Prt 91 Prt 125 Suprt A Generl 91.1 Appliility 125.1 Appliility Unless stte otherwise, this Prt pplies to: Where the pprovl of the Governor is require for generl vition opertions using irrft registere in the Territory, the opertor shll: hol n pprovl s esrie in Appenix A to this Prt; n ensure tht the requirements of Prt 91 n this Prt re pplie to: 1 the owner, or where n irrft is lese, the lessee of n 1 n eroplne with MTOM exeeing 5,700 kg; irrft registere in the Territory, wherever suh n irrft my e; n 2 ll irrft operting or nvigting within the Territory; n 2 n eroplne equippe with one or more turojet engines; 3 the rew of ll suh irrft. 3 n eroplne with mximum pprove pssenger seting onfigurtion of more thn 9; 4 heliopter with MTOM exeeing 3,175 kg; 5 heliopter with mximum pprove pssenger seting onfigurtion of more thn 5; 6 three or more irrft operte y n opertor with pilots employe or engge for the purpose of flying the irrft; or 7 ny other generl vition opertion speifie y the Governor. Note 1: Aitionl requirements re pplile to Generl Avition opertions involving irrft registere in the Territory of the lsses or use in the ses ientifie in OTAR Prt 125. Note 2: Commeril ir trnsport opertions involving irrft registere in the Territory re sujet to the itionl requirements in OTAR Prts 119, 121 n 135, s pplile. Note 3: Commeril ir trnsport opertions involving foreign-registere irrft re sujet to permission from the Seretry of Stte. 91.5 Purpose 125.5 Purpose The requirements of this Prt over opertion n piloting of irrft, the rrngements for the plnning n preprtion for flight, n the mintenne n equipment of irrft. These s onstitute Instrutions given y the Governor uner rtile 74 of the Air Nvigtion (Overses Territories) Orer 2013 ( the Orer ) in exerise of his powers uner setion 57 of the Civil Avition At 1949 s extene to the Territories y the Civil Avition At 1949 (Overses Territories) Orer 1969. Filure to omply with these Instrutions my onstitute n offene uner n in orne with rtile 74 n the provisions of rtile 185(1) of the Orer. These s enompss n mplify mny of the provisions of the Orer, inluing the Rules of the Air set out in Sheule 4 to the Orer. Therefore, filure to omply with these s my: These s re not in themselves Lw. Filure to omply my not onstitute n offene. However, the s repet or reproue mny of the provisions of the Air Nvigtion (Overses Territories) Orer 2013 ( the Orer ), inluing the Rules of the Air set out in Sheule 4 to the Orer. Therefore, filure to omply with these s my: 1 onstitute reh of one or more provisions of the Orer; n 1 onstitute reh of one or more provisions of the Orer; n 2 result in proeeings for rehes of the Orer; or 2 result in proeeings for rehes of the Orer; or 3 result in the refusl of n pplition for renewl of n pprovl, ertifite or liene; or 3 result in the refusl of n pplition or renewl of n pprovl, ertifite or liene; or 4 result in tion to suspen or revoke n pprovl, ertifite or liene. 4 result in tion to suspen or revoke n pprovl, ertifite or liene. The Orer estlishes the si legl oligtions The Orer etils the legl oligtions governing governing the opertion n piloting of irrft, the prtiulr vition opertions. The Orer speifies plnning n preprtion for flight n the mintenne these oligtions in rther generl terms, therefore n equipment of irrft ut speifies these oligtions there is provision in rtile 5 to the Orer whih in rther generl terms. Therefore rtile 5 of the Orer requires the Governor to pulish s to requires the Governor to pulish s to ugment, mplify n etil more preisely the ugment, mplify n etil more preisely the mnner mnner in whih these oligtions shll e met. The in whih these oligtions shll e met. The s re the mens y whih the opertor s re the mens y whih the opertor of n will e le to stisfy the Governor s to the fulfilment irrft or the pilot will e le to stisfy the Governor s of the oligtions in respet of the tivity or their to the fulfilment of the oligtions in respet of the entitlement to hol ertifite, liene or pprovl. opertion of n irrft or their respetive entitlement to hol n pprovl, permit, ertifite or liene. The issue of n pprovl, permit, ertifite or liene inites only tht the holer is onsiere ompetent to seure the sfe opertion of irrft. The possession of suh oument oes not relieve the opertor of n irrft, or the pilot-in-ommn, from the responsiility for ompline with the Orer n ny other legisltion in fore. Neither oes it relieve them of their responsiility for the sfe onut of ny prtiulr flight, s the ultimte responsiility for the sfety of flight opertions lwys rests with the opertor n the pilot-in-ommn. The issue of n pprovl inites only tht the holer is onsiere ompetent to seure the sfe opertion of n irrft. The possession of suh oument oes not relieve the the opertor of n irrft, or the pilotin-ommn, from the responsiility for ompline with the Orer n ny other legisltion in fore. Neither oes it relieve them of their responsiility for the sfe onut of ny prtiulr flight, s the ultimte responsiility for the sfety of flight opertions lwys rests with the opertor n the pilotin-ommn. Ops OTAR Prts 91 & 125 Issue 9-0 Pge 1 of 64
Prt 91 Prt 125 91.10 Use of English All oumenttion, written ommunitions n t (eletroni or otherwise) for sumission to the Governor in support of n pplition for ertifite, liene or pprovl shll e provie in English. 91.15 Lws, requirements n proeures 125.15 Lws, requirements n proeures The holer of ertifite, liene, permit or pprovl shll tke resonle re to ensure tht ll persons employe, engge, or ontrte y the holer to perform sfety-relte tivities, re fmilir with n omply with the lws, regultions n proeures neessry to the performne of their uties. The opertor shll ensure tht ll flight rew re fmilir with n omply with the lws, regultions n proeures neessry to flight, inluing ut not limite to the following: The pilot-in-ommn shll omply with the lws, regultions n proeures of those Sttes in whih opertions re onute. The pilot-in-ommn shll e fmilir with the lws, regultions n proeures, pertinent to the performne of his or her uties, presrie for the res to e trverse, the eroromes to e use n the ir nvigtion filities relting thereto. The pilot-inommn shll ensure tht other memers of the flight rew re fmilir with suh of these lws, regultions n proeures s re pertinent to the performne of their respetive uties in the opertion of the irrft. the pproprite provisions of the Orer; n the Overses Territories Avition s; n e ny pplile onitions on the opertor s pprovl; n the proeures speifie in the opertor s require oumenttion; n suh lws, regultions n proeures tht my e relevnt in those Sttes in whih the opertion is to e onute, inluing in prtiulr those flight proeures n ostle lerne riteri tht my iffer from those estlishe y PANS-OPS; n 91.20 More stringent requirements The pilot-in-ommn of Territory-registere irrft operting in: foreign stte; or interntionl irspe uner the ontrol of foreign Stte, shll omply with this Prt unless the pplition of more stringent operting n flight rule of tht Stte or of tht irspe is require. 