Flight Simulation Group. Newsletter. November 2012

Transcription

1 Flight Simulation Group Newsletter November 2012 New Readers please register as FSG members on the FSG website ( to ensure that you receive this newsletter via the FSG mailing list. Editorial Research Who Needs It? Back in September, I had the opportunity to attend an FAA workshop at NASA Ames, looking at future research topics that could increase safety and make flight training more effective. For an academic from the UK, it was a revelation for thirty years the CAA has been a no-go area for academic research. Fair enough, we ve all been hit by cuts, but for universities, where research is the life blood, flight simulation is a particularly difficult area to work in because there is a dearth of funding opportunities in the UK; simulator manufacturers tend to do their own R&D in-house, airlines don t see a need for research unless it directly increases the profit margin and aircraft manufacturers view flight simulation as bought-in equipment. For universities in the UK, this leaves the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) as the only viable source of funding. However, applications to EPSRC to investigate problems in a specific sector tend to get the Catch-22 response Well, if the sector thinks it s that important get the sector to fund it! So it was very refreshing to see the FAA organise a workshop, inviting academia, research organisations, airlines, simulator companies and government officials to discuss the problems in flight simulation they would like to see addressed, setting an agenda for future research. Back in the 1970s and 1980s, there was fundamental research in simulator technology but the technology is now mostly off-the-shelf and in the last twenty years, research in flight simulation has, for the most part, been neglected. Of course, when initiatives such as ICATEE come along, everyone asks Where s all the research to enable us to make informed decisions? Arguably, flight simulation is reaching something of a watershed - either it s an industry which refuses to recognise a need for research (in stark contrast to the disciplines of aerodynamics, structures and propulsion), or it has to find a way to fund research to increase the understanding of the capability of flight simulation. The FAA should be congratulated for at least daring to ask the question. Dave Allerton Dieter Harms is presented with his certificate of Fellowship of the Royal Aeronautical Society by the President Phil Boyle at the International Flight Crew Training Conference. FSG Spring 2012 Conference The joint Flight Simulation Group and Rotorcraft Group (RG) spring conference, titled Rotary Wing Mission Training and Rehearsal and The Role of Flight Simulation, was held over 2½ days on the May 2012, at the Society s headquarters in London. The conference was aimed at introducing public and para-public helicopter operators to emerging training and simulation concepts and technologies in the sphere of their tasks and missions, and the results were to be used to inform the proposed Phase 2 of the ICAO 9625 International Working Group Helicopters, which is extending the Phase 1 training matrix and FSTD standards to include helicopter mission training (see page 6). The conference timing, and its topic and content, were selected to give both the FSG and the RG an opportunity to hold a conference in the limited window resulting from the Society s leasing out its facilities over the London Olympics. The conference theme and FSG target audience were narrower than usual for an FSG spring conference, but the groups worked well together. The final programme, in terms of both speakers and session chairmen, reflected a good balance between the Groups, with operational and training concerns 1

2 complementing the more simulation-focussed issues. The Keynote Address was delivered by Captain Giles Porter, Head of the Civil Aviation Authority s Flight Operations Inspectorate for Helicopters, and the conference heard from Helicopter Emergency Medical Services and offshore operators, Germany s ADAC and Border Police helicopter services, as well as a number of training academies and simulator manufacturers. The need for such training was brought home by presenters analyses of the accident and incident statistics of the US National Transportation Safety Board, and of the International and European Helicopter Safety Teams (IHST and EHST). In all, 23 addresses and papers were delivered covering a broad range of topics. The Conference attracted a total of 83 speakers and delegates, which was a little down on expectations, but it was encouraging that most of them participated in the final session when the IWG-H described its rationale and methodology, and invited support and participation in taking the Group s work forward. Additionally, a number of interesting ideas on helicopter safety and training approaches were aired during the discussion period, and these will be followed up by the representatives of the IHST and EHST. Gordon Woolley FSG Autumn 2012 Conference The annual autumn conference organised by the Flight Simulation Group Flight Simulation Research New Frontiers will be held at 4 Hamilton Place, November The aim of the conference is to bring together developers, researchers, academics and users of simulation technology to share understanding and to appreciate the potential benefits these technologies can bring across the broad spectrum of simulation. This conference will enable pilots, manufacturers, operators and engineers to understand the potential advantages offered by other industries and disciplines and equally for specialists in other sectors to appreciate the capabilities of modern flight simulation and the potential for improvement. 