Αύγουστος 27 possessiion rate off vehiiclles and basiic devellopmentall iindiicators iin the iimpact zone off Egnatiia motorway,, Greece THESSALONIKI, Oct. 27
The present report gives an overview of the number of vehicles per category and per population unit, in the Prefectures and Regions of Greece and of the Zone of Regions crossed by the Egnatia Motorway (Impact Zone IV). The report aims to provide detailed information and a clear analysis of the relevant data, using, an important number of graphs, tables and maps. Rate of motorization is studied because, not only it relates to road transport infrastructure but can also serve as a development index for a specific area. The use of car ownership as a development index, appears in the relevant literature (i.e. Petrakos and Saratsis, 2: Regional inequalities in Greece, Papers in Regional Science, 79, pp. 47-54) and it is proved accurate by the linear relationship between GDP per capita and car ownership (see chapter C.2). The report has been prepared and edited by the scientific associate of the Observatory, Mr. Sokratis Seitanidis, MA urban and regional planner. The contents of and views expressed in the reports and texts of the Observatory do not necessarily reflect the views of EGNATIA ODOS AE. Copying is allowed only for non commercial purposes and with appropriate reference to the source (Observatory EGNATIA ODOS AE). Internet: http://www.egnatia.gr http://observatory.egnatia.gr Egnatia Odos Α.Ε. 27 1
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...4 RESULTS - ESTIMATION... 6 Α.1. Total number of vehicles per 1, inhabitants... 6 A.2. Passenger vehicles per 1, inhabitants... 9 A.2. Passenger vehicles per 1, inhabitants... 1 Α.3. Number of buses per 1, inhabitants... 14 Α.4. Motorcycles of a capacity of over 5cc per 1, inhabitants... 2 Α.4. Motorcycles of a capacity of over 5cc per 1, inhabitants... 21 Α.5. Lorries per 1, inhabitants... 25 Α.5. Lorries per 1, inhabitants... 26 B.2. Total number of private passenger vehicles and motorcycles... 28 B.2. Total number of private passenger vehicles and motorcycles... 29 Β.3. Vehicles used for professional purpose (public passenger vehicles, lorries, buses and goods carrying motorcycles)... 32 C.1. Total of vehicles and length of road network... 33 C.2. Passenger vehicles and GDP... 36 C.3. Possession of passenger vehicles and GDP per inhabitant... 37 Appendix...Error! Bookmark not defined. SOURCES... 38 METHODOLOGY... 38 GRAPHS GRAPH 1. TOTAL NUMBER OF VEHICLES PER 1, INHABITANTS REGIONS OF GREECE, 24... 6 GRAPH 2. EVOLUTION OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF VEHICLES PER 1, INHABITANTS REGIONS OF THE IMPACT ZONE IV, 1995-24... 7 GRAPH 3. TOTAL NUMBER OF VEHICLES PER 1, INHABITANTS PREFECTURES OF THE IMPACT ZONE IV, 24... 7 GRAPH 4. EVOLUTION OF THE NUMBER OF VEHICLES PER 1, INHABITANTS, REGIONS OF ZONE IV, 1995-24... 1 GRAPH 5. TOTAL NUMBER OF PASSENGER VEHICLES PER 1, INHABITANTS PREFECTURES OF ZONE IV, 24... 12 GRAPH 6. NUMBER OF BUSES PER 1, INHABITANTS REGIONS OF GREECE, 24... 14 GRAPH 7. NUMBER OF BUSES PER 1, INHABITANTS REGIONS OF ZONE IV, 24... 14 GRAPH 8. NUMBER OF BUSES PER 1, INHABITANTS, PREFECTURES OF ZONE IV, 24... 15 GRAPH 9. NUMBER OF BUSES PER 1, INHABITANTS PREFECTURES OF GREECE, 24... 16 GRAPH 1. NUMBER OF MOTORCYCLES WITH A CAPACITY GREATER THAN 5CM 3 PER 1, INHABITANTS REGIONS OF GREECE, 24... 21 GRAPH 11. EVOLUTION OF THE NUMBER OF MOTORCYCLES WITH A CAPACITY GREATER THAN 5CM 3 PER 1, INHABITANTS REGIONS OF IMPACT ZONE IV, 1998-24... 22 GRAPH 12. NUMBER OF MOTORCYCLES WITH A CAPACITY GREATER THAN 5CM 3 PER 1, INHABITANTS PREFECTURES OF ZONE IV, 24... 23 GRAPH 13. NUMBER OF MOTORCYCLES WITH A CAPACITY GREATER THAN 5CM 3 PER 1, INHABITANTS PREFECTURES OF GREECE, 24... 24 GRAPH 14. NUMBER OF LORRIES PER 1, INHABITANTS REGIONS OF GREECE, 24... 26 2
GRAPH 15. EVOLUTION OF THE NUMBER OF LORRIES PER 1, INHABITANTS REGIONS OF IMPACT ZONE IV, 24... 27 GRAPH 16. NUMBER OF LORRIES PER 1, INHABITANTS PREFECTURES OF IMPACT ZONE IV, 24... 27 GRAPH 17. NUMBER OF PASSENGER VEHICLES AND MOTORCYCLES PER 1, INHABITANTS REGIONS OF GREECE, 24... 29 GRAPH 18. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NUMBER OF PASSENGER VEHICLES AND MOTORCYCLES PER 1, INHABITANTS REGIONS OF IMPACT ZONE IV, 1998-24... 3 GRAPH 19. NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PER 1, INHABITANTS GREEK REGIONS, 24... 32 GRAPH 2. COMMERCIAL VEHICLES PER 1, INHABITANTS REGIONS OF IMPACT ZONE IV, 24... 33 TABLES TABLE 1. PASSENGER VEHICLES PER 1, INHABITANTS... 11 TABLE 2. BUSES PER 1, INHABITANTS... 17 TABLE 3. PASSENGER VEHICLES AND MOTORCYCLES PER ΙΧ 1, INHABITANTS... 31 TABLE 4. NUMBER OF VEHICLES AND LENGTH OF ROAD NETWORK... 34 MAPS MAP 1. TOTAL NUMBER OF VEHICLES PER 1, INHABITANTS PER PREFECTURE, 24... 8 MAP 2. CHANGE IN PERCENTAGE TERMS OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF VEHICLES PER 1, INHABITANTS PER PREFECTURE, 1995-24... 9 MAP 3. NUMBER OF PASSENGER VEHICLES PER 1, INHABITANTS PER PREFECTURE, 24... 13 MAP 4. NUMBER OF BUSES PER 1, INHABITANTS PER PREFECTURE, 24... 19 MAP 5. RATE OF CHANGE IN THE NUMBER OF BUSES PER 1, INHABITANTS PER PREFECTURE, 2-24... 2 MAP 6. NUMBER OF MOTORCYCLES PER 1, PER PREFECTURE, 24... 25 MAP 7. NUMBER OF LORRIES PER 1, INHABITANTS PER PREFECTURE, 24... 28 3
INTRODUCTION The present report aims to examine the relationship between the number of vehicles and other development figures relating to the Prefectures and Regions of Greece and of the Impact Zone IV of the Egnatia Motorway. During the last years, car ownership in Greece is increasing at a very high rate. From 1995 to 25, the number of vehicles in Greece registered a rise of 95.1% (National Statistical Service of Greece (NSSG), 26), while, during the same period, the rise in the country s population was 4.6% (Eurostat, 27) 1. According to Eurostat, the rise in vehicles registered in Greece was the fifth higher in the European Union (EU25) 2, for the period 199-24, presenting a rate of 121% 3. Using the classification of vehicles made by Eurostat and the data for vehicles provided by the NSSG (December, 26), car ownership in the Regions and Prefectures of Greece and of the Impact Zone IV can be calculated. As in the Eurostat 3 publications, this report uses the vehicles per 1, inhabitants index instead of the vehicles per inhabitant index, in order to avoid the use of multi-digit decimal numbers. In the first