The Compendium Report: The U.S. JHSAT Baseline of Helicopter Accident Analysis. Volume II

Transcription

1 U.S. Joint Helicopter Safety Analysis Team The Compendium Report: The U.S. JHSAT Baseline of Helicopter Accident Analysis Volume II (CY2000, CY2001, CY2006) To The International Helicopter Safety Team July 2011 Summary The U.S.-JHSAT analyzed 523 U.S. registered helicopter accidents that occurred in CY2000, CY2001 and CY2006. This report establishes a baseline for future work by the U.S. Joint Helicopter Implementation Measurement Analysis Team (JHIMDAT). This report contains the combined JHSAT analysis of ALL accidents and introduces recommendations which may have prevented these particular accidents and if implemented potentially avoid similar accidents in the future.

2 Table of Contents Appendix A U.S. JHSAT Methodology... 1 Appendix B Occurrence Category by Mission... 2 Appendix C Top 20 Standard Problem Statement (SPS) Level Appendix D Top 20 (IR) Level Appendix E s Summary... 6 Appendix F Pilot Flight Times II

3 Appendix A U.S. JHSAT Methodology The JHSAT modified the original CAST process to better account for helicopter accident data, which is considerably less detailed than commercial accident data. In helicopter accidents, there is often lack of recorded data from the helicopters and lack of in-depth government investigation of the accidents. The report addresses these data deficits and makes recommendations to address them. IHST representatives have met with the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board on multiple occasions to suggest methodologies for improving helicopter accident investigations. In its analysis of a second year of U.S. helicopter accidents (CY2001) the JHSAT used best practices previously developed, with modifications suggested by IHST partners who had initiated helicopter accident analysis in Europe. The JHSAT process now uses helicopter-specific Problem Categories and Statements, and helicopter-specific Categories and Statements. Starting with its analyses of CY2001 accidents, the JHSAT used occurrence categories (e.g.: Loss of Control, System Component Failure, autorotations, etc.) instead of mission categories to group similar accidents. By assigning occurrence categories to each accident, the team categorized accidents according to where the accident happened, what the pilot or crew were doing, the result, and the environmental conditions under which the accident occurred. This analysis methodology is intended to allow a better understanding of the data, and promote effective safety implementation strategies by the U.S. JHSIT and others. CY2000 data was later amended to include these categories. The dataset of accidents of the U.S.-registered helicopter fleet for the CY2000, CY2001 and CY2006 were analyzed using National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident report dockets. Accidents involving kit-built helicopters were not included in this study. The JHSAT analyzed 197 CY2000 accidents (which included 2 foreign registered), 174 CY2001 accidents and 152 CY2006 accidents. As of this report, the U.S. JHSAT has analyzed 523 rotorcraft accidents. issues were reported in SPS, s and Occurrence findings for all years. The JHSAT noted that most of the reports lacked digital or investigative data necessary to fully determine the accident circumstances. The result is a less than ideal identification of specific mitigations that would prevent similar accidents in the future. While incomplete reporting does not directly cause accidents, the lack of a definitive determination of accident causal factors may result in lost opportunities for accident prevention, with the possibility of similar accidents occurring in the future as a result of this missing information. The CY2006 Report has a more complete discussion of this issue. This Compendium presents the issues percentages in SPS, IRs and Occurrences tables but does not further analyze them. 1

4 Appendix B Occurrence Category by Mission Aerial Application Aerial Observation Air Tour / Sightseeing Business Commercial Electronic News Gathering Emergency Medical Services External Load Firefighting Instructional/Training Law Enforcement Logging Offshore Personal/Private Utilities Patrol / Construction Grand Total -F H M P E P DATA NI Post Carb Cont Ex St DR EP GR Int LTE OL PM SP TD P U E H

5 Aerial Application Aerial Observation Air Tour / Sightseeing Business Commercial Electronic News Gathering Emergency Medical Services External Load Firefighting Instructional/Training Law Enforcement Logging Offshore Personal/Private Utilities Patrol / Construction Grand Total -M U HTOL LALT/M Obj Oth Reg FG FL GW 1 1 -IIMC N SG W/B TS Grand Total