23 papers will be presented during the conference, with sessions covering future simulations, modelling methods, visual and motion cueing and intelligent training. Details of the conference can be found on the Society website at List/258/Flight-Simulation-Research Dave Allerton FSG Autumn 2013 Conference The Autumn 2013 conference The Implications of the Convergence of Digital Media and Social Networks is in the planning stage. A call for papers will be issued before end of the year. The Conference will bring together a wide variety of experts to describe advances in digital media technology and social networks, and will discuss the implications for flight simulation and training. The flight simulation industry has always embraced new innovative technologies to improve simulation and training. These new products and services, made possible by converging technologies such as those found in smart phones, tablets such as the ipad and other hand held devices, and multimedia technologies can change the way we create simulations, learn, deliver training content and interact with each other. This conference will examine the implications of such developments in the context of flight simulation, flight crew training (and possibly aircraft maintenance training), including issues such as modelling and simulation (e.g. serious gaming), integration and synergy with traditional training devices (e.g. Flight Simulator), learning content accessibility (e.g. delivery via services and hand-held devices), instructional techniques, validation and accreditation of courseware and regulatory issues David Parkinson International Flight Crew Training Conference This year s RAeS Annual International Flight Crew Training Conference took the theme Flight Crew Training: Changing the Paradigm and was held on Wednesday 26 and Thursday 27 September at the Society. The conference is jointly hosted by the Air Transport, General Aviation, Human Factors, Flight Operations, Rotorcraft and, of course the Flight Simulation specialist groups. Key figures, including 120 delegates from 19 nations, attended from Europe, North America, the Middle East and the Far East. It followed on from the six previous highly successful conferences since 2006 that have established the International Flight Crew Training Conference as a premier event in both the Society s annual calendar and the diaries of influential people in the flight crew training community. The pilot training paradigm has changed little over the past 60 years, despite very significant changes in aircraft design and air traffic management. The programme examined the resulting issues for flight crew training, instruction and qualification and sought to determine the changes needed in the way that pilots are trained to better fit today s environment and improve further the safety of air travel. This year, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) became the 2

3 competent authority for aviation across the 27 nation states of the EU and four others. The Conference marked the occasion with an especially strong representation from EASA, including the Executive Director, the Chairman of the Management Board, the Rulemaking Director, the Director of Approvals & Standardisation, and the Heads of Department for Flight Operations and Flight Crew Licensing. The Conference included a paper on the new International Pilot Training Consortium (IPTC) - the partnership between the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), the International Federation of Airline Pilots Associations (IFALPA) and the Society and concluded with a wide-ranging Open Forum. A regulatory workshop was also held during the conference to report the status on the adoption of ICAO 9625 Edition 3 Manual of Criteria for the Qualification of FSTDs that the flight simulation group has been closely involved with over the last 6 years. Mark Dransfield Dave Rowland and Peter Barrett 1, Co-chairs of the International Pilot Training Consortium, at the Flight Crew Training Conference held in London September Flight Simulation Silver Medal Award Congratulations to Peter Tharp The Flight Simulation Medal is awarded for notable achievement in the field of flight simulation. As with all the Society's medals, it is awarded in recognition of an individual (not a company) whose work has led to advances in specific sectors of aerospace - in this case of course the area of flight simulation, civil, military, fixed wing or rotary wing as appropriate. It is with great pleasure that the Flight Simulation Group can announce the award of the Flight Simulation Medal to Peter Tharp FRAeS formerly of Thales Training and Simulation. Peter Tharp had a long and successful career in the flight simulation industry, and is a long serving member of the Society's Flight Simulation Group (FSG) and a Past Chairman of the FSG Committee. However, his