chapter, where the classification proposed by Eurostat is used, the following indexes are presented: A1. The total number of vehicles (private and public) except from motorcycles (private and public) per 1, inhabitants A2. The total number of passenger vehicles (private and public) per 1, inhabitants Α3. The total number of buses (private and public) per 1, inhabitants Α4. The total number of lorries (private and public) per 1, inhabitants Α5. The total number of motorcycles (for passengers or carrying goods, private or public) with a capacity of over 5cm 3 per 1, inhabitants. Except from the above mentioned indexes, a number of other indexes, not corresponding to the classification of Eurostat, are analyzed, because they are appropriate for the description of car ownership in Greece. More specifically, in the second chapter, the following features are presented: Β1. The total number of private passenger vehicles and motorcycles per 1, inhabitants, expressing car ownership for transportation as the main purpose. Β2. The total number of vehicles used for professional reason per 1, inhabitants. The term vehicles used for professional reason 4 covers Public Service Vehicles, passenger vehicles, lorries, buses and goods carrying motorcycles. This index is an indication of the level of dependence of occupation on vehicles. Except from the rate of motorization, the last chapter, examines the relationship between number of vehicles and: 1 Annual population by sex and age group on the 1 st of January of each year. Source: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1996,45323734&_dad=portal&_schem a=portal&screen=welcomeref&open=/popula/pop/demo/demo_pop&language=en&product= EU_MASTER_population&root=EU_MASTER_population&scrollto= 2 Below Lithuania, Latvia, Portugal and Poland. 3 Nearly one car per two habitants in the EU25 in 24, Eurostat news release, 125/26, - 19 September 26. 4 For a description of the term commercial vehicles, see Chapter Metadata. 4
C1. Length of the National Road Network. It is examined whether there is a relationship between these two parameters. Additionally, a new index is created corresponding to the ratio between the total number of passenger vehicles, lorries and buses of a Prefecture or Region and the length of the National Road Network in this Prefecture or Region. This index expresses the traffic load level of the National Road Network in a Prefecture or Region. C2. Market size. This indicator shows the relationship between passenger vehicles and GDP in the Prefectures of Zone IV, revealing that these two figures show a proportional rise. C3. Prosperity level. This indicator shows the relationship between ownership of passenger vehicles and GDP per capita at regional level. The present report records the results of the indicators, without attempting a more thorough explanation. In the majority of cases, the indexes presented here may be influenced by various factors. For example, the number of buses for a given population, can be influenced by the population size and the total area of the Prefecture, the form of the urban network, the preferences of the population in regard to transport etc. Similarly, motorcycle possession can be influenced by a variety of factors, such as the geometric features and status of the road network, the geomorphology of the ground, the population s preferences in regard to and attitudes towards transport etc. These indexes are calculated and presented in order to describe a) the situation existing in the most recent year for which data is available, namely 24 5 and b) the evolution of each index on a long-term basis. A preliminary study of these indexes for the period 1995-24 revealed that there are no significant changes in the ranking of the Regions regarding these figures, thus the present report focused on year 24. 5 For the calculation of these indexes the number of vehicles and the total population are required. The number of vehicles can be provided by the NSSG for the years up to 25. Until today (September 27), the most recent year for which there is data published by Eurostat regarding the total population of the Prefectures and Regions of Greece (average annual population) is the year 24. Therefore, the most recent year for which calculation of the above indexes can be made is the year 24. 5
RESULTS - ESTIMATION Α.1. Total number of vehicles per 1, inhabitants In 24, the Region of Attica was ranked first among the Regions of Greece, having 69 vehicles/1, inhabitants, a number significantly larger than these of the other Regions. Attica is followed by the Regions of Crete (512 veh./1, inh.), of Central Macedonia (431 veh./1, inh.) and of the Ionian Islands (423 veh./1, inh.). In the other Regions car ownership presents insignificant variations, ranging between 35 and 4 vehicles per 1, inhabitants (Graph 1). In the classification of the thirteen Regions of Greece regarding the total number of vehicles per 1, inhabitants, there are no Regions of the Impact Zone IV ranked in the first or in the last positions, all revolving around the average index value, with the Region of Central Macedonia being in the higher position and the Region of Epirus in the lowest (Graph 1). Totally, in the Impact Zone IV, the number of vehicles per 1, inhabitants is barely over 4 lagging by 2 behind the Attica Region, while being higher by only 58 vehicles from the Region of Western Greece, which is ranked in the last position. Graph 1. Total number of vehicles per 1, inhabitants Regions of Greece, 24 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Attiki Crete Greece Central Macedonia Ionian islsnds Impact Zone IV West Macedonia Thessalia North Agean South Aegean East Macedonia and Thrace Epirus Sterea Ellada Peloponios West Greece The total number vehicles per inhabitant index presents an upward trend in all the Zone IV Regions, during the whole examined period (1995-24). Furthermore, the ranking of the Zone IV Regions on the basis of this index has not changed for the same period, while car ownership in all these Regions was constantly below the National average (Graph 2). 6