6 Appendix C Top 20 Standard Problem Statement (SPS) Level 3 Rank SPS Level 1 SPS Level 3 All % All 1 Pilot Judgment & Actions Autorotation Forced % 2 Pilot Judgment & Actions Disregarded cues that should have led to termination of current course of action or maneuver % 3 Pilot Judgment & Actions Pilot control/handling deficiencies % 4 Maintenance Failure to perform proper maintenance procedure % 5 Pilot Judgment & Actions Autorotation Practice % 6 Pilot Situational Awareness Aircraft position and hazards % 7 Pilot Judgment & Actions Inappropriate Energy/power management % 8 Pilot Judgment & Actions Pilot s flight profile unsafe Altitude % 9 Pilot Judgment & Actions Pilot decision making % 10 Ground Duties Inadequate consideration of weather/wind % 11 Ground Duties 12 Pilot Judgment & Actions Performance of Aircraft Preflight procedures inadequate Inadequate and untimely CFI action to correct student action % % 13 Part/System Failure Engine Component Failure % 14 Pilot Judgment & Actions Selection of inappropriate landing site % 15 Safety Management Management policies/oversight inadequate % 16 Pilot Judgment & Actions Willful disregard for rules and SOPs % 17 Pilot Judgment & Actions Improper recognition and response to dynamic rollover % 18 Post-Crash Survival Post-Crash Fire % 19 Pilot Judgment & Actions Failed to follow procedures % 20 Pilot Judgment & Actions Diverted Attention % 4

7 Appendix D Top 20 (IR) Level 3 Rank IR Level 1 IR Level 3 All % All 1 Training/Instructional Autorotation Training Program % 2 Maintenance Follow ICA procedures with confirmation of compliance % 3 Training/Instructional Simulator Training - Advanced Maneuvers % 4 Safety Management Personal Risk Management Program (IMSAFE) % 5 Training/Instructional 6 Maintenance Training emphasis for maintaining awareness of cues critical to safe flight Better Mx QA oversight to ensure adherence to the ICA/Manual % % 7 Safety Management Mission Specific Risk Management Program % 8 Training/Instructional Enhanced Aircraft Performance & Limitations Training % 9 Training/Instructional Emergency Procedures Training % 10 Training/Instructional CFI judgment and decision making training to follow student more closely % 11 Systems and Equipment Install proximity detection system % 12 Training/Instructional In-flight Power/Energy Management Training % 13 Safety Management Establish/Improve Company Risk Management Program % 14 /Information Install data recording devices % 15 Safety Management 16 Safety Management Use Operational Risk Management Program (Preflight) Use Operational Risk Management Program (Inflight) % % 17 Training/Instructional Simulator Training - Basic Maneuvers % 18 Training/Instructional Risk assessment/management training % 19 Training/Instructional Dynamic Rollover Training % 20 Regulatory Recommend enforcement action - certificate suspension/revocation % 5

8 Appendix E s Summary Code Occurrence Total D0000 /Information % D1000 Investigation % D1010 D1020 D1030 D1040 D1050 Improve quality and depth of NTSB investigation and reporting Provide feedback to the NTSB through Academy for the need for root cause analysis and more thorough documentation Require assessment of student training adequacy when student pilots involved in accidents Require std log book format and identification Require further investigation of flight critical parts failures % % % % D1060 Maintain a tight chain of custody on event evidence Congress to provide adequate field D1070 accident investigation resources % D1099 Investigation - Other % D2000 Recorder % Install cockpit D2010 recording devices % Install data recording D2020 devices % Install platform video D2030 recording devices % Real time performance D2040 monitoring via satellite D2099 Recorder - Other 0.0% Disseminate safety D3000 info % Establish means to disseminate safety D3010 critical info to pilots, i.e., web site Increase awareness D3020 of common accident causes % 6

