Overview. Preface. Introduction 1

Transcription

1 Overview Preface IX XIII Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Applicable legal regime and legal classification of space tourists S 1.1 Applicable legal regime Legal characterisation of space tourists 29 Chapter 2 Criminal law and security issues Criminal jurisdiction and crimes in international law Preventive measures Disciplinary authority 57 Conclusion on criminal law and security issues 59 Chapter 3 Private International Law Judicial jurisdiction Choice of Laws 72 Conclusion on private international law 82 Chapter 4 Contractual claims International Law National and regional regulations on liability Personal accident insurance Liability of travel sellers 124 Conclusion on contractual claims 127 Chapter 5 Extra-contractual claims Collisions with other flying objects Negligent certification Product liability Liability of spaceport operators Third-party liability of SFPs 172 Conclusion on extra-contractual claims 173 Legal status of space tourists in commercial suborbital flights: Current situation and outlook to the future 175 Current situation 175 Outlook to the future 178 XI Bibliografische Informationen digitalisiert durch

2 Overview Der Rechtsstatus der Weltraumtouristen im Rahmen kommerzieller suborbitaler Flüge - Zusammenfassung Gegenwärtiger Stand Ausblick in die Zukunft 198 Annex - Examples of suborbital vehicles 203 Abbreviations 205 Bibliography 209 Index 225 XII

3 Preface Overview... Introduction Chapter 1 Applicable legal regime and legal classification of space tourists 1.1 Applicable legal regime Spatial theories Physical boundaries Conventional boundary Customary boundary International customary law in general The altitude of the lowest perigee of satellites and international customary law The views in theory Evaluation of the views on customary boundary of outer space Arguments presented in favour and against spatialism General evaluation of spatialism Functional theory Arguments presented in favour and against functionalism! General evaluation of the functional theory The UNCOPUOS questionnaire on legal issues of the aerospace planes Legal nature of suborbital vehicles Suborbital vehicles as aircraft Technical definition of'aircraft' Spatial definition of'aircraft' Suborbital vehicles as space objects Definition of'space object' Orbital capacity! Launch Beginning of launch ,4 Conclusion on suborbital vehicles as space objects The role of registration Conclusion on the legal nature of suborbital vehicles Conclusion on the applicable legal regime. 1.2 Legal characterisation of space tourists Space Treaties Astronauts as envoys of mankind - Art. V OST Astronauts as possessing supranational status Envoys of mankind as lacking practical importance Evaluation Assistance and salvage - Rescue Agreement IX XI XIII

4 Rescue provisions of the Moon Agreement Other instruments of space law ISS US legislation Ordinary meaning Context Object and purpose Intermediate conclusion Applicability of the Space Treaties to space tourists Conclusion on legal characterisation of the space tourists 38 Chapter 2 Criminal law and security issues Criminal jurisdiction and crimes in international law General remarks Distinctions and principles of international criminal jurisdiction Concurrent jurisdictions Nullum crimen sine lege Extradition Criminal jurisdiction and crimes in international air law The Chicago Convention The Tokyo Convention Applicability to suborbital flights The provisions of the Convention The Hague Convention The Montreal Convention and the Montreal Protocol Addressing new and emerging threats in aviation ICAO Assembly Resolution on Unruly Passengers Criminal jurisdiction and crimes in international space law Jurisdiction and control Personnel Concurrent jurisdictions Applicability to suborbital flights International criminal jurisdiction and crimes in national laws Conclusion on mternational criminal jurisdiction and crimes Preventive measures International law-annex 17 to the CC US law EU law and other national legislations Conclusion on preventive measures Disciplinary authority Air law Space law Conclusion on disciplinary authority 59 Conclusion on criminal law and security issues 59 Chapter 3 Private International Law Judicial jurisdiction 61 XIV