91.25 Power to inspet The holer of ertifite, liene, permit or pprovl shll ensure tht ny person uthorise y the Governor is llowe to or n irrft, unless in the resonle opinion of the pilot-in-ommn, the sfety of the irrft woul therey e enngere. f proeures require t ny erorome plnne to e use s estintion or s n lternte, n proeures for ir nvigtion filities relting to suh eroromes. 91.30 Proution of oumenttion n reors The holer of ertifite, liene, permit or pprovl shll: 1 give, ny person uthorise y the Governor, ess to ny oumenttion relting to irrft opertions n the sfety of irrft in flight; n 2 proue ll suh oumenttion n reors, when requeste to o so y n uthorise person, within resonle perio of time. The pilot in ommn shll, within resonle perio of time of eing requeste to o so y n uthorise person, proue to tht person the oumenttion require to e rrie on or. 91.35 Airrft irworthiness Exept s uthorise y the Governor, n irrft shll not fly unless: it hs vli ertifite of irworthiness issue y the Stte of Registry; or it hs vli Permit to Fly in orne with OTAR Prt 21 Suprt P; n the irrft is operte in ompline with tht oument. 91.40 Airrft flight mnul An irrft shll e operte in ompline with the operting limittions speifie in the irrft flight mnul, or n equivlent oument pprove y the Governor. 91.45 Douments to e rrie 125.45 Douments to e rrie A flight shll not e ommene unless the following ouments re rrie: Notwithstning 91.45, the opertor shll ensure tht the following ouments re rrie on eh flight: 1 the vli ertifite of irworthiness; n 1 the vli ertifite of irworthiness; n Ops OTAR Prts 91 & 125 Issue 9-0 Pge 2 of 64
Prt 91 Prt 125 2 the flight rew lienes of eh memer of the flight rew; n 2 the flight rew lienes of eh memer of the flight rew; n 3 the irrft rio sttion liene; n 3 the irrft rio sttion liene; n 4 noise ertifition oument, if pplile; n 4 noise ertifition oument, if pplile; n 5 opy of ny pprovls, permissions, uthoristions or exemptions relevnt to the flight; n 5 opy of ny pprovls, permissions, uthoristions or exemptions relevnt to the flight; n 6 ertifie true opy of ny trnsfer greement uner Artile 83 is of the Chigo Convention; n 6 ertifie true opy of ny trnsfer greement uner Artile 83 is of the Chigo Convention; n 7 for n interntionl flight: i ertifite of registrtion; n ii the journey log ook or equivlent reor; n Where suh ouments s require y prgrphs ()(1), ()(4) n (7)(i) re written in lnguge other thn English, n English trnsltion shll e provie. 7 ertifite of registrtion; n 8 the journey log ook or equivlent reor; n Where suh ouments s require y prgrphs ()(1), ()(4) n (7) re written in lnguge other thn English, n English trnsltion shll e provie. Before ny flight is ommene the pilot-in-ommn shll ensure tht the ouments liste in () re in fore n will remin so for the urtion of the flight. Before ny flight is ommene the pilot-in-ommn shll ensure tht the ouments liste in () re in fore n will remin so for the urtion of the flight. The ouments require y () shll e rrie on eh flight exept tht: The ouments require y () shll e rrie on eh flight exept tht: 1 where the flight is intene to egin n en t the sme erorome; n 1 where the flight is intene to egin n en t the sme erorome; n 2 the erorome is lote in Territory; n 2 the erorome is lote in Territory; n 3 the plnne flight oes not inlue pssge over the territory of ny other Stte 3 the plnne flight oes not inlue pssge over the territory of ny other Stte the ouments liste t () my e kept t the erorome of eprture inste of eing rrie in the irrft. the ouments liste t () my e kept t the erorome of eprture inste of eing rrie in the irrft. 91.50 Mnuls to e rrie 125.50 Mnuls to e rrie A flight shll not e ommene unless the following mnuls re rrie: Notwithstning 91.50, the opertor shll ensure tht the following mnuls re rrie on eh flight: 1 the flight mnul for the irrft, or equivlent oument. 1 the flight mnul for the irrft, or equivlent oument; n 2 the opertions mnul, or those prts of it tht pply to flight opertions. 91.55 Aitionl informtion n forms to e rrie 125.55 Aitionl informtion n forms to e rrie A flight shll not e ommene unless the following itionl informtion or forms re rrie: 1 suh oumenttion s will enle the pilot-in-ommn to reor opertionl informtion; n Note: This my inlue items suh s the opertionl flight pln, irrft tehnil log et. 2 for n interntionl flight, pssenger n rgo mnifests; n 3 urrent n suitle hrts to over the route of the propose flight n ny route long whih it is resonle to expet tht the flight my e iverte; n Note: Chrts my e ny pprove representtion. Notwithstning 91.55, the opertor shll ensure tht the following itionl informtion or forms re rrie on eh flight: 1 the opertionl flight pln; n 2 the tehnil log; n 3 etils of the file ATS flight pln; n 4 NOTAM n AIS riefing informtion pproprite to the opertion; n 5 meteorologil informtion pproprite to the opertion; n 6 pssenger n rgo mnifests; n 7 notifition of ny ngerous goos; n 8 urrent n suitle hrts to over the route of the propose flight n ny route long whih it is resonle to expet tht the flight my e iverte; n Note: Chrts my e ny pprove representtion. 4 essentil t relting to the serh n resue filities in the res in whih the flight will e operte inluing the groun-ir signl oes; n 5 for n interntionl flight, opy of the notifie proeures to e followe y the pilot-in-ommn of n interepte irrft, n the notifie visul signls for use y interepting n interepte irrft. 9 essentil t relting to the serh n resue filities in the res in whih the flight will e operte inluing the groun-ir signl oes; n 10 opy of the notifie proeures to e followe y the pilot-in-ommn of n interepte irrft, n the notifie visul signls for use y interepting n interepte irrft. 91.60 Correting lenses Any flight rew memer ssesse s fit to exerise the privileges of liene sujet to the use of suitle orreting lenses, shll hve spre set of spetles reily ville when exerising those privileges. 91.65 Rio lienes Where n irrft is fitte with rio trnsmitting equipment, suh equipment shll e operte only y rew memers who re ppropritely qulifie. 91.70 Groun opertion of irrft An eroplne shll not e txie on the movement re of n erorome unless the person t the ontrols is n ppropritely qulifie pilot or: 1 hs een uly uthorise n riefe y the opertor; 2 is fully ompetent to txi the eroplne 3 is qulifie to use the rio telephone if rio ommunitions re require; n Ops OTAR Prts 91 & 125 Issue 9-0 Pge 3 of 64