9 Code D3030 D3040 D3050 D3060 D3099 E0000 E1000 E1001 E1002 E1003 Increase awareness of common risks associated with GSE via "traveling" workshops Update Rotorcraft Flying Handbook Develop stand alone risk assessment /management handbook for Part 91 community Similar to rotorcraft flying handbook, include decision making National Ag A/C Association (NAAA) develop Best Practices Disseminate safety info - Other Systems and Equipment Cockpit Indication/Warning Add external load meter Requirement for recorded load cell Automated cyclic load measuring equipment % % % E1004 Automate carb antiice function, early warning alert function % Ground equipment/tie Down E1005 still attached Warning or break away capability % Install door/cowl E1006 positive latch warning indication % Install low rotor E1007 warning Low airspeed E1008 indicator/warning % LTE indication E1009 system % Fuel System E1010 improvements % E1011 Hover drift indicator % Modify cockpit design E add switch guard Modify cockpit design E change annunciation system E1014 E1015 E1099 E2000 Provide power avail vs power required indicator Recommend functional attitude indicator for night flight Cockpit Indication/Warning - Other Situational Awareness Enhancers % % 7

10 Code E2010 Install EVS/SVS/NVG % Install HTAWS E2020 equipment % Train and equip with E2030 HTAWS, radar alt, % EVS, SVS E2040 Install radar altimeter % Install proximity E2050 detection system % E2060 TR strike protection % Install rearward E2070 camera/video % Short-term autohover E2080 recovery system % Wire detection E2090 system for low alt ops % Situational E2099 Awareness Enhancers - Other % Post Incident E3000 Survivability % Install / use shoulder E3010 harnesses for all occupants % E3020 Install WSPS % Install engine auto E3030 relight kit % Crash resistant fuel E3040 systems % Improve helicopter E3050 specific ELT practices/standards % Use EPIRB or E3060 personal location device % Post Incident E3099 Survivability - Other % E4000 PAH corrective action % Design approval holder implement E4010 corrective action and mitigate field risk % Improved OEM E4020 manufacturing quality assurance % Modify RFM - add warning to E4030 emergency % procedure Recall affected components once E4040 hazard/failure is identified PAH corrective action E Other % I0000 Infrastructure % I1000 Communications % Establish radio frequency I1010 compatibility standards Use of direct ground I1020 to AC communication % 8

11 Code I1030 FAA installation of ADS-B in GOM to facilitate IFR operations in adverse Wx and at night Communications - I1099 Other I2000 Ground support % training for I2010 ground/ personnel % Improved first I2020 responder training Operator mark/paint intended touchdown point on platform; I2030 and/or provide marshaller to guide platform landings % Scheduled Mx check I2040 on windsock and fix on first failure noticed Ground support - I2099 Other % I3000 Pilot history % Develop industry standards for data I3010 collection and sharing % of pilot history for hiring/screening I3020 Expand the Pilot Records Improvement Act to include rotorcraft pilots % Aviation Medical Examiner cross check all available I3030 medical records before issuing Medical Certificate Post Incident I3099 Survivability - Other 0.0% I4000 Wx info % I4010 Better pilot availability/access to Wx information % Implement local Wx PIREP system for I4020 intra/inter company flights % Prevention of I4030 improper modification of Wx/nav aids I4099 Wx Info - Other M0000 Maintenance % M1000 QA % Better Mx QA oversight to ensure M1010 adherence to the % ICA/Manual Training for Mx M1020 supervisor Improve preflight M1030 and/or Mx % inspections M1040 Mx Ops foreign debris/object safety review 9

12 Code M1045 Follow procedures in Mx/installation manual % Procedures to prevent release of M1050 Aircraft in unairworthy status % Require maintainer M1060 certification for TOT system Mx Use only FAA approved airworthy M1070 parts with known history % M1099 QA - Other % M2000 FCF % M2010 Establish company SOPs for conduct of Mx FCF % Conduct Mx FCF risk M2020 assessment % Clarify Mx FCF M2030 requirements for RTS M2099 FCF - Other 0.0% M3000 Instructions for Continued Airworthiness (ICA) % Follow ICA procedures with M3010 confirmation of compliance % Evaluate adequacy of M3020 published ICA % Automated M3030 component life monitoring Adopt civil aircraft Mx standards and M3040 applicable ICA's for mil surplus aircraft % M3099 ICA - Other M4000 Recorder/Monitor % Engine Monitoring System (EMS) - M4010 impending failure warning % Install part failure M4020 detection system (HUMS) % M4030 Install performance trending equipment, % HOMP M4040 Install HUMS/HOMP % Recorder/Monitor - M4099 Other 0.0% Records M5000 Management % Establish Mx records systems, enhance M5010 retention requirements % Audit of Mx record M5020 keeping and actions taken % 10