services to the flight simulation community and to aerospace industry in general, have extended well beyond normal duties. In 2005, he became a founder member and leading light of the ICAO 9625 International Working Group (IWG) - Aeroplanes, and brought his considerable knowledge both of the technical and regulatory aspects of simulator standards to bear on the IWG's work, making a significant contribution to that Group's success in radically restructuring the ICAO standard, to great acclaim. He recognised that, in a fast moving industry, such standards continue to evolve, and on completion of the initial phase immediately joined the RAeS International Committee for Flight Simulation Training Device (FSTD) Qualification (ICFQ), on which he continues to play a key role as Chairman as well as a steering committee member for the RAeS FSG sponsored ICATEE working group on upset recovery and prevention training. Peter has increasingly used his extensive experience and expertise gathered in a long and successful career in the flight simulation industry to serve the wider interests of the simulation and training community, and in recent years has played the pivotal role in initiating, developing, and bringing to fruition a number of globally important and ICAO-recognised, projects, setting standards and procedures to be adopted throughout the industry. His unfailingly good-humoured energy, skill and selflessness are an example to his many colleagues and contacts. Mark Dransfield FAA Workshop The FAA sponsored an international workshop entitled Simulation for Safety during October 20-21, 2012, at Moffett Field, California. Sixty people attended from three sectors: industry, government, and academia. The purpose of the workshop was to develop a top-10 list that each of these three sectors should be working on in order to improve safety. Several items were on each of the lists, including (a) refining and validating cueing requirements; (b) refining simulation for upset prevention and recovery training, and (c) refining and validating the required fidelity for ground and near-ground operations. On the second day, delegates were treated to the last flight of the Space Shuttle Endeavour as it flew over Moffett Field. Jeff Schroeder 1 Both are past members and past Chairman of the Flight Simulation Group. 3

4 Steve explored the relationship between pilot performance and our reliance on training technology and questioned whether in our drive to enhance and improve the technologies we employ have we lost our battle with what he called The Final Frontier - have we failed to control pilot behaviour? Mark Dransfield Merlin Flight Simulation IT FLIES Competition Delegates attending the FAA Workshop Ray Jones Memorial Lecture This year s Captain Ray Jones Memorial Lecture was delivered by Captain Steve Billet from CTC Aviation in the UK at the society on Wednesday 26th September and entitled The Final Frontier (Training Technology V Pilot Performance). Steve started airline flying in 1969, joined Britannia Airways in 1979 and was part of the team in 1984 that introduced the B767 to the airline which is where his involvement with Flight Simulation became more challenging with the introduction of Zero Flight Time. In 1985 he became part of the management team, a first for a co-pilot, through flight simulator to trainer management and was the driving force behind the introduction of CRM training into the airline before leaving to join the embryonic CTC as a co-founder and Director in In CTC Steve has held many roles including Head of Training for both the TRTO and FTO operations. He is an Upper Freeman of the Guild of Air pilots and Navigators and earlier this year received the honour of Fellowship in the Society. This year s lecture, honouring the life and work of Captain Ray Jones, focussed on issues that were close to Ray s heart - the use and qualification of flight simulation (that s training technology) set against Steve s personal concerns about the disparity between technology advances and the decline in pilot performance that is all too evident from the files of the accident and incident regulators, and most visibly portrayed in each weeks copy of Flight magazine. In an industry which leads the world in the use of applied technology, with an all-embracing approach to regulatory requirements, where safety is our daily mantra, where training is itself another application of science, where manuals full of procedures and checklists designed to protect us from ourselves, where threat and error management is an active part of day to day life, where proactive safety management systems exist to mitigate risk so how in the world can we pilots get it so wrong? The second competition in the USA, held on 21 April at the University of Dayton Ohio, resulted in a win for the lone UK representative, Roberto Morujo from Swansea University. The University of Dayton came second with their DC3 aircraft, and third were Pennsylvania State University with their human powered aircraft. This was especially interesting, as the university had already made and flown a full size model, and hopes to enter the aircraft for the Kramer award next year. Professor Dr. Aaron Altman of the University of Dayton visited this year s UK competition, held again at Coventry University, at