Prt 91 Prt 125 4 hs reeive instrution from ompetent person in respet of erorome lyout, n where pproprite, informtion on routes, signs, mrking, lights, ATC signls n instrutions, phrseology n proeures, n is le to onform to the opertionl stnrs require for sfe eroplne movement t the erorome. A heliopter rotor shll not e turne uner power, for the purpose of flight, without qulifie pilot t the ontrols. A heliopter rotor shll not e turne uner power, for other thn purpose of flight unless the person t the ontrols: 1 hs een uly uthorise n riefe; 2 hs een provie with trining n proeures to e followe. 91.75 Portle eletroni evies No person my operte on ny irrft ny moile or ell phone, omputer or other eletroni evie tht is esigne to trnsmit or ple of trnsmitting eletromgneti energy otherwise thn in orne with the permission of the pilot-in-ommn of tht irrft. Prgrph () shll not pply to: 1 hering is; n 2 hert pemkers; n 3 portle voie reorers; n 4 eletri shvers; n 5 eletroni wthes; n 6 ny other portle eletroni evie if the opertor or pilot-in-ommn of the irrft hs etermine tht the si portle eletroni evie to e use will not use interferene with ny irrft system or equipment of the irrft on whih it is use. 91.80 Flight instrution n testing No person shll give flight instrution in n irrft, exept lloon, unless tht irrft is equippe with fully funtioning ul ontrols. 91.85 Common lnguge 125.85 Common lnguge The pilot-in-ommn shll ensure tht: The opertor shll ensure tht: flight rew memers emonstrte the ility to spek n unerstn the lnguge use for eronutil riotelephony ommunitions s speifie in ICAO Annex 1. Note: Detils of ICAO SARPs for ommunitions proeures my e foun in ICAO Annex 10 Volume II, "Communitions Proeures". ll rew memers hve the ility to spek n unerstn the English lnguge to the extent neessry for effetive ommunition to our etween flight rew n other rew memers. 91.90 Informtion on emergeny n survivl equipment rrie 125.90 Informtion on emergeny n survivl equipment rrie The holer of ertifite, liene, permit or pprovl shll hve ville, for immeite ommunition to resue o-orintion entres, informtion on the emergeny n survivl equipment rrie on or eh The opertor shll hve ville, for immeite ommunition to resue o-orintion entres, informtion on the emergeny n survivl equipment rrie on or eh of its irrft. of its irrft. For flights over-wter the informtion shll, where suh equipment is rrie, inlue: 1 the numer, olour, n type of life rfts; n 2 type of pyrotehnis rrie; n 3 etils of emergeny meil supplies n wter supplies; n 4 the type n operting frequenies of ny emergeny portle rio equipment. 91.95 Stowge of ggge n rgo 125.95 Stowge of ggge n rgo Bggge or rgo shll not e rrie in n irrft unless it is: The opertor shll speify proeures to ensure tht ll ggge rrie onto n irrft n tken into the pssenger in is equtely n seurely stowe. 1 stowe n restrine in orne with ny instrutions given in the irrft flight mnul; n 2 pkge to voi injury to ny person on or. The pilot-in-ommn shll not permit ny ggge or rgo rrie to: 1 exee the lo limittion for the sets, erths, or floor struture s presrie y the irrft flight mnul, or y plrs; or 2 e lote in position tht restrits the ess to or use of ny require emergeny exit; or 3 e lote in position where it my restrit ess to ny flight ontrol or prt of the irrft okpit, or my restrit visiility of ny flight instrument. 91.100 Crrige of ngerous goos 125.100 Crrige of ngerous goos Dngerous goos shll not e loe on or rrie in n irrft unless: suh ngerous goos re rrie in orne with the pprovl in writing of the Governor; n the onitions of rrige of ngerous goos meet the requirements of OTAR Prt 92. The opertor shll ensure tht no ngerous goos re loe or rrie on n irrft exept in orne with the pprove proeures. Ops OTAR Prts 91 & 125 Issue 9-0 Pge 4 of 64
Prt 91 Prt 125 91.105 Crrige of wepons n munitions of wr 125.105 Crrige of wepons n munitions of wr A flight rrying wepons or munitions of wr shll e ommene only: The opertor shll ensure tht no wepons n munitions of wr re rrie on n irrft exept in orne with pprove proeures. 1 with the written permission of the Governor n in orne with ny onitions ontine in the permission; n 2 provie tht etils in writing of the: i type, mss or quntity of ny suh wepon or munitions; n ii ny onitions of the permission for rrige; n iii the lotion of the wepons or munitions; re rrie on or the irrft. 91.110 Crrige of sporting wepons n mmunition 125.110 Crrige of sporting wepons n mmunition A flight, with sporting wepons on or, shll not e The opertor shll ensure tht: ommene unless request for rrrige hs een me in vne. Sporting wepon epte for rrige shll e: written etils of ny sporting wepons n/or munition hve een provie y the person requesting rrige of the item, efore the item is tken on or the irrft; n 1 stowe in the irrft in ple whih is inessile to pssengers uring flight; unless the Governor hs etermine tht ompline is imprtil n epte tht other proeures might pply; n 2 unloe in the se of firerms or other wepons tht n ontin mmunition. Note: Ammunition for sporting wepons my e ontine in ggge, sujet to ertin limittions, in orne with OTAR Prt 92. the pilot-in-ommn is informe in writing of the lotion, type, mss, n quntity of those items rrie. 125.115 Eletroni nvigtion t mngement The opertor shll not use eletroni nvigtion t prouts unless proeures hve een pprove y the Governor to ensure tht: 1 the proess pplie n the prouts elivere hve met eptle stnrs of integrity; n 2 the prouts re omptile with the intene funtion of the equipment tht will use them. Note: Guine relting to the proesses tht t suppliers my follow is ontine in RTCA DO200A/EUROCAE ED-76 n RTCA DO- 201A/EUROCAE ED-77. The