, Proposed Big Bushkill Bridge Replacement (S.R. 402, Section 01B) Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Prepared by Archaeological and Historical Consultants, Inc. for Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. February

93 Monroe County Planning Commission 1980 Data Analysis Report: Monroe County Historic Resources Survey. Report Monroe County - Historic Legacy. Report. n.d. Shrader-Sittig House. Report no. 089_SF_96. Stroudsburg. National Park Service [NPS] 2012 Tannersville Cranberry Bog. Web Page, accessed October 29, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources [DCNR] 2015 Big Pocono State Park. Web Page, accessed October 28, Gouldsboro State Park. Web Page, accessed November 2, Pennsylvania Department of Highways 1915 Map of the Public Roads in Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Department of Highways, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania General Highway Map, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Department of Highways, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania General Highway Map, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Department of Highways, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission 2015a Pocono Resort and Anthracite Coal Region Local Market-Oriented Agriculture, Electronic document, d_anthracite_coal.pdf, accessed October 20, b Monroe County Census Data (10% Sample). Electronic Document, _1880_census_data.pdf, accessed October 22, c Monroe County 1927 Census Data. Electronic Document, _1927_census_data.pdf, accessed October 20, Rufe, Maureen 1975 White bricks once supported Kunkletown s economy. Pocono Record 3 May 1975:3. Stroudsburg, PA. February

94 Skytop Lodge 2015 Skytop History. Web Page, accessed November 3, Smith, Margaret and Patrick Needham, ed History of Monroe County, Pennsylvania, East Stroudsburg PA: Pocono Hospital Auxiliary. Squeri, Lawrence 2002 Better in the Poconos: The Story of Pennsylvania s Vacationland. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA. Stroud Township 2015 Stroud Township Bicentennial, Web Page, accessed October 30, Thomas, George E National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form for Henryville House/Henryville Hotel. Prepared by Clio Group, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On file at the Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. United States Census Bureau 1880 Federal Decennial Census, Pennsylvania, Monroe County, Tunkhannock Township, Agricultural Schedule Chestnuthill Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Electronic Document, accessed November 2, Eldred Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Electronic Document, accessed October 28, Jackson Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Electronic Document, accessed October 28, Middle Smithfield Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Electronic Document, accessed November 3, Pocono Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Electronic Document, accessed October 29, February

95 2015 Polk Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Electronic Document, accessed October 29, Price Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Electronic Document, accessed October 28, Ross Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Electronic Document, accessed October 22, Smithfield Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania. Electronic Document, accessed October 20, Vitiello, Domenic 1992 National Register of Historic Places Multiple Documentation Form for Historic Educational Resources of Pennsylvania. Prepared by Domenic Vitiello, Urban Studies Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Available online at state.pa.us/survey/2007-m pdf. Walling, H. F Map of the Counties of Monroe and Carbon, Pennsylvania. Loomis Way & Palmer, New York. Weekes, Julia Ann 1990 Hamilton landmark grist for restoration crew, Pocono Record, 3 October. Clipping on file at the Monroe County Historical Association. Wetzel, Janet L DRAFT National Register of Historic Places Nomination: Stites Mountain Home. Prepared by the Monroe County Planning Commission. On file at the Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Preliminary Research Report, Historic Sites and Structures Survey. Report. Monroe County Planning Commission, Stroudsburg, PA. Works Progress Administration, Writers Program 1940 Pennsylvania; a Guide to the Keystone State. Oxford University Press, New York. February

96 Wright, Ralph E Rafting on the Delaware, Transcript of Lecture, on file at the Monroe County Historical Association, Stroudsburg, PA. February

97 Appendix A: Historically Significant/Locally Important Community Landmarks in the Flood Hazard Areas

98 Flood Hazard Areas COOLBAUGH TWP BARRETT TWP 1% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Floodway 0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Cultural Resources (with Key Number)!( Significant Resource Significant Historic District Municipal Boundaries Municipal Boundary County Boundary COOLBAUGH TWP BARRETT TWP Note - "Significant" Resources are those that are NRHP Listed, NRHP Eligible, Recommended by AECOM to be NRHP-Eligible, Recommended Community Landmark, or Recommended for Further Research. BARRETT TWP PRICE TWP PRICE TWP LUZERNE LACKAWANNA WAYNE PIKE New Jersey CARBON LEHIGH NORTHAMPTON COOLBAUGH TWP PARADISE TWP BARRETT TWP PARADISE TWP PARADISE TWP PRICE TWP PRICE TWP MIDDLE SMITHFIELD TWP MIDDLE SMITHFIELD TWP Disaster Planning for Historic Properties Initiative COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA COUNTY OF MONROE BARRETT TWP Mi Km