13 Code Establish system to allow for reliable M5030 surplus parts tracking/identification % M5099 Records Mgmt Other % N0000 No % R0000 Regulatory % R1000 Oversight % R1010 R1020 R1030 R1040 R1050 R1060 R1070 R1080 R1090 SUPs investigation/ enforcement actions Improve Government oversight of critical part Mx records Establish risk based process for mil surplus part oversight Improved Gov oversight Public Use Require applicants to show engineering knowledge and capability to meet design requirements as TC holders Identify gov't agency responsible for mitigating field risk (recall) Improve design /system safety on field approval Increased Gov oversight of ops Increased Gov oversight of MX % % % % 1099 Oversight - Other % R2000 Regulations/Standard % R2001 R2002 R2003 R2004 R2005 R2006 Accelerate rulemaking and policy (HTAWS, SVS, EVS) Adopt ICAO annex 14 helideck stds Improve BLM/MMS stds and oversight of offshore landing platforms Recommend Public Use comply with civil standards Review FAA practice for approval of restricted to normal category aircraft Review/update Reg requirements - IMC recovery training % 0.0% 11

14 Code R2007 Enhanced regulation or guidance for external load ops to minimize overloading (update AC133-1a?) R2008 FAA order Restricted Cat Type Cert (2/27/06) % Require public use aircraft to adopt Interagency Committee R2009 for Aviation Policy Review and update responsibility of POIs R2010 to identify and help operators mitigate hazards Update AC 150/ D, Spec for R2011 Windcones, to preclude improper modifications Review and update part 135 ops HBATs/regulations R2012 that cover requirements for training Regulations/Standard R2099 s - Other % R3000 Disciplinary action % Recommend enforcement action - R3010 certificate % suspension/revocatio n R3020 FAA remedial action % Disciplinary action targeted at the R3030 individual actually performing the Mx % Disciplinary action - R3099 Other R4000 Aircraft Registry % Easily accessed database of aircraft R4010 serial number, % history, use, etc Aircraft Registry - R4099 Other 0.0% S0000 Safety Management % Flight ops S1000 management % Formalized ops S1010 oversight program % Establish/assert operational S1020 control/oversight by operator % Improved supervisory S1030 and operational oversight % Establish mission specific SOP and S1040 flight ops oversight program % 12

15 Code S1050 Expand cold Wx operations procedures to include precautions to prevent engine inlet snow/ice accumulation % Increased company briefing requirements regarding local area S1060 obstructions to include on-board charts % Procedural intentional S1070 non-compliance (PINC) training % Flight ops S1099 management - Other S2000 New Employees % Improve company ability to assess risks S2010 of low time pilot assignment % Improve company S2020 ability to assess risks of new employees % Practice Require demonstrated S2030 proficiency before solo operation to remote platforms Preliminary screening S2040 in simulator New Employees - S2099 Other 0.0% S3000 SOP - Ops Mgt % Develop pilot decision aid S3001 regarding Wx and % alternate routing while inflight S3002 Ensure company SOPs establish Wx % ops minimums S3003 Establish company SOPs disallow flying in adverse Wx at night except under IFR Establish SOP / procedure for S3004 continuing from interrupted checklist event % Establish HOMP S3005 monitoring program % Establish more comprehensive inflight S3006 communication for group movement of aircraft Establish more comprehensive S3007 preflight planning SOP for group movement of aircraft S3008 Establish policy to reduce risk of VFR into adverse Wx % 13