opertor shll implement proeures to ensure the timely istriution n insertion of urrent n unltere eletroni nvigtion t to ll irrft requiring suh t. 91.120 Responsiilities of pilot-in-ommn The responsiilities of the pilot-in-ommn shll inlue: 1 the sfety n seurity of ll persons on or the irrft when the oors re lose; 2 the opertion n sfety of the irrft from the moment the irrft hs strte its engine(s) for the purpose of tking-off until the moment it finlly omes to rest t the en of the flight n the engine(s) use s primry propulsion units re shut own n if pplile, the rotor les stoppe; 3 ensuring tht flight is not ommene if ny flight rew memer is prevente from performing his uties s result of inpittion y ny use suh s injury, sikness, ftigue, or the effets of lohol or rugs; 4 ensuring tht flight is not ontinue eyon the nerest suitle erorome or heliport when require flight rew memer's pity to perform funtions is signifintly reue y impirment of fulties from uses suh s ftigue, sikness, or lk of oxygen; 5 reporting ll known or suspete efets in the irrft t the termintion of the flight; 6 ompletion of the journey log ook n ny generl elrtion; 7 preservtion of flight reorer reors n if neessry the ssoite flight reorers if the irrft hs een involve in n ient or inient; 8 notifying the pproprite lol uthority in the event tht n emergeny sitution tht neessittes tion in violtion of lol regultions or proeures. The report shll e me s soon s possile, ut in ny event, not lter thn 72 hours fter the inient. A opy of the report shll e sumitte to the Governor; 9 the seurity of the irrft uring its opertion; n 10 reporting ny t of unlwful interferene to the Governor n to the esignte lol uthority. 91.130 Pssenger riefing A flight shll not e ommene unless pssengers re me fmilir with the lotion n use of: 1 set elts or ny other restrints; Ops OTAR Prts 91 & 125 Issue 9-0 Pge 5 of 64
Prt 91 Prt 125 2 emergeny exits; 3 lifejkets if require to e rrie; 4 other emergeny equipment provie for iniviul use, inluing pssenger emergeny riefing rs; 5 flottion equipment, where rrie ; n 6 oxygen ispensing equipment, if require to e rrie for the use of pssengers. All pssengers shll e me wre of the onitions uner whih smoking my e permitte. All persons on or the irrft shll e me wre of the lotion n generl mnner of use of the prinipl emergeny equipment rrie for use y pssengers. e During tke off n lning n uring suh other times s my require it, ll pssengers on or the irrft shll e seure in their sets y mens of the set elts or hrnesses provie. In the event of n emergeny ourring uring flight, ll persons on or shll e instrute in suh emergeny tion s my e pproprite to the irumstnes. 91.140 Use n preservtion of flight reorers n reors 125.140 Use n preservtion of flight reorers n reors On ny flight on whih one or more flight reorer systems is require to e rrie: The opertor shll ensure, y use of pproprite proeures, tht the requirements of 91.140 re met. 1 in n eroplne: i flight reorers shll e operte ontinuously from the time the first engine is strte for the purpose of mking flight until the time the lst engine is shut own fter lning; n ii opertionl heks n evlutions of reorings from the flight reorer systems shll e onute in orne with ICAO Annex 6 Prt I Appenix 8 or Prt II Appenix 2.3 (s pplile), s speifie in OTAR Prt 39, to ensure the ontinue servieility of the reorers. 2 in heliopter: i flight reorers shll e operte ontinuously from the time the rotors first turn for the purpose of mking flight until the rotors re next stoppe; n ii opertionl heks n evlutions of reorings from the flight reorer systems shll e onute in orne with ICAO Annex 6 Prt III Appenix 5, s speifie in OTAR Prt 39, to ensure the ontinue servieility of the reorers. Note: The heks referre to in (1)(ii) n (2)(ii) inlue, prior to the first flight of the y, tht the uilt-in test fetures for the flight reorers n flight t quisition unit (FDAU), when instlle, shll e monitore y mnul n/or utomti heks. To preserve flight reorer reors, flight reorers shll e e-tivte upon ompletion of flight time following n ient or inient. The flight reorers shll not e re-tivte efore their isposition s etermine in orne with OTAR Prt 13. In the event of n inient or ient, flight reorer reors, n where possile the ssoite flight reorers, shll e retine in sfe ustoy. Doumenttion onerning FDR n ADRS prmeters tht is provie to ient investigting uthorities shll e in eletroni formt n tke ount of inustry speifitions. Note: Inustry speifition for oumenttion onerning flight reorer prmeters my e foun in the ARINC 647A, Flight Reorer Eletroni Doumenttion, or equivlent oument. Suprt B Opertionl Proeures 125.150 Opertions mnul The opertor shll: provie n opertions mnul ontining ll the instrutions n informtion neessry for opertions personnel to perform their uties; ensure tht ll stff memers hve rey ess to the opertions mnul, or to those prts of the opertions mnul tht relte to their uties; n ensure tht the relevnt prts of the opertions mnul re rrie on eh flight. 91.155 Opertionl ontrol 125.155 Opertionl ontrol Exept s otherwise speifie y the opertor, the pilotin-ommn shll e responsile for opertionl ontrol. The opertor shll: estlish n mintin metho of opertionl ontrol; esrie the system in the opertions mnul; ensure tht opertionl ontrol is exerise over every flight; n Ops OTAR Prts 91 & 125 Issue 9-0 Pge 6 of 64
Prt 91 Prt 125 ensure tht the pilot-in-ommn is responsile for opertionl ontrol. 125.160 Duties of flight opertions offier/flight ispther A flight opertions offier/flight ispther employe in onjuntion with metho of ontrol n supervision of flight opertions shll: 1 ssist the pilot-in-ommn in flight preprtion n provie the relevnt informtion; 2 ssist the pilot-in-ommn in prepring the opertionl n ATS flight plns (inluing ientifition of en-route lterntes where pproprite), sign when pplile n file the ATS flight pln with the pproprite ATS unit, or esignte representtive; n 3 furnish the pilot-in-ommn while in flight, y pproprite mens, with informtion whih my e neessry for the sfe onut of the flight. 4 The informtion provie in (3) shll, for opertions eyon 60 minutes from point on route to n enroute lternte erorome, inlue informtion on opertionl sttus n meteorologil onitions t suh eroromes. 