Graph 2. Evolution of the total number of vehicles per 1, inhabitants Regions of the Impact Zone IV, 1995-24 5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Greece Central Macedonia Impact Zone IV West Macedonia Thessalia East Macedonia and Thrace Epirus 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Prefecture of Thessaloniki presents the highest index value in Zone IV, with a ratio of almost one vehicle for two inhabitants (476 veh./1, inh.), while the lowest value is recorded in the Prefecture of Rodopi (Graph 3). In the Impact Zone IV there are no Prefectures presenting a ratio lower than 3 veh./1, inh. (Map 1). The Prefectures located in the extremities of the Egnatia Motorway (prefectures of Evros, Ioannina and Thesprotia) record the highest increase in percentage terms per 1, inhabitants, at national level (Map 2). In these Prefectures there are cities that, after the completion of the Egnatia Motorway, will benefit the most from the increased accessibility. Graph 3. Total number of vehicles per 1, inhabitants Prefectures of the Impact zone IV, 24 6 5 4 3 2 1 Thessaloniki Imathia Kavala Kastoria Kozani Trikala Drama Larisa Evros Arta Magnisia Thesprotia Ioannina Pieria Pella Preveza Chalkidiki Karditsa Xanthi Serres Grevena Kilkis Florina Rodopi 7
Map 1. Total number of vehicles per 1, inhabitants per Prefecture, 24 8
Map 2. Change in percentage terms of the total number of vehicles per 1, inhabitants per Prefecture, 1995-24 9
A.2. Passenger vehicles per 1, inhabitants In 24, the Region of Central Macedonia recorded the highest number of passenger vehicles per 1, inhabitants in Zone IV (322 veh./1, inh.), lagging behind the National average by 47 vehicles, and followed by Western Macedonia, Thessaly, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace with Epirus in the last position recording 129 passenger vehicles per 1, inhabitants. The number of passenger vehicles presents an upward trend in all the Regions and the Prefectures of Zone IV and for the whole period between 1995 and 24 (Graph 4). The changes in the values of the index examined on a biannual basis (Table 1) reveal that the increase of the index in Zone IV and in every Region of the Zone, is equal or lower than the respective rise of the National average and for all the two-year periods between the years 1996 and 24. 4 35 3 25 East Macedonia and Thrace Central Macedonia West Macedonia Thessaly Epirus Impact Zone IV Total of Greece 2 15 1 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Year Graph 4. Evolution of the number of vehicles per 1, inhabitants, Regions of Zone IV, 1995-24 The ranking of the Prefectures on the basis of the passenger vehicle per 1, inhabitants index is similar to the ranking of these Prefectures on the basis of the total number of vehicles per 1, inhabitants index. The Prefectures of Thessaloniki, Kavala and Kozani occupy again one of the five highest positions in the classification in Impact Zone IV (Graph 5). The Prefecture of Halkidiki is in the last position recording only 161 passenger vehicles/1, inhabitants (Table 1). It is shown below (chapter A.5) that the Prefecture of Halkidiki, while in the last position in regard to passenger vehicle ownership, comes first in regard to lorry ownership in Zone IV. 1
Table 1. Passenger vehicles per 1, inhabitants PASSENGER VEHICLES PER 1, INHABITANTS, IMPACT ZONE IV, 24 (Number of private and public vehicles / average annual population in thousands) NUTS REGION/PREFECTURE 1996 1998 2 22 24 gr11 East Macedonia and Thrace 154,9 177,9 211,6 241,3 268,3 gr111 EVROS 148,5 174,6 21,6 243,1 273,2 gr112 XANTHI 136,7 163,3 198,8 228,8 258, gr113 RODOPI 12,7 138,2 164,1 187,5 27,8 gr114 DRAMA 181,5 23,6 238,8 269, 296,6 gr115 KAVALA 182,6 24,5 239,8 27,9 298,3 gr12 Central Macedonia 194,6 218,3 255,9 288,6 321,8 gr121 IMATHIA 159,9 181,8 217,9 251,3 285,1 gr122 THESSALONIKI 243,6 272,2 316,7 354,1 392,3 gr123 KILKIS 139,4 155,5 181,4 21,4 219, gr124 PELLA 114,4 128,3 154,6 177,3 22,1 gr125 PIERIA 136,3 154,6 182,2 29,3 235,8 gr126 SERRES 123, 139,8 166,1 192, 218,2 gr127 HALKIDIKI 94,3 16,8 128,6 146,6 161,3 gr13 West Macedonia 159,6 18,4 213,3 244,6 272,7 gr131 GREVENA 19,1 119,4 14, 161,1 179,1 gr132 KASTORIA 194,6 223,8 264,2 298, 33,6 gr133 KOZANI 173,8 196,5 231,7 266,6 298,1 gr134 FLORINA 115,1 128,7 154,5 178,7 198,1 gr14 Thessaly 148,3 169,6 24,2 236,7 265,9 gr141 KARDITSA 17, 122, 147,7 177,6 26,8 gr142 LARISSA 16, 182,5 218,3 25,5 283,5 gr143 MAGNISIA 168,1 19,1 225,8 258,2 28,3 gr144 TRIKALA 131,6 154,2 192,3 227,4 258,9 gr21 Epirus 129,3 153,7 193,7 228,3 258,1 gr211 ARTA 116,6 142,8 185,3 223,1 257,6 gr212 THESPROTIA 1, 119,2 155,5 192,1 222,4 gr213 IOANNINA 149,8 177, 218,9 252,7 281,3 gr214 PREVEZA 111,4 129,3 163,8 192,6 217, zniv Impact Zone IV 17,8 193,9 23,3 262,7 293,6 gr Total of Greece 218,4 246,9 292,7 331,8 368,3 Πηγές πρωτογενών δεδομένων: ΕΣΥΕ 12/26 και Eurostat 3/27 11
Graph 5. Total number of passenger vehicles per 1, inhabitants Prefectures of Zone IV, 24 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Thessaloniki Kastoria Kavala Kozani Drama Imathia Larissa Ioannina Magnisia Evros Trikala Xanthi Arta Pieria Thesprotia Kilkis Serres Preveza Rodopi Karditsa Pella Florina Grevena Halkidiki Number of passenger cars per 1, inhabitants Prefectures of Impact Zone IV In the entire Zone IV, there are only three Prefectures recording a number between 15 and 2 passenger vehicles per 1, inhabitants (the Prefectures of Grevena Florina and Halkidiki), while there are no Prefectures recording less than 15 passenger vehicles per 1, inhabitants. Compared to the rest of Greece, the Prefectures of Zone IV present a relatively even distribution of vehicle ownership (Map 3). 12
Map 3. Number of passenger vehicles per 1, inhabitants per Prefecture, 24 13
Α.3. Number of buses per 1, inhabitants The total number of buses in a given population is an indication of the volume of mass transportation. The values of this index present significant fluctuations among the various Regions and Prefectures of Greece. The Region with the greatest number of buses in relation to its population is the Region of Southern Aegean (4 buses/1, inh.). In most Regions the index value is half or even lower in relation to the Southern Aegean value of the index (Graph 6). Behind Southern Aegean follow the Regions of Attica (3.17 buses/1, inhabitants) and of the Ionian Islands (2.54 buses/1, inhabitants). In the last position we find the region of Northern Aegean with 1.28 buses/1, inhabitants, a value three times lower than this recorded in the first-ranked Region. Graph 6. Number of buses per 1, inhabitants Regions of Greece, 24 4,5 4 3,5 Number of buses per habitan 3 2,5 2 1,5 1,5 Southern Aegean Attiki Ionian islands Total of Greece West Macedonia Central Macedonia Sterea Ellada Epirus Crete Impact Zone IV East Macedonia and Thrace West Greece Thessaly Peloponisos Northen Aegean Region The first-ranked Region among those of Zone IV is the Region of Western Macedonia (2.4 buses/1, inhabitants) followed by Central Macedonia (2.1 buses/1, inhabitants), while these Regions occupy an important position in the overall ranking at National level (4 th and 5 th position respectively). In all the Zone IV Regions, the index value is lower than the National average (Graph 7) with the lowest value being recorded in the Region of Thessaly (1.7 buses/1, inhabitants). Graph 7. Number of buses per 1, inhabitants Regions of Zone IV, 24 14