16 Code S3009 S3010 S3011 S3012 S3013 S3014 S3015 S3016 S3017 S3018 S3019 S3020 S3021 S3022 S3023 S3024 S3025 S3026 Establish preapproved designated Establish preflight maneuver briefings Establish procedures to evaluate risk reduction benefits merits of installing optional equipment Establish refueling SOP that provides for proper refueling and fuel quantity measurement (of all fuel tanks) Establish risk assessment program that addresses the potential for VFR into adverse Wx and night flight ops Establish risk assessment program to address adverse Wx flight ops Establish SOP / procedure for remote ops pilots to ensure all preps complete before commencing startup for takeoff Establish SOP for selection of off airport or remote Establish standardized training for platform ops/sops Hot/expedited loading SOP briefings and conditional situation checklists Implement a company flight following system to include updated Wx, location, risk eval Implement pilot/dispatch clrnc procedures with rq'd items Obtain standard Wx briefing Operator require pilot emphasis on proper checklist procedures Require proficiency check for low time helicopter pilots Revise company checklist to be consistent with OEM checklist SOP requirement for landing site recon before landing at any remote site Standardized operational briefings and conditional situation checklists % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 14

17 Code S3027 Strengthen SOPs relative to gear loose in aircraft cabin WX training to emphasize mission S3028 abort in deteriorating WX conditions % SOP - Ops Mgt - S3099 Other S4000 SOP - Ops Pilot % SOP directed S4010 preflight planning procedures % Enforce use of S4020 published preflight planning procedures % Insure adequate consideration is given S4030 to Wx during preflight planning % Formal Preflight S4035 Briefing Guide for flight procedures % S4040 Conduct site reconnaissance at safe altitude % Conduct a ground survey for an unimproved field site S4050 prior to being used % for autorotation training Training and recognition on S4060 suitable landing site selection % Decision making S4070 training for operations in wind % Increase nearby S4080 hazard awareness % Clean glare free windscreen S4090 fundamental checklist item for Ag ops SOP - Ops Pilot - S4099 Other S5000 SOP - MX % S5010 Terminate FCF test when acceptable parameters exceeded Adopt civil aircraft Mx standards and S5020 applicable ICA's for public use aircraft Follow requirements laid out in the flight S5030 manual - install both particle separator and deflector S5099 SOP - MX - Other 0.0% SOP - Mission S6000 Specific % Establish operator SOP to ensure S6010 functional preflight of mission equipment % 15

18 Code S6015 Establish SOP for Night Vision Google operations % Improved power/performance S6020 margin planning for specific mission % SOP - Mission S6099 Specific - Other % S7000 SOP - Compliance % Enforce company S7010 SOP % Establish oversight to ensure compliance S7020 with published % procedures in AFM Operator require pilot emphasis on proper S7030 preflight check % procedures Follow SOPs for S7040 departing into wind % SOP - Compliance - S7099 Other Risk S8000 Assessment/Manage ment % Establish/Improve Company Risk S8005 Management Program % Use Operational Risk S8010 Management Program (Preflight) % S8020 S8030 S8040 Use Operational Risk Management Program (Inflight) Establish/Improve Maintenance Risk Management Program Mission Specific Risk Management Program % % % S8050 Personal Risk Management Program (IMSAFE) % Enforce Compliance with Risk S8060 Management 0.0% Program S8099 Risk Assessment/Manage ment - Other S9000 Safety Culture % Establish risk assessment program S9010 to eliminate culture of non-compliance % Proactive correction S9020 of known safety risks % Periodic Safety Audit S9030 of heliport S9099 Safety culture - Other T0000 Training/Instructional % T1000 Basic Training % 16