5 3.1.1 US law General requirements Forum-selection clauses Forum non conveniens European Union law General rule Special jurisdiction Forum non conveniens Russian Federation International air law Passenger liability of the air carrier Applicability de lege lata Competent courts Applicability de lege ferenda Third-party liability of the aircraft operator Applicability de lege lata Competent courts Applicability de lege ferenda Conclusion on judicial jurisdiction Choice of Laws US law Territorial or vested-rights theory Most significant relationship Governmental interests and comparative impairment Choice influencing considerations Combined approach or eclecticism Pervasive problems European Union Contractual obligations Contractual obligations Freedom of choice Applicable law in the absence of choice Consumer contracts Torts General rule Product liability Freedom of choice Russian Federation Contracts Torts Conclusion on choice-of-laws 81 Conclusion on private mternational law 82 Chapter 4 Contractual claims mternational Law International air law Applicability of international air law on air carrier liability to suborbital flights de lege lata Main characteristics of the Warsaw Convention 87 XV

6 Establishment of the operator's liability under the Warsaw Convention Risks covered-'accident' Compensation for mental injuries Liability period of the operator under the Warsaw Convention Defences of operators under the Warsaw Convention Unlimited liability of operators From Warsaw to Montreal - Amendments to the Warsaw Convention The Montreal Convention of Applicability of the Warsaw Convention and Montreal Convention to suborbital flights de lege ferenda Uniform rules in the spirit of the Warsaw System Structure of the operator's liability Accident Mental injuries Liability period Liability of the actual carrier Uniform rules in the spirit of the Montreal Convention Conclusion on the applicability of international air law to suborbital flights International space law-the 1972 Liability Convention Applicability to suborbital flights de lege lata Main characteristics of the Liability Convention and applicability to suborbital flights National and regional regulations on liability Common law Common carriers and private carriers Suborbital operators as carriers The law in the US The CSLAA and the FAA Human Spaceflight Requirements Informed consent The policy behind the requirement for informed consent and its consequences Exculpatory agreements on liability under US law Assumption of risk Liability waivers Enforceability of liability waivers Ill Informed consent and ITAR Special case: Liability for incompetent or insufficiently trained crewmembers State statutes Conclusion on contractual claims under US law The law in Europe and in the Russian Federation EU law Liability of air carriers in the EU Contractual exclusions of liability under EU law French law German law UK law Russian law 121 XVI

7 Conclusion on contractual claims under the law in Europe and in the Russian Federation 4.3 Personal accident insurance 4.4 Liability of travel sellers US law EU law Conclusion on liability of travel sellers 126 Conclusion on contractual claims 127 Chapter 5 Extra-contractual claims Collisions with other flying objects International law International space law International State responsibility and liability distinguished 130 International responsibility of States 130 International liability of States 131 International responsibility in space law 132 Content of international responsibility in space law National activities 133 Appropriate State The views in literature Interpretation of appropriate State by national legislations Conclusion on appropriate State Consequences for suborbital flights International liability in space law Launching State Launching State and private space activities Extent of liability Exoneration Compensation and damage Settlement of claims Applicability to suborbital flights International air law The 1952 Rome Convention The 2009 Montreal Conventions on third party liability 141 of aircraft operators 141,2.2.1 Applicability to suborbital flights 141,2.2.2 Type of liability Damages covered Applicability de lege ferenda Domestic law Liability of aircraft operators Liability of ATS providers Conclusion on collisions with other flying objects Negligent certification International law 147 XVII

8 International space law International air law ' National laws EU law Certification of suborbital vehicles Liability for negligent certification US law Certification of suborbital vehicles Liability for negligent certification Conclusion on liability for negligent certification Product liability US law Notion of defectiveness Types of defects Bases of liability The negligence theory The warranty theory Strict liability in tort Defences Punitive damages Immunity from liability for manufacturers of suborbital equipment EU law Defective Product Producer Damage Strict liability and defences Concurrent domestic laws Russian Federation Consumer Protection Act Notion of defect Strict liability and defences Liability pursuant to the Russian Civil Code Conclusion on product liability claims Liability of spaceport operators US federal law US state law Liability of airport operators Conclusion on liability of spaceport operators Third-party liability of SFPs 172 Conclusion on extra-contractual claims 173 Legal status of space tourists in commercial suborbital flights: Current situation and outlook to the future 175 Current situation 175 Outlook to the future 17g XVIII

9 Der Rechtsstatus der Weltraumtouristen im Rahmen kommerzieller suborbitaler Flüge - Zusammenfassung Gegenwärtiger Stand Ausblick in die Zukunft 198 Annex - Examples of suborbital vehicles 203 Abbreviations 205 Bibliography 209 Index 225 XIX