5 In the event of n emergeny: i initite suh proeures s outline in the opertions mnul while voiing tking ny tion tht woul onflit with ATC proeures; ii onvey sfety-relte informtion to the pilot-inommn tht my e neessry for the sfe onut of the flight, inluing informtion relte to ny menments to the flight pln tht eome neessry in the ourse of the flight; n iii if n emergeny sitution whih enngers the sfety of n irrft or persons eomes known first to the flight opertions offier/flight ispther, tion y tht person shll inlue, where neessry, notifition to the pproprite uthorities of the nture of the sitution without ely, n requests for ssistne if require. 125.165 Competene of opertions personnel The opertor shll ensure tht: 1 ll personnel ssigne to, or iretly involve in, groun n flight opertions re properly instrute, hve emonstrte their ilities in their prtiulr uties n re wre of their responsiilities n the reltionship of suh uties to the opertion s whole. 2 where ontrte n su-ontrt stff re use y the opertor to rry out funtions tht relte to the sfety of irrft, the opertor shll ensure tht the relevnt uties n ountilities of those stff re lerly efine y the opertor. The opertor shll lso ensure tht the responsiilities of ny ontrting orgnistion n their stff re lerly efine n onfirme within the ontrt or greement. 3 where opertions personnel prepre n opertionl flight pln, those personnel: i re trine n ompetent to perform the tsk; n ii re notifie s soon s prtile of relevnt hnges in equipment, operting proeures or filities, inluing: hnges to the use of nvigtion is, eroromes, ATC proeures n regultions, lol erorome trffi ontrol rules, n known hzrs to flight inluing potentilly hzrous meteorologil onitions n irregulrities in groun n nvigtion filities; n iii hve een provie, where neessry, with n eroplne operting mnul, for eh irrft type operte. 125.170 Stnr operting proeures The opertor shll provie n inlue in the opertions mnul, stnr operting proeures for the use of irrft rew n other operting stff for every irrft type operte. The stnr operting proeures shll ontin the norml, norml n emergeny proeures relting to the opertion of irrft. 125.175 Proeure ompline All opertionl personnel shll onform with the pplile proeures speifie in the opertions mnul. 91.185 Pre-flight tion 125.185 Pre-flight tion The pilot-in-ommn shll, efore eginning flight, otin, eome fmilir with n t on ll informtion onerning tht flight inluing the following: The opertor shll ensure tht efore eh flight, informtion is ville to the pilot-in-ommn to omplete the preprtion for the intene opertion n to ensure the equy of the filities. Ops OTAR Prts 91 & 125 Issue 9-0 Pge 7 of 64
Prt 91 Prt 125 the urrent n forest meteorologil informtion; n e f g h the fuel n oil requirements for tht flight; n ll relevnt etils of the plnne lo; n the lterntives ville if the flight nnot e omplete s plnne; n ny known or likely trffi elys tht hve een notifie y ATS; n the sttus of the ommunition n nvigtion filities intene to e use; n the urrent onitions of the erorome or heliport n runwy lengths t eroromes of intene use; n ll irspe restritions tht my pply on or jent to the plnne route n lterntives ville; n i ny volni tivity within the viinity of the plnne route. 91.190 Flight preprtion 125.190 Flight preprtion A flight shll not e ommene until the pilot in ommn is stisfie tht: the irrft is irworthy n in onition for sfe flight; The opertor shll ensure, y use of pproprite proeures, tht no flight is ommene unless the requirements of 91.190 hve een stisfie. e f g h i j k the ouments, mnuls n itionl ouments speifie re on or the irrft; the instruments n equipment instlle on the irrft re pproprite n in orne with Suprt F, tking into ount the expete flight onitions; the instruments n equipment re in operle onition exept s provie in the MEL; ny neessry mintenne hs een rrie out in orne with Suprt G; the orret quntity n type of fuel hs een loe on the irrft; the flight n e sfely me in orne with ny given performne t for the irrft eing operte; the mss of the irrft n entre of grvity re suh tht the flight n e onute sfely, tking ount of the expete flight onitions; ny lo rrie is properly istriute n sfely seure; the irrft operting limittions, ontine in the flight mnul, or equivlent, will not e exeee; n those prts of the irrft tht re visile n essile to him hve een inspete n/or heke. 125.195 Opertionl flight pln The opertor shll ensure tht: n opertionl flight pln is omplete for eh flight; n if the opertionl flight pln is prepre y person other thn the pilot-in-ommn, the pilot-inommn is vise of the ontents. 91.200 ATS flight pln 125.200 ATS flight pln A flight pln shll e sumitte to n pproprite ATS unit, or its esignte gent, prior to the strt of eh flight uner VFR tht proees over wter more thn 10 An ATS flight pln shll e sumitte to n pproprite ATS unit, or its esignte gent, prior to eh flight. NM from shore, or is operting over ny other remote or hzrous terrin. Note: This is in ition to ny requirement to file n ATS flight pln ontine in the Rules of the Air. 91.210 Operting in iing onitions - groun proeures The pilot-in-ommn: shll not operte n irrft in onitions where groun iing is known or suspete to e present, unless the irrft hs een inspete for iing n if neessry given suh e-ie n nti-ie tretment s my e require; shll t no time perform tke-off in n irrft tht hs snow, ie, or frost hering to the wings, rotors, stilisers, or ontrol surfes; n my only perform tke-off in n irrft tht hs frost hering to propeller, winsreen, or powerplnt instlltion if suh tion is speifilly permitte y the irrft flight mnul n the tke-off is performe in orne with the irrft flight mnul proeures. 91.215 Operting in iing onitions - flight proeures 125.215 Operting in iing onitions - flight proeures A flight shll not e ommene nor intentionlly flown into expete or tul iing onitions unless the irrft is ertifite n equippe to ope with suh onitions. 91.220 Operting filities The opertor shll estlish proeures for flight in expete or tul iing onitions if the irrft is ertifite n equippe to ope with suh onitions. Ops OTAR Prts 91 & 125 Issue 9-0 Pge 8 of 64
Prt 91 Prt 125 A flight shll not e ommene unless it hs een sertine y every resonle mens ville tht the groun n/or wter filities inluing ommunition filities n nvigtion is ville n iretly require on suh flight, for the sfe opertion of the irrft, re equte for the type of opertion uner whih the flight is to e onute. Any inequy of filities oserve in the ourse of opertions shll e reporte to the uthority responsile for them, without unue ely. 91.225 Use of eroromes/operting sites 125.225 Use of eroromes/operting sites The opertor shll: An irrft shll not e operte t n erorome or operting site unless: 1 the erorome or operting site is stisftory, tking ount of the physil hrteristis of the ple, the operting environment n the performne of the irrft; n 2 for opertions t n erorome, t the expete time of use the erorome will e ville n equippe with neessry nillry servies. Note 1: Anillry servies inlue ATS, lighting, ommunitions, wether reporting, nvigtion is n emergeny servies, s pproprite to the irumstnes. ensure tht n irrft is not operte to or from n erorome or operting site unless the opertor s proeures hve ientifie tht it is equte for the type(s) of irrft n opertion(s) onerne. A heliopter shll not e operte unless it is ssure tht: 1 ny ple use s heliport or lning site within ongeste re of ity, town or settlement hs physil hrteristis, ostle limittion surfes n visul is ommensurte with the hrteristis of the heliopter eing operte n the mient light onitions; n 2 ny ple use s heliport or s ple to hover tht is outsie ongeste re of ity, town, or settlement: i is suitle for the heliopter to hover ler of ostrutions; n ii for heliport, hs surfe re suitle for touhown n lift-off; n 3 ny ple use s heliport or s ple to hover hs pproh n tke-off pths suh tht, if the heliopter is not operting in Performne Clss 1, n emergeny lning n e onute without using unue risk to ny persons or property on the groun; n 4 ny ple in the Territory to e use y heliopter for the ommeril ir trnsport of pssengers t night hs lighting in opertion to enle the pilot: i in the se of lning, to ientify the lning re in flight, to etermine the lning iretion n to mke sfe pproh n lning; n ii in the se of tking off, to mke sfe tke-off. Only heliopters operting in Performne Clss 1 shll e permitte to operte from elevte heliports in ongeste res. Note 2: Flights uner ()(1) n () re sujet to otining Permission uner Rule 5(3)() of the Rules of the Air. 91.230 Certifite eroromes requirement to use An irrft shll not tke-off or ln t ple in the Territory other thn t n erorome ertifite in orne with OTAR Prt 139, or notifie militry erorome, if tht irrft is onuting: interntionl opertions; flight using pssenger irrft with mximum pprove pssenger seting onfigurtion (MAPSC) of more thn 9; or flight with n eroplne with MTOM exeeing 15,000 kg. Note: In this ontext interntionl opertions re opertions in respet of whih the point of eprture of the flight n the point of estintion thereof re in two ifferent Sttes or in respet of whih the flight psses through the sovereign irspe of the territory of more thn one Stte. 91.235 Aerorome operting minim ppliility An erorome shll not e use s eprture, estintion or lternte erorome, unless operting minim hs een estlishe y the pilot-in-ommn, in orne with riteri speifie in 91.240(). The erorome operting minim for speifi type of pproh n lning proeure shll e pplile if: Ops OTAR Prts 91 & 125 Issue 9-0 Pge 9 of 64
Prt 91 Prt 125 1 the groun equipment shown on the respetive instrument pproh n lning hrt require for the intene proeure, is opertive; n 2 the irrft systems require for the type of pproh, re opertive; n 3 the require irrft performne riteri re omplie with; n 4 the flight ek rew is qulifie to onut the type of pproh. 91.240 Aerorome operting minim etermintion 125.240 Aerorome operting minim etermintion The erorome operting minim for ny erorome to e use shll not e lower thn the vlues etermine in orne with: 1 for eroplnes n heliopters, SuPrt B, Opertionl Proeures, to Annex VII, Prt NCO (n ssoite AMCs/GMs) of Europen Commission Regultion (EU) 800/2013 'Air Opertions'. The opertor shll estlish erorome operting minim for eh erorome to e use in opertions in orne with: 1 SuPrt B, Opertionl Proeures, to Annex VI, Prt NCC (n ssoite AMCs/GMs) of Europen Commission Regultion (EU) 800/2013 'Air Opertions'. The minim etermine in orne with () shll not e lower thn ny tht my e estlishe for suh eroromes y the Stte in whih the erorome is lote, exept when speifilly pprove y tht Stte. Note: Minim from ommerilly ville flight guies my e use (sujet to ny itionl inrements pplie y n opertions mnul). In estlishing the erorome operting minim pplile to ny prtiulr opertion, the following shll e tken into ount: 1 the type, performne n hnling hrteristis of the irrft; n 2 the omposition of the flight rew, their ompetene n experiene; n 3 the imensions n hrteristis of the runwys/finl pproh n tke-off res (FATOs) whih my e selete for use; n 4 the equy n performne of the ville visul n non-visul groun is; n 5 the equipment ville on the irrft for the purpose of nvigtion n/or ontrol of the flight pth, s pproprite, uring the tke-off, pproh, flre, lning, rollout or misse pproh; n 6 the ostles in the pproh n misse pproh res n the lim-out res n neessry lerne; n Note: The minim etermine in orne with () permit the seletion of erorome operting minim from through the use of ommerilly ville informtion (sujet to ny itionl inrements pplie y n opertions mnul). 7 the ostle lerne ltitue/height for the instrument pproh proeures; 8 the mens to etermine n report meteorologil onitions; n 9 the flight tehnique to e use in the finl pproh. The use of He-up guine lning system (HUDLS) or Enhne vision system (EVS) my llow opertions with lower visiilities thn normlly ssoite with the erorome operting minim, only when the pproprite pprovl is hel. e Aerorome operting minim lower thn Ctegory I shll e use only in orne with n pprovl issue y the Stte of Registry. f In the se of n irrft registere in the Territory, pprovl for the use of erorome operting minim lower thn Ctegory I my e issue y the Governor in orne with Suprt SPA. Note: See 91.415 for IFR eprture limittions n pprovl requirements. 91.245 Noise tement proeures 125.245 Noise tement proeures Operting proeures shll tke into ount the nee to minimise the effet of irrft noise unless this woul hve etrimentl effet on irrft sfety. Note: Guine on noise tement proeures is ontine in PANS-OPS (ICAO Do 8168) Volume I, Setion 7. 91.250 Alternte eroromes generl requirements An erorome shll not e nominte s n lternte unless: it hs notifie instrument pproh proeure n wether forests inite tht t the estimte time of use the onitions will e t or ove the pplile erorome operting minim; or wether forests inite tht t the estimte time of use the lou eiling n visiility will e t or ove the VFR minim presrie in the Rules of the Air. 125.255 Tke-off lternte The opertor s noise tement proeures for eprture n rrivl/pproh for eh eroplne type, shll e esigne to e simple n sfe to operte with no signifint inrese in rew worklo uring ritil phses of flight. The pilot-in-ommn shll follow noise tement proeures unless these woul hve etrimentl effet on irrft sfety. Ops OTAR Prts 91 & 125 Issue 9-0 Pge 10 of 64