19 Code Enhanced Aircraft T1010 Systems Training % Enhanced Aircraft T1020 Performance & Limitations Training % Enhanced Mission T1030 Planning Training % Aircraft Preflight T1035 Procedures % Ground Hazard T1040 Awareness/Proximity Training % Inflight Power/Energy T1050 Management Training % Simulator Training - T1060 Basic Maneuvers % Basic Training - T1099 Other % Advanced Maneuver T2000 Training % Autorotation Training T2010 Program % LTE Training T2020 Program % Inadvertent IMC T2030 Training % Dynamic Rollover T2040 Training % Emergency T2050 Procedures Training % Simulator Training - T2060 Advanced Maneuvers % Advanced Maneuver T2099 Training - Other % T3000 CFI Training % Improve preflight T3010 planning / briefings % Training and Refresher training on T3020 advanced handling techniques / cues / procedures for CFIs % CFI judgment and decision making T3030 training to follow student more closely % CFI training to take T3040 charge despite age or total exp differences % T3050 T3060 CFI utilization of Risk Management techniques Change training program to improve safety margin % % T3070 Increase CFI training on cues for low RPM, airspeed issues % Require CFI endorsement for T3080 advanced maneuvers by students % T3099 CFI Training - Other % T4000 M/M transition % T4001 Application of risk assessment model, currency requirement % 17

20 Code Classroom and in T4002 type sim training % Ensure use of T4003 adequate transition training program % Establish new T4004 equipment training program % Model specific sim T4005 training for low time in type pilots % Model specific T4006 transition training % Require systems familiarization, T4007 increased requirements for M/M transition training % Specialized training for pilots migrating T4010 from fixed to rotor % wing aircraft Systems familiarization, increased T4011 requirements for transition training from turbine to piston Type familiarization T4012 pilot training Use pilot handbook/guide for mission planning, risk assessment T4013 Handbook could be aircraft/engine class specific (single/piston, etc) 0.0% Simulator training - T4060 M/M specific % T4099 M/M transition - Other 0.0% T5000 Mission specific % Company- Ensure new pilot training includes Back to T5001 Basics elements and a mandatory review of the Rotorcraft Flying Handbook Company new T5002 employee ops training % Enhanced training in type of maneuvers T5003 being performed in % this operation External load / T5004 training % Insure adequate T5005 training on aircraft operations in snow % Mission specific training focused on wind, night, low, slow, T5007 at or near maximum gross weight and orbiting % Operational training T5008 for known hazards in event area % 18

21 Code Proficiency training night aerial T5009 application and landings Push "mission specific" best practice info into existing T5010 company training programs for elevated helipads Push "mission specific" best practice T5011 into existing company % training program Push "nearby object awareness" best practice info into T5012 existing company and % customer training programs Require proper training and proficiency before allowing pilots taking T5013 off and landing on trailers/dolly. Add to Basic Helicopter Handbook Standard approach T5014 training for rooftop helipads % Training in long line T5015 SOPs % Training in mountain T5016 flying % Training in recovery from settling with power situations and the hazards of T5017 landing and or maneuvering in tailwinds and mountainous terrain % Simulator Training - T5060 Mission Specific Training % Mission Specific - T5099 Other 0.0% T6000 Safety Training % T6001 ADM training % AMRM training and T6002 utilization(ac00-64) % T6005 CRM training % Develop a "Rotorwings" T6006 program similar to the "Wings" program % Flight training on T6007 common operational pilot errors % Increase student training on cues for T6008 low RPM airspeed issue % Mission specific risk T6009 assessment training % Mission specific risk T6010 assessment training - Ag Ops % 19

22 Code Mission specific risk assessment training - T6011 EMS dispatch/comm 0.0% center personnel T6012 Mission specific risk assessment training - external load % Mission specific risk T6013 management training % Plt judgment training T6014 risk assessment % Precautionary landing T6015 decision making training % T6016 Recurrence training T6017 Risk assessment/manage ment training % SMS specialized T6018 EMS ADM training % Training emphasis for maintaining T6019 awareness of cues critical to safe flight % Training emphasis on techniques for T6020 maintaining visual % alertness Training emphasis on techniques for T6021 maintaining visual contact % Training for awareness of flight T6022 time/waypoint progress % Training on optimum aircraft operating T6023 regimes during an emergency situation % Safety Training - T6099 Other % 20