which the test pilots were Dave Southwood from ETPS and Graham Archer Chief TP at Cobham plc. Eight completely different projects were entered, including simulation of a Bugatti racing aeroplane, an airship, SR71 Blackbird, DC3 and a UAV. As usual the standards achieved by the students were impressive. First prize went to team of second year University of Manchester students with their lightweight training aircraft design. Second prize was awarded to Virginija Januskaite, a Coventry University student from Lithuania, for her design of a UAV. Swansea University s airship design took third prize. Next year s competition in the USA, likely to be held in April, will again be hosted by the University of Dayton Ohio. Three of this year s teams at Coventry have expressed interest in competing and staying on Dayton's campus. Edwin A Link Lecture The sixth Edwin A Link lecture was delivered on May 30 th 2012 after the close of the second day of the Spring Conference by Dick Eastment. His presentation, entitled A Journey Through Flight Simulation, was an entertaining and informative personal account of some 44 years using, instructing on, buying and advising on flight simulation. Details of the 2013 Lecture, scheduled for 12th June 2013, will be announced in the near future. 4

5 Young Persons Board The Young Persons Lecture & Awards Ceremony was held on 29 th October at the RAeS Headquarters. The event had talks from two young people on the topic of Reducing the Environmental Impact of Aviation. This event also celebrates young people s achievement through the presentation of Young Persons Awards and Centennial scholarships. This year s Young Persons Conference is being held on 23 rd November at RAeS Headquarters. The event is based around four lectures given by some of the leading companies and institutions in aerospace and aviation. The theme for the 2012 conference explores Human Contribution vs. Automation in Aerospace. This covers areas such as automation in manufacturing as well as unmanned aerial systems. Christine Fish ICATEE Progress Report The ICATEE team has continued its work to detail proposals aimed at achieving a comprehensive solution to the challenges posed by aircraft upsets and loss of control in flight (LOC-I). ICATEE members have made major contributions to other working groups, notably the FAA LOCART, and to key conferences and seminars. At the general meeting hosted by EASA in Cologne on 5 th and 6 th September, ICATEE agreed on a revised structure for a Manual of Upset Prevention and Recovery, which would include significant improvements in academic, on-aircraft, and FSTD-based training, together with guidance for flight crews, instructors, training providers, and regulators. Part of this is intended for ICAO to consider adopting in the form of high-level guidance. However, the agreed timetable for drafting, review stages and final production of the manual does not fit with the preparatory procedures leading up to the ICAO and LOCART Seminar planned for March ICAO therefore approached the Society to investigate bringing forward the first draft of the sections intended for ICAO s adoption, and which could form an important element of the material for this Seminar. The ICATEE Steering Committee therefore met recently with the Learned Society Board to review the issues and practicality of advancing the timetable for such a draft. This meeting agreed that it would be possible to put together a small working group to provide a draft which, following a short review by ICATEE itself, and peer review by the LSB, could be forwarded to ICAO by mid- December. To achieve this, additional resources are being made available, in the form of an expanded ICATEE steering committee, to include representatives of ICAO, IATA, and IFALPA, and the Flight Operations Group, together with assistance on the working group from Hartmut Fabisch (IATA) and Carl Marquis (ICAO). This working group has begun to bring together the structure and content of the Manual, and will meet in Amsterdam, with members of the Steering Committee in attendance, to finalise the draft in mid-november. The key messages of ICATEE will be brought forward through the Manual, focusing on guidance to regulators of Member States and to delineate the pilot and instructor competencies required for Threat and Error Management related to upset prevention and recovery. The work on other deliverables, including the technical report and material intended for more specialised guidance e.g. ICAO 9625, will proceed as planned. Sunjoo Advani, Peter Tharp, Gordon Woolley Flight Simulation Group Web Site The new-look web site went live during the third week of October. This has been some months in development, with the primary aim of becoming consistent with the main RAeS web site at which itself underwent a facelift two years ago. Although the primary content of the site has not altered, the new site does allow for new features such as a Flight Simulation Timeline. This will soon go live, allowing 'approved' users to update a continuous timeline of flight simulation with features and images from the last 100+ years since flight simulation first came into being. The approval process will be similar to that for (though separate from) LinkedIn groups, with which many readers of this newsletter will be