Prt 91 Prt 125 The opertor shll ensure tht tke-off lternte erorome is selete n speifie in the opertionl flight pln if either: the meteorologil onitions t the erorome of eprture re elow the pplile erorome lning minim for tht opertion; or, if it woul not e possile to return to the erorome of eprture for other resons. The tke-off lternte erorome shll e lote within the following flight time from the erorome of eprture: 1 for n eroplne with two engines, one hour of flight time t one-engine-inopertive ruising spee etermine from the irrft operting mnul, lulte in ISA n still-ir onitions using the tul tke-off mss; 2 for n eroplne with three or more engines, two hours of flight time t n ll-engine operting ruising spee, etermine from the irrft operting mnul, lulte in ISA n still-ir onitions using the tul tke-off mss. 91.265 Destintion lternte 125.265 Destintion lternte For ny flight onute uner IFR, t lest one estintion lternte erorome shll e nominte n speifie in the flight pln unless: For eroplnes 1 seprte runwys re usle t the estimte time of use of the estintion erorome, with t lest one runwy hving n opertionl instrument pproh proeure; or 2 the urtion of the flight from the eprture erorome, or from the point of in-flight re-plnning, to the estintion erorome is suh tht, tking into ount ll meteorologil onitions n opertionl informtion relevnt to the flight, t the estimte time of use, resonle ertinty exists tht the pproh n lning my e me uner visul meteorologil onitions; n 3 the erorome of intene lning is isolte; n i stnr instrument pproh proeure is presrie for the erorome of intene lning; ii point of no return (PNR) is etermine; n iii the flight shll not e ontinue pst the PNR unless ville urrent meteorologil informtion inites tht the following meteorologil onitions will exist t the estimte time of rrivl: lou se of t lest 1,000 feet (300 m) ove the minimum ssoite with the instrument pproh proeure; n visiility of t lest 5.5 km (3NM) or of 4 km (2NM) more thn the minimum ssoite with the proeure. For heliopters; either 1. or 2. elow: For heliopters onuting offshore opertions, offshore lterntes my e speifie sujet to the following onitions: 1 urrent meteorologil informtion inites tht from two hours efore to two hours fter the estimte time of rrivl, or from the tul time of eprture to two hours fter the estimte time of rrivl, whihever is the shorter perio, the following meteorologil onitions will exist: i lou se of t lest 400 feet (120 m) ove the minimum ssoite with the instrument pproh proeure; n ii visiility of t lest 1.5 km more thn the minimum ssoite with the proeure. Or: 2 the heliport of intene lning is isolte n no suitle lternte is ville; n i n instrument pproh proeure is presrie for the isolte heliport of intene lning; n ii point of no return (PNR) is etermine in se of n offshore estintion. 1 the offshore estintion lternte shll e use only fter point of no return (PNR). Prior to PNR onshore estintion lterntes shll e use; n 2 mehnil reliility of ritil systems n ritil omponents shll e onsiere n tken into ount when etermining the suitility of the estintion lterntes; n 3 one engine inopertive hover performne pility shll e ttinle prior to rrivl t the estintion lternte; n 4 to the extent possile, heliek vilility shll e gurntee t the estintion lternte; n 5 lning forest initing the likelihoo of visul meteorologil onitions t the intene offshore estintion n the offshore estintion lternte se upon reite meteorologil informtion onforming to the stnrs in ICAO Annex 3, shll e require for the eision to go eyon PNR; n 91.280 Fuel requirements 125.280 Fuel requirements Notwithstning 91.280: 6 n offshore estintion lternte shll not e use if fog is forest or oserve within 100 km of the estintion; n 7 offshore lterntes shll not e use when it is possile to rry enough fuel to hve n onshore lternte; the use of offshore lterntes shll e exeptionl n shll not e use for the purposes of pylo enhnement uring verse wether onitions. Ops OTAR Prts 91 & 125 Issue 9-0 Pge 11 of 64
Prt 91 Prt 125 For eroplnes: A flight shll not e ommene unless, tking into ount oth the meteorologil onitions n ny elys tht re expete in flight, the eroplne rries suffiient fuel n oil to ensure tht it n sfely omplete the flight. the mount of fuel to e rrie must permit: 1 when flying in orne with the instrument flight rules n estintion lternte is not require in orne with prgrph 91.265, or when the flight is to n isolte erorome, to omplete the flight to the intene estintion n therefter hve finl fuel reserve for 45 minutes t the norml ruising spee; or The opertor shll estlish fuel n oil poliy for the purpose of flight plnning, n en-route replnning, to ensure tht eh irrft rries suffiient fuel n oil for the plnne flight, inluing reserve fuel to over evitions from the plnne flight. The fuel n oil poliy shll ensure tht the plnning requirements re se upon: 1 urrent irrft-speifi t erive from fuel onsumption monitoring system, if ville; or if urrent irrft-speifi t is not ville, t provie y the irrft mnufturer; n 2 when flying in orne with the instrument flight rules n estintion lternte is require in orne with prgrph 91.265, to omplete the flight to the intene estintion, thene to n lternte n therefter hve finl fuel reserve for 45 minutes t the norml ruising spee; or 3 when flying in orne with the visul flight rules, to omplete the flight to the intene estintion n therefter hve finl fuel reserve of: i y y, 30 minutes t norml ruising spee; or ii y night, 45 minutes t norml ruising spee. 4 The use of fuel fter flight ommenement for purposes other thn originlly intene uring pre-flight plnning shll require re-nlysis n, if pplile, justment of the plnne opertion. For heliopters: A flight shll not e ommene unless, tking into ount oth the meteorologil onitions n ny elys tht re expete in flight, the heliopter rries suffiient fuel n oil to ensure tht it n sfely omplete the flight. In ition, reserve shll e rrie to provie for ontingenies. 