23 Appendix F Pilot Flight Times Pilot Flight Times All Accidents 25,000 Accident Rotorcraft Pilot Hours 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Aerial Application Aerial Observation Air Tour / Sightseeing Business Commercial Electronic News Gathering Emergency Medical Services External Load Firefighting Instructional/Training Law Enforcement Logging Offshore Personal/Private Utilities Patrol / Construction All Missions Min Max Median 25,000 Accident Rotorcraft Make/Model Pilot Hours 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Aerial Application Aerial Observation Air Tour / Sightseeing Business Commercial Electronic News Gathering Emergency Medical Services External Load Firefighting Instructional/Training Law Enforcement Logging Offshore Personal/Private Utilities Patrol / Construction All Missions Min Max Median 21

24 for All Accidents Accident Rotorcraft Pilot Hours Make / Model Pilot Hours Count Pilots Min Median Average Max Pilots Min Median Average Max Aerial Application ,365 5,407 18, ,263 2,319 9,000 Aerial Observation ,946 3,931 10, ,790 8,000 Air Tour / Sightseeing ,630 5,758 25, ,187 2,628 22,000 Business ,824 5,560 16, ,963 Commercial ,096 5,679 23, ,015 2,575 19,500 Electronic News Gathering ,291 3,991 11, ,246 1,762 5,470 Emergency Medical Services ,328 4,628 5,566 11, ,000 External Load ,051 4,100 6,598 14, ,253 3,171 14,500 Firefighting ,150 6,624 19, ,631 2,609 15,000 Instructional/Training ,199 17, ,586 Law Enforcement ,350 2,369 9, ,350 Logging ,000 9,576 9,473 20, ,073 2,736 6,500 Offshore ,608 9,293 22, ,792 11,070 Personal/Private ,184 16, ,000 Utilities Patrol / Construction ,090 4,468 6,411 23, ,034 2,622 9,647 All Missions ,249 4,173 25, ,455 22,000 Note: Pilot Flight Time was not available in all NTSB Accident data. 22

25 Pilot Flight Times Fatal Accidents 25,000 Fatal Accident Rotorcraft Pilot Hours 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Aerial Application Aerial Observation Air Tour / Sightseeing Business Commercial Electronic News Gathering Emergency Medical Services External Load Firefighting Instructional/Training Law Enforcement Logging Offshore Personal/Private Utilities Patrol / Construction All Missions Min Max Median 12,000 Fatal Accident Rotorcraft Make/Model Pilot Hours 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Aerial Application Aerial Observation Air Tour / Sightseeing Business Commercial Electronic News Gathering Emergency Medical Services External Load Firefighting Instructional/Training Law Enforcement Logging Offshore Personal/Private Utilities Patrol / Construction All Missions Min Max Median 23

26 for Fatal Accidents Accident Rotorcraft Pilot Hours Make / Model Pilot Hours Count Pilots Min Median Average Max Pilots Min Median Average Max Aerial Application 4 1 9,000 9,000 9,000 9, Aerial Observation ,744 2,378 7, ,699 Air Tour / Sightseeing 3 3 1,187 2,794 5,535 12, ,187 Business ,507 3,507 6, ,537 1,537 3,000 Commercial 7 7 2,250 4,500 5,040 10, ,485 2,307 8,000 Electronic News Gathering 3 3 1,819 2,291 2,928 4, Emergency Medical Services ,328 3,342 4,558 11, ,859 External Load Firefighting 7 7 1,893 4,000 6,662 15, ,640 2,527 4,306 Instructional/Training ,296 3,503 11, ,800 Law Enforcement , Logging 4 4 2,000 4,679 7,877 20, ,073 2,511 5,000 Offshore 4 4 1,984 7,276 7,997 15, ,928 4,246 11,070 Personal/Private , ,200 Utilities Patrol / Construction 3 2 5,090 8,734 8,734 12, ,543 1,543 2,146 All Missions ,400 3,954 20, ,265 11,070 Note: Pilot Flight Time was not available in all NTSB Accident data. 24

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28 GOAL -- THE IHST HAS SET AN AGGRESSIIVE GOAL OF REDUCIING THE WORLDWIIDE CIIVIIL HELIICOPTER ACCIIDENT RATES BY 80% IIN 10 YEARS.. IHST 217 N. Washington Street Alexandria, VA USA TEL: FAX: