Wissenschaftstag 2008 09. Oktober 2008 Presented by Dr. Klaus Edelmann, Bernd Räckers, Dr. Benjamin L. Farmer Airbus M&P Composite Technology Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes
Nano-ratio A 380 Span: 79,8 m Clip dimensions: Part-Length: 130 mm Thickness: 2,17 mm Laminat thickness: 0,31 mm 1:250.000 1:250.000 CNT diameter: 1-10 nm 1,2 nm Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 2
Airbus Intelligent Airframe Concept Future Airbus airframes will require high performance, robust and cost-efficient, multi-functional materials for maintenance-free, actively controlled and environmentallyfriendly aircraft structures Stepwise introduction of Nanotechnology could impact all areas of airframe design, manufacture and assembly Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 3
Nanocomposite developments Airbus has three step-wise approaches to nanocomposite developments Nano-augmented Nano-engineered Nano-enabled Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 4
Nano-augmented composites functional applications Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 5
Nano-augmentation For Airbus, the aim is to augment existing or new aircraft materials and structures with nanomaterials with significantly enhanced properties, enabling: Improvement of the structural and functional performance, and therefore Reduction of weight and cost Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 6
Nano-augmentation approach Nanocomposite: a multiphase compound, containing a secondary (or tertiary) filler phase which is a nanomaterial (nanofiller) Polymeric (thermoplastic or thermoset), or metallic matrix filler (optional) Nano-sized reinforcement, L < 100 nm 1. Three dimensional particles Multi-scale composites Augmentation of conventional long-fibre composites L 2. Plate-like L 3. Fibres and tubes L + = Nanoreinforced polymer CF Fabric Nanocomposite Filler Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 7
Nano-augmentation- opportunity for improvements 6. Thermal Properties Increased HDT and Stability Enhanced Conductivity Controlled CTE 5. Tribological Properties Increased Surface Hardness Reduced Wear Rate Scratch Resistance 1. Mechanical Properties Increased Modulus Increased Strength Increased Impact/Toughness Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites 4. Electrical Properties Conductivity Electrostatics EMI Shielding EMH Protection 2. Barrier Properties Reduced Moisture Absorption Increased Chemical Resistance Reduced Gaseous Diffusion 3. Fire Retardancy Reduced Burn-Through Enhanced FST Properties Increased Charring Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 8
The challenge of electrical bonding & grounding Electrical bonding & grounding requires current return via airframe. Current concept are based on a metallic Electrical Structure Network. Raceways Metallic strips (CFRP frames bonding) Seat tracks & cargo floor Only metallic parts shown The non-metallic composites airframe must ensure a sufficient electrical conductivity through novel design concept or electrical conductive composites. Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 9
Carbon nanotubes: functional properties Teflon Quartz M21 Resin Glass Sea Water CFRP Laminates Carbon Fibres Carbon Nanotubes Metals Conductivity (Siemens/m) Percolating Non-Percolating 1.E-23 1.E-17 1.E-11 1.E-05 1.E+01 1.E+07 Density 1.8 2.0 g cc -1 (Ag, Cu = 10.5, 9.0 g cc -1 ) Thermal Conductivity 1950 W m -1 K -1 (Ag, Cu = 429, 401 W m -1 K -1 ) Aspect ratio 10 5 or more (Ag, Cu = ~ 1) The combination of mechanical, electrical and thermal properties, together with low density and high aspect ratio is very attractive Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 10
Lightning strike direct effects Lightning strike direct effects Rapid evolution of energy Arc temperature many thousands ºC Current manifests as heat through resistive heating The explosion of the plies at the arc attachment zone. Degradation of the resin. Pressure wave (30-500 psi) accompanies the return stroke Damage resulting from lightning strike on an unprotected composite panel For the protection of non-conducting composite structure, the current state-ofthe-art is sacrificial embedded woven bronze mesh Nano-augmented enhancements under development Other challenges: At the assembly zone, the interface resistance can lead to particular damage such as sparking. Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 11
Lightning indirect effects Method: Increase bulk resin conductivity by the addition of highly conducting carbon nanotubes Results: Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 12
Nano-engineered composites structural applications Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 13
Nanomaterials: potential for structural application Nanomaterials: a particle with at least one dimension of nano size, i.e. <100 nm Exhibit remarkable and unique properties due to their size Nano particles - SiO 2, SiC, Si 3 N 4, TiO 2, Al 2 0 3, Zn O, CaCO 3, BaSO 4 Layered structures Layered silicates, exfoliated graphite Tubes/Rods Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 14
Carbon nanotube/nanofibre polymer composites Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes make them a very interesting reinforcement material Small dimensions give high surface area per unit mass; increasing interaction with polymer A number of routes to production Solution processing of composites Processing of composites based on thermosets Melt processing of bulk composites In situ polymerisation processing Key to effective reinforcement is a high degree of dispersion (and alignment) and optimised bonding Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 15
Why carbon nanotubes? steel Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 16
Why carbon nanotubes? Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 17
Interlaminar reinforcement Interlaminar Reinforcement (DCB Test) First results using highly imperfect Nanostitch Next step is fabricate with ideal 20 μm nanostitch (grown recently) Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 18
Intralaminar reinforcement Intralaminar Reinforcement (Short Beam Shear Test) Thick laminates with aligned CNTs everywhere in matrix, no voids Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 19
Nano-enabled composites structural applications Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 20
European Aeronautics: A VISION FOR 2020 Aircraft and an air transport system that are responding to society s needs, despite a three-fold increase in air transport Because aircraft are cleaner, safer and quieter, can fly, land and taxi in all weather conditions and air traffic is very efficiently managed One of the Vision 2020 Targets: Reduction of CO 2 by 50% and NOx by 80% Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 21
Vision 2020: Nano-enabled composites Break-through technologies are required to meet Vision 2020 environmental targets Nano-enabled (nano-only) composites may deliver such a break-through technology Future Airbus airframes will require high performance, robust and costefficient, multi-functional materials for maintenance-free, actively controlled and environmentallyfriendly aircraft structures Direct spinning of carbon nanotube fibres Li, Y.-L., I.A. Kinloch, and A.H. Windle. 2004. Science 304(April 9):276 278. Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 22
Thank you for your attention Nanocomposites for Future Airbus Airframes 09. Oktober 2008 Page 23
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