99 POCONO TWP JACKSON TWP TUNKHANNOCK TWP Flood Hazard Areas 1% Annual Chance Flood Hazard TUNKHANNOCK TWP CHESTNUTHILL TWP !(!( Floodway 0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Cultural Resources (with Key Number)!( Significant Resource Significant Historic District Municipal Boundaries Municipal Boundary JACKSON TWP CHESTNUTHILL TWP County Boundary POLK TWP JACKSON TWP HAMILTON TWP Note - "Significant" Resources are those that are NRHP Listed, NRHP Eligible, Recommended by AECOM to be NRHP-Eligible, Recommended Community Landmark, or Recommended for Further Research. CHESTNUTHILL TWP POLK TWP !( LUZERNE LACKAWANNA WAYNE PIKE HAMILTON TWP CHESTNUTHILL TWP New Jersey CARBON LEHIGH NORTHAMPTON POLK TWP POLK TWP ELDRED TWP ROSS TWP ELDRED TWP!( CHESTNUTHILL TWP ROSS TWP HAMILTON TWP ROSS TWP Disaster Planning for Historic Properties Initiative COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA COUNTY OF MONROE CHESTNUTHILL TWP Mi Km

100 Flood Hazard Areas COOLBAUGH TWP BARRETT TWP 1% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Floodway 0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Cultural Resources (with Key Number)!( Significant Resource Significant Historic District Municipal Boundaries Municipal Boundary County Boundary COOLBAUGH TWP BARRETT TWP Note - "Significant" Resources are those that are NRHP Listed, NRHP Eligible, Recommended by AECOM to be NRHP-Eligible, Recommended Community Landmark, or Recommended for Further Research. TOBYHANNA TWP COOLBAUGH TWP TOBYHANNA TWP COOLBAUGH TWP MT POCONO BORO COOLBAUGH TWP PARADISE TWP BARRETT TWP PARADISE TWP LACKAWANNA WAYNE LUZERNE CARBON NORTHAMPTON LEHIGH PIKE New Jersey MT POCONO BORO PARADISE TWP Disaster Planning for Historic Properties Initiative TOBYHANNA TWP TOBYHANNA TWP TOBYHANNA TWP POCONO TWP PARADISE TWP POCONO TWP COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA COUNTY OF MONROE COOLBAUGH TWP Mi Km

101 Flood Hazard Areas SMITHFIELD TWP 1% Annual Chance Flood Hazard DELAWARE WATER GAP BORO SMITHFIELD TWP !( !(!( !(!(!( !(!(!(!( !(!(!(!(!(!( !( !( Floodway 0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Cultural Resources (with Key Number)!( Significant Resource Significant Historic District Municipal Boundaries Municipal Boundary County Boundary STROUD TWP SMITHFIELD TWP Note - "Significant" Resources are those that are NRHP Listed, NRHP Eligible, Recommended by AECOM to be NRHP-Eligible, Recommended Community Landmark, or Recommended for Further Research.!( DELAWARE WATER GAP BORO LUZERNE LACKAWANNA WAYNE PIKE New Jersey CARBON LEHIGH NORTHAMPTON Disaster Planning for Historic Properties Initiative SMITHFIELD TWP COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA COUNTY OF MONROE DELAWARE WATER GAP BORO Mi Km

102 SMITHFIELD TWP STROUD TWP Flood Hazard Areas 1% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Floodway 0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Cultural Resources (with Key Number)!( Significant Resource Significant Historic District Municipal Boundaries Municipal Boundary County Boundary Note - "Significant" Resources are those that are NRHP Listed, NRHP Eligible, Recommended by AECOM to be NRHP-Eligible, Recommended Community Landmark, or Recommended for Further Research LACKAWANNA WAYNE PIKE STROUD TWP STROUDSBURG BORO!( LUZERNE CARBON New Jersey LEHIGH NORTHAMPTON EAST STROUDSBURG BORO STROUDSBURG BORO Disaster Planning for Historic Properties Initiative STROUD TWP SMITHFIELD TWP DELAWARE WATER GAP BORO SMITHFIELD TWP COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA COUNTY OF MONROE EAST STROUDSBURG BORO Mi Km

103 CHESTNUTHILL TWP ROSS TWP Flood Hazard Areas POLK TWP POLK TWP ELDRED TWP 1% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Floodway 0.2% Annual Chance Flood Hazard Cultural Resources (with Key Number)!( Significant Resource Significant Historic District Municipal Boundaries Municipal Boundary County Boundary ROSS TWP ELDRED TWP Note - "Significant" Resources are those that are NRHP Listed, NRHP Eligible, Recommended by AECOM to be NRHP-Eligible, Recommended Community Landmark, or Recommended for Further Research.!( !( LACKAWANNA WAYNE PIKE LUZERNE New Jersey!( ROSS TWP CARBON LEHIGH NORTHAMPTON Disaster Planning for Historic Properties Initiative ELDRED TWP COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA COUNTY OF MONROE ELDRED TWP Mi Km