Number of buses (public and private per 1, inhabitants) 3 2,5 2 1,5 1,5 2,42 Total of Greece 2,14 West Macedonia 2,2 1,97 1,94 Central Macedonia Epirus Impact Zone IV 1,86 East Macedonia and Thrace 1,7 Thessaly Regions of Impact Zone IV An analysis of the index on Prefectural level shows that the region of Southern Aegean occupies the first position on National level because of the great number of buses in relation to population in the Prefecture of Cyclades (Graph 9), apparently serving touristic needs. Among the Prefectures of Impact Zone IV, the highest ranked are the Prefectures of Drama and Halkidiki occupying the 6 th and 7 th position respectively at National level. The Prefecture of Evros is in the last position of Zone IV and three positions above the last one at National level, recording 1.1 buses/1, inhabitants. In the last position at National level we find the Prefecture of Lesvos with 1.5 buses per 1, inhabitants. As on the National level, the Prefectures of Impact Zone IV (Graph 8), present a great variation in the values of this index. Graph 8. Number of buses per 1, inhabitants, Prefectures of Zone IV, 24 3 2,5 Number of buses per 1, inhabitants 2 1,5 1,5 Drama Halkidiki Kavala Kozani Kastoria Ioannina Thessaloniki Trikala Impact Zone IV Magnisia Kilkis Preveza Thesprotia Serres Arta Karditsa Prefectures of Impact Zone IV Rodopi Imathia Pieria Xanthi Pella Larisa Grevena Florina Evros 15
Graph 9. Number of buses per 1, inhabitants Prefectures of Greece, 24 Le sbos Zakinthos Evros Ilia Rethimno Florina La konia Chios Messinia 7 6,5 6 5,5 5 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1,5 Total number of buses (private and public) per 1, inhabitants in Prefectures of Greece, 24 Dodekanisa Kavala Kozani Kefalonnia Fokida Biotia Kastoria Ioannina Thessaloniki Iraklio Trikala Argolida Chania Evia Arkadia Korinthia La sithi Magnisia Samos Le fkada Kilkis Preveza Thesprotia Serres Fthiotida Arta Karditsa Rodopi Imathia Pieria Xanthi Achaia Pella Larisa Grevena Prefectures Drama Halkidiki Evritania Aitoloakarnania At tiki Corfu Cyclades Number of buses / 1, hab. 16
Closer consideration of the changes in the buses per inhabitant index reveal an important increase of the index during the period 1996-2 and a decrease during the period 2-24, in most of the Prefectures and Regions of Greece. In the totality of Impact Zone IV, the rate of change was 7.9% in the first period and 1.3% in the second (Table 2). Table 2. Buses per 1, inhabitants BUSES (PRIVATE AND PUBLIC) PER 1, INHABITANTS, IMPACT ZONE IV, 2 AND 24 Number of public and private buses / annual average population in thousands NUTS REGION/ PREFECTURE 1996 2 24 Change 1996-2 Change 2-24 gr11 East Macedonia and Thrace 1,71 1,86 1,86 8,5%,% gr111 EVROS,98 1,15 1,1 17,5% -4,% gr112 XANTHI 1,43 1,58 1,51 1,4% -4,4% gr113 RODOPI 1,3 1,48 1,53 13,5% 3,4% gr114 DRAMA 2,47 2,62 2,73 6,% 4,2% gr115 KAVALA 2,46 2,55 2,54 3,6% -,3% gr12 Central Macedonia 1,92 2,4 2,2 5,9% -,9% gr121 IMATHIA 1,52 1,55 1,52 2,1% -1,9% gr122 THESSALONIKI 2,15 2,25 2,23 4,8% -1,2% gr123 KILKIS 1,55 1,71 1,77 9,9% 3,8% gr124 PELLA 1,55 1,64 1,49 6,2% -9,2% gr125 PIERIA 1,52 1,67 1,52 9,9% -8,8% gr126 SERRES 1,54 1,64 1,74 6,5% 5,7% gr127 HALKIDIKI 2,23 2,5 2,6 11,8% 4,1% gr13 West Macedonia 2, 2,22 2,14 1,6% -3,6% gr131 GREVENA 1,4 1,53 1,44 9,4% -6,3% gr132 KASTORIA 2,1 2,42 2,29 15,% -5,4% gr133 KOZANI 2,42 2,61 2,54 7,6% -2,6% gr134 FLORINA 1,8 1,31 1,25 21,3% -4,9% gr14 Thessaly 1,54 1,68 1,7 8,9% 1,4% gr141 KARDITSA 1,27 1,48 1,61 16,9% 8,6% gr142 LARISSA 1,38 1,5 1,48 8,3% -1,2% gr143 MAGNISIA 1,7 1,8 1,8 6,1% -,2% gr144 TRIKALA 1,89 2,6 2,12 8,7% 3,1% gr21 Epirus 1,89 2,15 1,97 14,% -8,2% gr211 ARTA 1,71 1,86 1,62 8,6% -12,6% gr212 THESPROTIA 1,35 1,86 1,74 37,7% -6,3% gr213 IOANNINA 2,12 2,44 2,25 15,% -7,8% gr214 PREVEZA 1,87 1,94 1,77 4,1% -8,8% zniv Impact Zone IV 1,82 1,96 1,94 7,9% -1,3% gr Total of Greece 2,34 2,48 2,42 5,7% -2,2% Πηγές πρωτογενών δεδομένων: ΕΣΥΕ 12/26 και Eurostat 3/27 17
At National level, there was a lower increase during the period 1996-2 (5.7%) and a higher decrease during the following period (-2.2%). These ratios indicate that Impact Zone IV shows converging trends with the rest of Greece in terms of number of buses per inhabitant. Among the different Regions of Zone IV, the one recording the highest decrease in the period 2-24 was the Region of Epirus (8.2%), which, additionally, presented the highest increase in the number of buses per inhabitant (14%) during the previous period. The only Region in Zone IV recording an increase in both periods is Thessaly, with the Prefecture of Karditsa presenting the highest increase (8.6%) in Zone IV during the period 2-24. During the same period, Prefecture of Arta had the highest decrease in Zone IV (12.6%). This generalized decrease in the number of buses per inhabitant in the period 2-24 is possibly related to the increase of passenger vehicles during the same period. The rate of increase in passenger vehicles from 2 onwards is higher than this of the period 1995-2 (Graph 4). The above observation is an indication that during the period 2-24 critical changes in transportation practice occurred. Map 4, illustrates the values of the number of buses per 1, inhabitants index in the different Prefectures of Greece, in 24. In most of the Prefectures of Zone IV, the index value varies between 1.4 and 1.8 buses/1, inhabitants. It is observed that in Impact Zone IV there are no serious fluctuations in the index value as in the rest of Greece. Map 5, illustrates the change in the number of buses per 1, inhabitants during the period 2-24. There is an obvious decrease in the index values in most of the Prefectures of Greece. In Zone IV, all the Prefectures in the West Section of the Egnatia Motorway presented a decrease in the index values, while most of the Prefectures of the Eastern and Western Sections presented an increase. 18