familiar. Talking of LinkedIn, the past few months have seen an increase in activity on our LinkedIn group, where we are attempting to connect with anyone in the world of flight simulation who feels they have a point worthy of discussion. Please do check this out and join in. Malcolm Blackwood Universities Seminar The FSG continues its work to foster flight simulation in UK universities, by holding an annual seminar with relevant universities. The aim of the seminar is to exchange information, about the work of the FSG and about simulation activities in universities. The FSG re-iterated its willingness to visit universities to give talks on flight simulation. This year s seminar was held on 3 April 2012 at the University of Sheffield, hosted by Prof David Allerton, and in collaboration with the Association of Aerospace Universities (AAU). Eight universities attended: Glamorgan, Hertfordshire, Kingston, Liverpool, Manchester, Salford, 5

6 Sheffield, and Narvik University, Norway. There are about 20 universities with flight simulators, most of which are used in teaching. Only a small number are active in research. Next year s seminar (9 April 2013, tbc) will be held at the University of Manchester, at the invitation of Dominic Diston, where the focus will be on the use of flight simulation in teaching. Barry Tomlinson Cranfield Short Course The Introduction to Flight Simulation short course jointly sponsored by the RAeS FSG and Cranfield University, and held at Cranfield, is being re-assessed. No course will run this October but it is hoped that a course will be held in Spring Barry Tomlinson Branch Lectures by FSG Members Gordon Woolley, former FSGC Chairman, is giving a lecture to the RAeS Coventry Branch on Wednesday the 12th December about the wide aspects of flight simulation. Gordon, a former RAF pilot and squadron commander now with the Tactical Control Centre RAF, Benson, will cover military and civil flight simulation. This will include current military networks requiring a complex relationship with the instructor through the Instructor Operating Station, upset recover training for civil pilots and go to discuss future developments in simulation which is becoming more and more a part of industry as a whole. Hugh Dibley presented the Richard Fairey to the RAeS Heathrow Branch on the 11 th October: Training Pilots to Avoid Loss of Control Accidents. The lecture started by explaining how the reduction in the previous highest accident cause, Controlled Flight Into Terrain, might read across to training to prevent Loss of Control In-Flight. (CFIT still has a similar accident rate to LOC-I which involves a higher a loss of life.) Examples of loss of control accidents for various reasons were shown since the 1960s leading up to how failures in current Fly-by-Wire systems have caused upsets. Upset Recovery Training starting in the 1990s was described illustrating that training programmes must be approved by manufacturers otherwise accidents can result from negative training. The 2009 Colgan Air Bombardier DHC accident into Buffalo was discussed where the aircraft stalled after the crew reacted to a stick-shaker warning by pulling back on the controls and retracting the flaps a recommendation of the NASA Tail Plane Icing video which the crew had seen. The reaction of the passengers families to lobby Congress has resulted in a US law requiring stall and upset recovery training for all airline pilots which will require modification to some current flight simulators. Finally extracts were shown of the presentations of 2 FSGC members - Sunjoo Advani, chairman of ICATEE updating the committee s work, and Mike Varney s lecture on Evidence Based Training. David Allerton presented a lecture entitled Flight Simulation - The Technology of Flight Training to the Sheffield Branch of the RAeS on 18 th September 2012 and also to the Hull Branch on 10 th October Barry Tomlinson is willing and able to give lectures about the history and activities at the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Bedford, which includes the Blind Landing Experimental Unit (BLEU), wind tunnels, etc. Hugh Dibley Flight Simulation Archive The history and evolution of flight simulation, both its technology and its use in training and engineering, is not well documented. The FSG is building a collection of historic and current (which soon becomes historic) information about flight simulation and would welcome individual s recollections of the early days as well as any documentary material such as brochures or photographs. Barry Tomlinson IWG-A, IWG-H and ICFQ Following the acceptance by ICAO of Volume II, Rotary Wing, to ICAO 9625 the activities of both IWGs have now been assumed by the ICFQ. The FSG proposes to follow up this achievement with the formation of an IWG-H Steering Committee with two aims: To provide the complementary documentation for the implementation of Volume II, namely an evaluation handbook, describing objective and subjective tests, together with an updated version of the Rotary Wing Data Requirements Document. To agree a framework and development plan for simulator standards for rotary wing mission training, referred to as IWG- H Phase 2. This would follow the rationale and methodology of the existing 9625 standards, and would lead to extensions and additions to ICAO 9625 and the supporting documents, validated in the same way. On September 28th, the ICFQ held their second meeting of 2012 to review progress in the adoption of ICAO 9625 and completion of the remaining technical content. 6