2 the operting onitions uner whih the plnne flight is to e onute, inluing ut not limite to: i ntiipte irrft mss; n ii Noties to Airmen; n iii urrent meteorologil reports or omintion of urrent reports n forests; n iv ir trffi servies proeures, restritions n ntiipte elys; n 1 when flying in orne with the instrument flight rules n estintion lternte is not require in orne with prgrph 91.265()(1), to omplete the flight to the intene estintion n therefter for 30 minutes t the norml ruising spee; 2 when flying in orne with the instrument flight rules n estintion lternte is not require in orne with prgrph 91.265()(2), to omplete the flight to the intene estintion n therefter for 60 minutes t the norml ruising spee; 3 when flying in orne with the instrument flght rules n estintion lternte is require, to omplete the flight to the intene estintion, thene to n lternte n therefter for 30 minutes t the norml ruising spee; 4 when flying in orne with the visul flight rules, to omplete the flight to the intene estintion n therefter for 20 minutes t the norml ruising spee. The use of fuel fter flight ommenement for purposes other thn originlly intene uring pre-flight plnning shll require re-nlysis n, if pplile, justment of the plnne opertion. v the effets of eferre mintenne items n/or onfigurtion evitions. The pre-flight lultion of usle fuel require shll inlue: 1 txi fuel, whih shll e the mount of fuel expete to e onsume efore tke-off, tking into ount lol onitions t the eprture erorome n uxilliry power unit (APU) fuel onsumption; n 2 trip fuel, whih shll e the mount of fuel require to enle the irrft to fly from tke-off until lning t the estintion erorome tking into ount the operting onitions of 125.280()(2); n 3 ontingeny fuel, whih shll e the mount of fuel suffiient to ompenste for unforeseen ftors. It shll not e less thn 5 % of the plnne trip fuel; n Note: Unforeseen ftors re those whih oul hve n influene on the fuel onsumption to the estintion erorome, suh s evitions of n iniviul irrft from the expete fuel onsumption t, evitions from forest meteorologil onitions, extene txi times efore tke-off, n evitions from plnne routings n/or ruising levels. 4 estintion lternte fuel; whih shll e, i if estintion lternte erorome is require, the mount of fuel require to enle the irrft to perform misse pproh t the estintion erorome, lim to the expete ruising ltitue, fly the expete routing, esen to the point where the expete pproh is initite, n onut the pproh n lning t the estintion lternte erorome; or Ops OTAR Prts 91 & 125 Issue 9-0 Pge 12 of 64 ii where flight is operte without estintion lternte erorome in orne with 91.265()(1) or 91.265()(2), n mount of fuel suffiient to enle n irrft to hol for 15 minutes t 1,500 ft (450 m) ove estintion erorome elevtion in stnr onitions; or
Prt 91 Prt 125 iii when flight is operte without estintion lternte erorome in orne with 91.265()(3), n mount of fuel suffiient to enle turineengine eroplne to hol for 120 minutes; or pistonengine eroplne to fly for 45 minutes plus 15 % of the flight time plnne to e spent t ruising level, inluing finl reserve fuel, or two hours, whihever is less; n 5 finl reserve fuel, i whih shll e the mount of fuel require to enle piston-engine eroplne to fly for 45 minutes, or heliopter or turine-engine eroplne to fly for 30 minutes, t holing spee t 1,500 ft (450 m) ove erorome elevtion in stnr onitions, lulte with the estimte mss on rrivl t the estintion lternte erorome or the estintion erorome, when no estintion lternte erorome is require; n ii the opertor shll etermine one finl reserve fuel vlue for eh eroplne type n vrint in their fleet roune up to n esily relle figure; n 6 itionl fuel, whih shll e supplementry mount of fuel require to enle the irrft to esen s neessry n proee to ln t lternte erorome in the event of engine filure or loss of pressuriztion se upon the ssumption tht suh filure oures t the most ritil point long the route; n 7 isretionry fuel, whih shll e n mount of fuel to e rrie t the isretion of the pilot in ommn. The use of fuel fter flight ommenement for purposes other thn originlly intene uring preflight plnning shll require re-nlysis n, if pplile, justment of the plnne opertion. Note: Nothing in 125.280 prelues the in-flight menment of flight pln to re-pln tht flight to nother erorome, provie tht the requiements of 125.280 n e omplie with from the point where the flight is replnne. 91.285 Cheklists 125.285 Cheklists The pilot-in-ommn shll ensure tht, where heklist is provie, it is use. The opertor shll ensure tht flight rews re provie with heklists of norml, norml n emergeny irrft proeures. The heklists provie to flight rews shll e esigne in orne with humn ftors priniples n shll ontin suffiient informtion to enle flight rews to omply with the operting proeures in the opertions mnul, the irrft flight mnul or suh other ouments s my e ssoite with the ertifite of irworthiness. The opertor shll ensure tht flight rew operting proeures inorporte the use of heklists for ll phses of irrft opertions n in emergeny. 91.295 Use of irorne ollision voine system (ACAS II) The opertor shll ensure tht heklists re use y flight rews prior to, uring n fter ll phses of irrft opertion. 125.290 In-flight simultion of emergeny situtions The opertor shll ensure tht on flight when pssengers re eing rrie: no emergeny or norml situtions re simulte; n no simulte instrument flight is onute. In n irrft with irorne ollision voine system (ACAS II) instlle: 1 It shll e use in norml onitions uring flight in moe tht enles Resolution Avisories (RAs) to e proue for the pilot flying when unue proximity to nother irrft is etete. 2 When n RA is proue y ACAS II, the pilot flying shll immeitely tke the orretive tion inite y the RA, even if this is in onflit with n Air Trffi Control (ATC) instrution. The irrft shll e promptly returne to the terms of the ATC instrutions or lerne when the sitution is resolve. 3 Unless otherwise speifie in n ir trffi ontrol instrution, pilots shll use pproprite proeures to ensure tht rte of lim or esent of less thn 8 m/se or 1,500 ft/min (epening on the instrumenttion ville) is hieve throughout the lst 300 m (1,000 feet) of lim or esent to the ssigne ltitue or flight level. Note: This is to voi unneessry ACAS II RAs in irrft t or pprohing jent ltitues or flight levels. Ops OTAR Prts 91 & 125 Issue 9-0 Pge 13 of 64