Map 4. Number of vehicles per 1, inhabitants and per Prefecture, 24 19
Map 5. Rate of change in the number of buses per 1, inhabitants per Prefecture, 2-24 2
Α.4. Motorcycles of a capacity of over 5cc per 1, inhabitants At National level, ownership of motorcycles of a capacity of over 5cc is more frequent in islands and in the Region of Attica. The Region of North Aegean, which, as mentioned above, presents the lowest number of buses per 1, inhabitants, records the highest number of motorcycles per 1, inhabitants in Greece, followed by the Regions of the Ionian Islands, of Southern Aegean, of Crete and of Attica. Motorcycle ownership in the Regions of Greece is characterized by a big contrast between the above mentioned Regions and the Regions of Epirus and Western Macedonia (Graph 1), which present significantly low index values. It is indicatively mentioned that, while in the Region of Northern Aegean there is a number of 155 motorcycles per 1, inhabitants, the same index value in the Region of Western Macedonia is 28. It is only logical that motorcycle ownership is more significant in Regions where short distances are traveled. In insular Regions, the sea imposes constraints on road transportation and shortens traveling distances. In Attica, a Region of urban character, motorcycle ownership is related to the benefits from the use of motorcycle in urban environment, namely easy parking and easy transportation in traffic congestion situations. On the other hand, the region of Western Macedonia and the Region of Epirus present a mountainous relief and steep inclinations of the road network, creating unfavorable conditions for the use of motorcycle. Graph 1. Number of motorcycles with a capacity greater than 5cm 3 per 1, inhabitants Regions of Greece, 24 Number of motorcycles 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Northen Aegean Ionian islands Southern Aegean Crete Attica Greece Eastern Macedonia and Thrace West Greece Thessaly Peloponisos Central Macedonia Impact Zone IV Sterea Ellada Epirus West Macedonia Regions All Regions of the Impact Zone IV record a lower number of motorcycles per inhabitant than the Total of Greece. As in the case of passenger vehicles, motorcycle ownership presents an upward trend in all Regions during the period 1998-24 (Graph 11). The highest increase in motorcycle ownership for the period 1998-24 was recorded, for both the Impact Zone IV and the Total of Greece, in Epirus (82%) 21
and the lowest in Central Macedonia (5%). The increase in motorcycle ownership during the same period in Zone IV was slightly lower than this recorded in the Total of Greece (6% and 61% respectively). Graph 11. Evolution of the number of motorcycles with a capacity greater than 5cm 3 per 1, inhabitants Regions of Impact Zone IV, 1998-24 1 Greece 9 8 7 Eastern Macedonia and Thace Thessaly Central Macedonia 6 Impact Zone IV 5 Epirus 4 3 West Macedonia 2 1 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 In the Total of Greece, the only non-insular Prefectures recording more than 13 motorcycles per 1, inhabitants in 24, are the Prefectures of Attica, of Achaia and of Magnesia (Map 6). Among the Prefectures of Impact Zone IV, the highest index value is recorded in the Prefecture of Magnesia (17.5 mot./1, inh.) followed by the Prefecture of Xanthi (96 mot./1, inh.). The last three positions are occupied by Prefectures of the Region of Western Macedonia (Florina, Grevena, Kozani), followed by the Prefecture of Kilkis (Graph 12). On national level, the first-ranked Prefecture is the Prefecture of Chios, while, as in the case of the Regions, the first 1 Prefectures of Greece in terms of motorcycle ownership either contain islands or are located in islands (Graph 13). The last Prefectures in the rank are the Prefectures of Grevena and Florina. 22
Graph 12. Number of motorcycles with a capacity greater than 5cm 3 per 1, inhabitants Prefectures of Zone IV, 24 12 11 1 Number of motorcycles per 1, inhabitants 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Magnisia Xanthi Kavala Preveza Thessaloniki Trikala Thesprotia Drama Rodopi Evros Imathia Karditsa Larisa Pieria Serres Prefectures Pella Arta Ioannina Kastoria Halkidiki Kilkis Kozani Grevena Florina 23
Graph 13. Number of motorcycles with a capacity greater than 5cm 3 per 1, inhabitants Prefectures of Greece, 24 Chios Corfu Dodekanisa Lasithi Samos Iraklio Zakinthos Kefallonia Lesvos Chania Lefkada Rethimno Cyclades Attica Magnisia Achaia Xanthi Kavala Preveza Evia Thessaloniki Korinthia Trikala Messinia Argolida Thesprotia Drama Lakonia Rodopi Evros Imathia Aitoloakarnania Karditsa Larisa Ilia Fthiotida Pieria Serres Pella Viotia Arta Fokida Ioannina Kastoria Chalkidiki Kilkis Evritania Kozani Arkadia Grevena Florina 22 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Prefectures Number of motorcycles 24
Map 6. Number of motorcycles per 1, inhabitants per Prefecture, 24 25
Α.5. Lorries per 1, inhabitants In 24, the first ranked Region of Greece in terms of the number of lorries per inhabitant is Crete (176 lorries/1, inh.) followed by the Regions of Peloponnese and Continental Greece, while, the last position is occupied by Attica (65 lorries/1, inh.) While Attica is in the last position of the ranking, the next higher position is occupied by the region of Southern Aegean, which is the first in terms of the number of buses in relation to the population. The Regions of Impact Zone IV occupy positions between 6 and 11 in the ranking of all the Regions of Greece, all recording a higher number of lorries per 1, inhabitants than the National average. These Regions have been presenting a higher number of lorries in relation to the national average since 1995, with only the exception of the Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, which has been presenting a higher number than the national average of lorries per 1, inhabitants since 1998 (Graph 15). This can be explained by the fact that the Total of Greece presents a low index value, because it contains the Region of Attiki where lorry ownership is low. Graph 14. Number of lorries per 1, inhabitants Regions of Greece, 24 Number of lorries per 1, inhabitants 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Crete Peloponisos Sterea Ellada West