7 On the adoption of 9625, EASA plans still show this scheduled for the 2015/16 regulatory rulemaking timeframe. For the FAA we were encouraged that John Allen s presentation at the Society's Flight Crew Training Conference implied that FAA Level D and FSTD 6 devices might be aligned with 9625 s Type 5 and 7. This at least would achieve a partial harmonisation with 9625 for the highest level devices. The ICFQ Motion Task team continues to analyse results from preparatory tests undertaken at manufacturers and users as they prepare the first release of the objective motion testing criteria in the second quarter of Peter Tharp IWG-H Phase 2 Following the success of the IWG-H Phase 1 activities culminating in the publication of 9625 ed.3 Vol. II, the IWG-H Phase 2 activity has entered a planning phase to be conducted by a Steering Group formed of FSG and IWG-H members. The SG will consider the follow on programme of work including training analyses and development of additional 9625 material focused on specialist mission tasks and the development of the required supporting evaluation handbooks and revised data requirements document. Scheduling will take into account the resource needs and timeframe of the adoption process of 9625 Ed. 3 Vol. II, and the needs of documentation development as parallel activities. Steve Adlem L3-Link On August 6, 2012 L-3 Communications completed the acquisition of Thales Training & Simulation Ltd's civil aircraft simulation and training business. The business, which is now known as L-3 Link Simulation & Training UK Limited (L-3 Link UK), has become a part of L-3's existing Link Simulation & Training division, which is part of L-3's Electronic Systems Group. As can be seen from the diagram below, Link has been around since the 1920s and was in the civil business until the 1980s. It then went through various takeovers and other business transactions. L-3 Link UK, traces its heritage back to two famous names in UK simulation, Rediffusion and Link Miles. Further, L-3 Link US traces its heritage back to the US counterparts from whom they were split, Hughes and Link. So in effect the newly expanded L-3 Link is a grand reunion of two former transatlantic companies and can trace its heritage, via over 12,500 delivered simulators, directly back to the founding fathers of simulation in the UK and the US. Chris Hunter Contact Us We would welcome feedback on this newsletter and contributions for future editions. Please feel free to contact us via the FSG Forum which provides opportunities to contribute to discussions on the major challenges facing the simulation and training community. You will be welcome to contribute. If you are aware of anyone who might like to receive a copy of this newsletter, please forward their address to the Editor at d.j.allerton@sheffield.ac.uk Chronology of Mergers L3-Link 7

8 Regulations Update On September 17 th 2012 the UK CAA implemented the EU Aircrew Regulation. FSTDs need comply with the Regulations, the AMCs/GMs and the Certification Specifications shown in the tables below. Regulatory material Basic Regulation (EC) 216/2008 The Aircrew Regulation Aircrew Regulation Annex 1 (PART FCL) Aircrew Regulation Annex VI (PART ARA) Aircrew Regulation Annex VII (PART ORA) Current Status/Latest available Regulations Published 20 th February 2008 Published 3 rd November 2011and amended. Published 3 rd November 2011 Published 5 th April 2012 Published 5 th April 2012 Remarks/future plans Sets up EASA and gives the organisation overall legal competence for FSTDs. EU Regulation 1178/2011 amended by EU 290/2012 (30 th March 2012) to include Organisational and Authority requirements for FSTDs, ATOs, Cabin Crew and Medical. Flight Crew Licensing requirements Authority requirements Organisational requirements AMC/GM and CS Specifications Aircrew Regulation Annex 1 (PART FCL) Published December 2011 Flight Crew Licensing Acceptable Means of Compliance and Guidance Material AMC/GM to Aircrew Regulation Annex VI Published 19 th April 2012 Authority Acceptable Means of Compliance and Guidance Material (PART ARA) AMC/GM to Aircrew Regulation Annex VII Published 19 th April 2012 Organisational Acceptable Means of Compliance and Guidance Material (PART ORA) CS FSTD A Published 4 th July 2012 Certification Specifications for fixed wing FSTDs. CS FSTD H Published 4 th July 2012 Certification Specifications for rotary wing FSTDs. CS SIMS Waiting publication Estimated TBA (PART OSD expected December 2012). The UK CAA web site ( provides guidance to (FSTD) Operators on the FSTD qualification process. This can be found from the UK CAA web site by initially selecting Personal Licences and Training, then Training and Exams and finally EASA Transition. The guidance can be found under the heading UK Guidance on the Transition to the EASA Regulation. Federal Aviation Administration FAA Guidance bulletins published in 2012 remain unchanged as follows: (12-01) - Enhanced Taxiway Markings and Low Visibility Operations / Surface Movement Guidance and Control System Operations (SMGCS) Peter Barrack 8