Greece Northen Aegean Thessaly West Macedonia Ionian islands Regions Epirus Impact Zone IV Central Macedonia Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Greece Northen Aegean Attica The lorries per 1, inhabitants index in the Impact Zone IV has been recording a rise during the whole period 1995-24. Among the Regions of Impact Zone IV, the one recording the higher number of lorries in relation to the population is the region of Thessaly (121 lorries/1, inh.), while in the last position of the ranking in the Impact Zone IV we find the Region of Central Macedonia. As on the national level, the Region with the highest ratio of urban population records the lowest number of lorries per 1, inhabitants. This inverse relationship between urban population ratio in a Prefecture and lorry ownership is also apparent when the index is examined on prefectural level. The Prefecture of Thessaloniki records the lowest number of lorries per 1, inhabitants, while the other Prefectures of the Impact Zone IV having big cities 26
(Prefectures of Larisa, Magnesia and Ioannina) are low-ranked in terms of lorry ownership. Inversely, in the two out of the first three ranked Prefectures (Prefectures of Halkidiki and Thesprotia), there is no city with a population of over 1, inhabitants. The Prefectures with the highest index values in lorry ownership are located mainly in Central Macedonia (Map 7). Graph 15. Evolution of the number of lorries per 1, inhabitants Regions of Impact Zone IV, 24 125 Thessaly West Macedonia 115 15 Epirus Imapct Zone IV Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Central Macedonia Greece 95 85 75 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Graph 16. Number of lorries per 1, inhabitants Prefectures of Impact Zone IV, 24 2 18 Number of lorries per 1, inhabitants 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Halkidiki Pella Thesprotia Imathia Grevena Trikala Karditsa Preveza Pieria Arta Kavala Evros Kozani Serres Prefecture Larisa Florina Kilkis Magnesia Drama Kastoria Rodopi Ioannina Xanthi Thessaloniki 27
Map 7. Number of lorries per 1, inhabitants per Prefecture, 24 28
B.2. Total number of private passenger vehicles and motorcycles The pre-eminence of Attica among other regions of the Country in vehicle ownership regards the number of passenger car and motorcycles (Graph 17). Being the first in the classification of Greek regions, Attica has 658 private vehicles/1, inhabitants, while all remaining Regions range between 253 private vehicles/1, inhabitants (Peloponnese) and 474 Ι.Χ./1, inhabitants (Crete). The Regions of Zone IV occupy in this list positions between 6 th (Central Macedonia) and 1 th (West Macedonia) and they all have less private vehicles per 1, inhabitants than the total of the National average. During the period 1998-24, the index increases for all Regions. (Graph 18) and their classification remains the same since 1998, the only difference regarding the Epirus index which surpassed in 22 that of Thessaly, bringing Epirus from the last to the penultimate position of the classification of the Regions of Zone IV (Graph 2). During the period 2-24, the Regions of Central Macedonia and Attica presented the lower increase of private vehicle ownership. The Region presenting the highest percentage increase in private vehicle and motorcycle ownership on National level has been Epirus (34,7%), followed by Thessaly (31,9%). All Regions of Impact Zone IV, presented a highest increase of private vehicles index per 1, inhabitants than the National average with the exception of Central Macedonia (Table 3). The Prefectures of Thesprotia, Karditsa, Arta and Trikala presented during the 4-year period examined an increase of the private vehicle/inhabitant index of over 4%, while the lowest increase in private vehicle ownership in Zone IV has been observed in the Prefecture of Thessaloniki (24,2%). Graph 17. Number of private passenger vehicles and motorcycles per 1, inhabitants Regions of Greece, 24 7 Number of private passenger vehicles and motorcycles per 1, inhabitants 6 5 4 3 2 1 Attica Crete Greece Ionian ispands Southern Aegean Northen Aegean Central Macedonia Impact Zone IV Regions Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Thessaly Epirus Western Macedonia West Greece Sterea Ellada Peloponnese 29
Graph 18. Development of the number of passenger vehicles and motorcycles per 1, inhabitants Regions of Impact Zone IV, 1998-24 5 number of passenger vehicles and motorcycles per 1, inhabitants 45 4 35 3 25 2 Greece Impact Zone IV Eastern Macedonia & Thrace Central Macedonia Western Macedonia Thessaly Epirus 15 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Year 3
Table 3. Private passenger vehicles and motorcycles per 1, inhabitants PASSENGER VEHICLES AND MOTORCYCLES PER 1, INHABITANTS, IMPACT ZONE IV, 2 AND 24 Total number of private vehicles and motorcycles / average annual population in thousands NUTS REGION/ MUNICIPALITY 2 24 Change 2-24 gr11 East Macedonia & Thrace 265, 339,7 28,2% gr111 EVROS 254,2 331,4 3,4% gr112 XANTHI 267,2 352,3 31,9% gr113 RODOPI 25,9 266, 29,2% gr114 DRAMA 285, 356,4 25,1% gr115 KAVALA 37, 385,2 25,5% gr12 Central Macedonia 32,6 381,5 26,1% gr121 IMATHIA 257,4 333,1 29,4% gr122 THESSALONIKI 375,8 466,8 24,2% gr123 KILKIS 21,1 246,4 22,5% gr124 PELLA 183, 241,2 31,8% gr125 PIERIA 214,1 277,6 29,7% gr126 SERRES 196,2 257,1 31,1% gr127 HALKIDIKI 152,8 191,8 25,5% gr13 West Macedonia 232,3 297,7 28,2% gr131 GREVENA 155,3 2,8 29,3% gr132 KASTORIA 29,6 363,4 25,% gr133 KOZANI 25,7 322,5 28,6% gr134 FLORINA 168,3 219,3 3,3% gr14 Thessalia 251,4 331,7 31,9% gr141 KARDITSA 178,8 254,1 42,1% gr142 LARISSA 251,2 327,1 3,2% gr143 MAGNISSIA 35,9 384,9 25,8% gr144 TRIKALA 233,7 328,6 4,6% gr21 Epirus 226,5 35,1 34,7% gr211 ARTA 28,3 293,8 41,% gr212 THESPROTIA 196,1 283,9 44,8% gr213 IOANNINA 245,3 315,9 28,8% gr214 PREVEZA 22,8 33,5 37,4% zniv Impact Zone IV 274,8 352,5 28,3% gr National total 36,2 458,6 27,3% Source of primary data: GSNSSG 12/26 and Eurostat 3/27 31
Β.3. Vehicles used for professional purpose (public passenger vehicles, lorries, buses and goods carrying motorcycles) The total of professional vehicles used by the population expresses the rate of dependence of the professional occupation from the vehicles. The classification of Greek Regions follows that of the lorries (Graph 19), with Crete in the fist position and Attica in the last. Graph 19. Number of vehicles used for professional purpose per 1, inhabitants Greek Regions, 24 2 Number of preofessional vehicles per 1, inhabitants 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Crete Peloponnese Sterea Ellada West Greece Northen Aegean Thessaly Western Macedonia Ionian islands Regions Epirus Impact Zone IV Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Central Macedonia Greece Southern Aegean Attica The number of vehicles has increased from 1998 until 24 and all Regions of Zone IV present today an index value surpassing the National Average. The listing of Regions of Impact Zone IV has changed since 1998, with Thessaly surpassing West Macedonia, taking the first place in 24 in the number of vehicles used for professional purpose, while East Macedonia and Thrace climbed to the penultimate position in 24, leaving Central Macedonia behind. (Graph 2). 32
Graph 2. Development of vehicles used for professional purpose per 1, inhabitants Regions of Impact Zone IV, 1998-24 Number of vehicles used for professional purpose 13 125 12 115 11 15 1 95 Greece East Macedonia & Thrace Central Macedonia Western Macedonia Thessaly Impact Zone IV Epirus 9 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Year C.1. Total of vehicles and length of road network In this paragraph, an effort is made to investigate the relation between the total number of vehicles per Prefecture and Region and the length of the National Road Network in the respective Prefecture or Region. The ratio of total of vehicles 6» to the National Road Network length indicates the level of traffic load in the National Road Network within a Prefecture or Region. The Region presenting the greater number of vehicles per kilometer is, by far, Central Macedonia (225,2 vehicles/km), followed by East Macedonia and Thrace (131,6 vehicles/km.), while the smaller number exists in Epirus (55,6 vehicles/km.). In Zone IV, on Regional level, it seems that there is a correlation between the length of the National Road Network and the number of vehicles (Graph 21), which is not verified on Prefectural level (Graph 23). 6 The total of vehicles is used here with the meaning given by Eurostat, where motorcycles are not included (see paragraph Metadata ). 33
Table 4. Number of vehicles and length of road network NUTS TOTAL NUMBER OF VEHICLES AND LENGTH OF ROAD NETWORK Total number of private and public service vehicles, lorries and buses / total length of Main National Road Network (primary, secondary and tertiary road network) in km REGION/ MUNICIPALITY Total of vehicles, 24 Length of National Road Network per Prefecture, June 26 Vehicles per km of National Road Network gr11 East Macedonia & Thrace 23.662 1.752,19 131,6 gr111 EVROS 59.667 483,55 123,4 gr112 XANTHI 36.43 265,23 135,9 gr113 RODOPI 33.796 325,7 14, gr114 DRAMA 4.647 253,64 16,3 gr115 KAVLA 6.59 424,71 142,5 gr12 Central Macedonia 823.476 3.656,99 225,2 gr121 IMATHIA 63.613 293,79 216,5 gr122 THESSALONIKI 53.846 1.92,81 485,8 gr123 KILKIS 28.546 44,49 64,8 gr124 PELLA 53.369 233,91 228,2 gr125 PIERIA 46.982 315,93 148,7 gr126 SERRES 64.96 634,4 12,4 gr127 HALKIDIKI 35.214 646,1 54,5 gr13 West Macedonia 115.81 1.67,95 69,3 gr131 GREVENA 1.545 497,85 21,2 gr132 KASTORIA 22.985 342, 67,2 gr133 KOZANI 65.122 559,21 116,5 gr134 FLORINA 17.149 271,9 63,1 gr14 Thessaly 287.224 2.522,76 113,9 gr141 KARDITSA 4.792 464,18 87,9 gr142 LARISSA 113.73 986,93 115,2 gr143 MAGNISSIA 79.593 537,22 148,2 gr144 TRIKALA 53.136 534,44 99,4 gr21 Epirus 127.857 2.31,12 55,6 gr211 ARTA 28.77 396,3 7,8 gr212 THESPROTIA 16.383 311,6 52,7 gr213 IOANNINA 62.96 1.322,14 47,6 gr214 PREVEZA 2.491 271,62 75,4 zniv IMPACT ZONE IV 1.585.2 11.94,1 133,2 Πηγές: ΕΣΥΕ, 12/26 και Βάση Δεδομένων του Παρατηρητηρίου της ΕΓΝΑΤΙΑ ΟΔΟΣ Α.Ε., 27 34
Graph 21. Correlation between the length of the National Road Network and the number of vehicles Regions of Impact Zone IV, 24 4. Lenth of national road network (km) 3.5 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 1. 5 EPIRUS WESTERN MACEDONIA THESSALY EASTERN MACEDONIA & THRACE CENTRAL MACEDONIA 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Number of vehicles The Prefecture of Thessaloniki presents a clear preeminence in the number of vehicles per National Road Network length, having 485 vehicles per km, while the Prefecture of Pella which follows has 228. The lowest number is to be found in the prefecture of Grevena, with only 21 vehicles per km of National Road Network. 4 out of the first 5 Prefectures of this classification (Thessaloniki, Pella, Imathia and Pieria) are located in Central Macedonia. (Graph 22). By examining the length of the National Road Network of the Prefectures and the number of vehicles as two different variables, we observe that there is no correlation between them (Graph 23). Graph 22. Total of vehicles per km of National Road Network- Prefectures of Impact Zone IV, 24 6 Ratio of vehicles to the lenth of national road network (km) 5 4 3 2 1 Thessaloniki Pella Imathia Drama Pieria Magnesia Kavala Xanthi Evros Kozani Larissa Rodopi Prefectures Serres Trikala Karditsa Preveza Arta Kastoria Kilkis Florina Halkidiki Thesprotia Ioannina Grevena 35
Graph 23. Correlation between the length of National Road Network and the number of vehicles Prefectures of Impact Zone IV, 24 1.4 IOANNINA Length of national road network (km) 1.2 1. 8 6 4 2 LARISSA THESSALONIKI 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Number of vehicles C.2. Passenger vehicles and GDP It is only reasonable that the market size affects the number of vehicles and that there is a correlation between them. As proved by the linear regression of the number of passenger vehicles and GDP, these parameters are subject to reciprocal changes. The determinant (R 2 ) expressing the rate of linear regression between the two parameters has a value very close to 1, (,9922) for Regions and Prefectures of Zone IV (Graph 24). This value expresses that the relation between the number of passenger vehicles and the GDP of Zone IV, is a linear relation. Graph 24. Correlation between number of passenger vehicles and GDP- Prefectures of Zone IV, 24 18. 16. 14. y =,348x + 25,13 R 2 =,9922 GDP in mil.. 12. 1. 8. 6. 4. 2. 5. 1. 15. 2. 25. 3. 35. 4. 45. 5. Number of passenger cars 36
C.3. Passenger vehicles ownership and GDP per inhabitant The correlation between the GDP per inhabitant and vehicle ownership is frequently present in the relevant bibliography (Button et al., 1992; Kopits and Cropper, 23; Zhongguo, 23) 7. Further below, we examine the correlation between GDP per inhabitant for the Regions of Zone IV, as well as the remaining Regions of Greece. In the Regions of Impact Zone IV of Egnatia Odos, the possession of vehicles ranges between 25 and 322 vehicles. We observe that as regards the Regions of Zone IV, irrespective of the low GDP value per inhabitant, the possession of vehicles still remains at the same level. Graph 25. Ownership of passenger vehicles and GDP per inhabitant, Regions of Zone IV, 24 35 Central Macedonia Passenger cars per 1, inhabitants, 24 3 25 2 15 1 5 Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Western Macedonia Thessaly Epirus 1. 1.5 11. 11.5 12. 12.5 GDP per capita in, 24 7 K. Buton, J. L. Hine and N. Ngoe in their article Car ownership forecasts for low-income countries Overseas Centre Transport Research Laboratory Crowthorne Berkshire United Kingdom, foresee the development of vehicle possession in the developing counties, considering GDP per capita as the most important parameter. http://www.transport-links.org/transport_links/filearea/publications/1_621_pa1284_1992.pdf E. Kopits and M. Cropper in their article entitled Traffic Fatalities and Economic Growth, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 335, April 23, correlate GDP per capita with the vehicle possession and number of fatalities on roads. http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagepk=6419327&pipk=64187937&thesitepk=523 679&menuPK=6418751&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=94946_351 4413341 Zhongguo in his Personal cars in China, 23, National Academies, pp17 και pp2 mentions that the vehicle possession is an ascending function of GDP per inhabitant. http://books.google.com/books?id=1bmbmqv7ssc&pg=pa23&lpg=pa23&dq=motorization+rat e+gdp&source=web&ots=45jnwstzou&sig=u4sr1chz4yuyuxwq6ejioleg51w#ppa8,m1 37
The same does not apply to the Regions of the rest of Greece (Graph 26), where the variation of passenger vehicle possession is higher and there is a strong correlation of it with GDP per inhabitant (Graph 26). Chart 26. Passenger vehicle ownership and GDP per inhabitant, Regions of Greece outside those included in Zone IV, 24 6 Passenger cars per 1, inhabitants, 24 5 4 3 2 1 West Greece Northen Aegean Peloponnese Crete Ionian islands y =,227x - 35,649 R 2 =,5133 Sterea Ellada Southern Aegean Attica 7. 9. 11. 13. 15. 17. 19. 21. GDP per capita in, 24 appendix Sources The number of vehicles used derives from the data base of the National Statistical Service of Greece (NSSG) (December 26). To calculate the indexes regarding the number of vehicles per 1, inhabitants, an annual rate of population deriving from the Eurostat database (March 27) has been used. GDP and GDP per inhabitant of the Prefectures and Regions used for the linear regression with the number and possession of vehicles respectively, derive also from the Eurostat database, (March 27). For the length of the National Road Network, we have used the sum of primary, secondary, tertiary National Road Network, as recorded in the data base of the Observatory of Egnatia Odos AE in June 27. Methodology The comparison of vehicle possession in the Regions and Prefectures of Greece with the vehicle possession at European Union level is impossible according to Eurostat, as currently (September 27) no data concerning the vehicles in the European Union 38
are published by Eurostat 8. However, it has been advisable to follow as possible a common categorisation of vehicles with Eurostat, to facilitate the interpretation of results, as well as to enable a future comparison of the vehicle possession at European level. As regards the terminology of vehicle categories, the following assumptions or approaches are observed: The term lorries is considered as being the same with the term goods road motor vehicle of Eurostat. According to Eurostat 11 the term includes the total of vehicles the main purpose of which is to transport goods, as determined by their technical characteristics, or their tax category. The term vehicles used for professional purpose includes private and public buses, private and public lorries, public passenger vehicles, public motorcycles and private and public goods carrying motorcycles. The term professional vehicles is avoided, as it is used for specific vehicles registered in the Transport Directorates of the Prefectures and includes private vehicles as well (e.g. taxi). It should be noted that the term vehicles used for professional purpose does not include a plethora of vehicles characterised as special purpose road vehicle of special utility vehicles (according to Eurostat 9 ) that are used for various reasons other than the transporting of goods and people (e.g. excavators, ambulances, fire fighting vehicles). These vehicles are not included in the category total of vehicles in the present report, as their number is not available by the NSSG In the calculation of the index of vehicles per road network we have used the total of vehicles as defined by Eurostat, (which does not include motorcycles). This was considered to better meet the index s purpose. The index expresses the level of traffic load on the National Road Network per Prefecture. The motorcycles participate the less in the increase of the traffic load a) due to their small size in relation to other vehicle categories and b) because we are aware from our empirical observations that motorcycles are mainly used in the cities and less on National Roads. Consequently, it is advisable not to be added to other vehicle categories to constitute an equivalent factor affecting the index. 8 Lack of information of Eurostat at a European level is due to the fact that in certain countries (Portugal, Malta, Estonia, Finland) there is no data for particular vehicle categories, while for several others there are gaps in their data, mainly for the time period before 1998. See Eurostat website: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=19,37682,19_3376576&_dad =portal&_schema=portal under the field data transport road transport - Road transport equipement - Stock of vehicles - Stock of vehicles by category at regional level. 9 Glossary for transport statistics - Document prepared by the Intersecretariat Working Group on Transport Statistics, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 23. 39
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