Airport Technical Services Norman Ashford,H.P.Martin, Stanton.Clifton A.Moore, Airport Operation,pp293-355,1997 1
Outline The Scope of Technical Services Air Traffic Control Telecommunications Meteorology Aeronautical Information Summary 2
The Scope of Technical Services Airport Technical services: Air traffic services Aeronautical telecommunications (including navaids) Meteorology Aeronautical information services 3
Air Traffic Control Function of ATC Type of airspace Separation standards Operational structure Operational characteristics and procedures Airport control Approach control 4
European FIRs. European FIRs. (CAA) 5
U.S. continental flight advisory areas 6
United States Airspace Classifications Airspace Features Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class G Entry requirements Minimum pilot qualifications Two-way radio communications Special VFR allowed* VFR visibility minimum VFR minimum distance from clouds VFR aircraft separation ATC clearance Instrument rating ATC clearance Private or student certificate location dependent Prior two-way communications Student certificate Prior two-way communications Student certificate None Student certificate None Student certificate Yes Yes Yes Yes Not required Not required No Yes Yes Yes Yes N/A N/A N/A 3 statute miles** Clear of clouds 3 statute miles** 500 feet below, 1000 feet above, 2000 feet, horizontally** 3 statute miles** 500 feet below, 1000 feet above, 2000 feet, horizontally** N/A All IFR Runway operations Traffic advisories Yes Yes Yes Workload permitting Former airspace equivalent Positive control area (PCA) Terminal control area (TCA) Airport radar service area (ARSA) Airport traffic area and control zone 3 statute miles** 500 feet below, 1000 feet above, 2000 feet, horizontally** None Workload permitting General controlled airspace 1 statute miles** Clear of clouds** None Workload permitting Uncontrolled airspace *Authorized by an ATC clearance and conducted within the lateral boundaries of the surface area. **Flight visibility and cloud clearance requirements differ for operations below 1200 feet AGL, above 1200 feet AGL but below 10,000 feet MSL, day, night, or student pilot. See FARs 61.89 and 91.155 for specifics. Note: IFR operations in controlled airspace require filing and IFR flight plan and an appropriate ATC clearance. 7
I.C.A.O. ATS Airspace Classifications Class Type of flight Separation provide Service provided VMC visibility and distance form cloud minima* Speed limitation* Radio communication requirement A IFR only All aircraft Air traffic control service Not applicable Not applicable Continuous two-way B IFR All aircraft Air traffic control service Not applicable Not applicable Continuous two-way VFR All aircraft Air traffic control service 8 km at above 3050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL 5 km, below 3050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL Clear of clouds IFR IFR from IFR IFR from VFR Not applicable Continuous two-way Air traffic control service Not applicable Not applicable Continuous two-way Subject to an ATC clearance Yes Yes Yes Yes C VFR VFR from IFR 1) Air traffic control service for separation from IFR; 2) VFR/VFR traffic information (and traffic avoidance advice on request) 8 km at above 3050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL 5 km, below 3050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL 1500 m horizontal; 300 m vertical distance from cloud 250 kt IAS below 3050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL Continuous two-way Yes IFR IFR from IFR Air traffic control service including traffic information about VFR flights (and traffic avoidance advice on request) Not applicable 250 kt IAS below 3050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL Continuous two-way Yes 8
I.C.A.O. ATS Airspace Classifications (cont.) Class Type of flight Separation provide Service provided VMC visibility and distance form cloud minima* Speed limitation* Radio communication requirement Subject to an ATC clearance D VFR Nil Traffic information between VFR and IFR flights (and traffic avoidance advice on request) 8 km at and above 3050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL 5km below 3050 m (10,000 ft ) AMSL 1500 m horizontal; 300 m vertical distance from cloud 250 kt IAS below 3050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL Continuous two-way Yes IFR IFR from IFR Air traffic control service and traffic information about VFR flights as far as practical Not applicable 350 kt IAS blew 3050 m (10,000 ft) Continuous two-way Yes E VFR Nil Traffic information as far as practical 8 km at and above 3050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL 5 km below 3050 m (10,000 ft ) AMSL 1500 m horizontal; 300 m vertical distance from cloud 250 kt IAS below 3050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL No No IFR IFR from IFR as far as practical Air traffic advisory services; flight information service Not applicable 250 kt IAS below 3050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL Continuous two-way No Subject F VFR Nil Flight information service 8 km at and above 3050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL 5 km below 3050 m (10,000 ft ) AMSL 1500 m horizontal; 300 m vertical distance from cloud. 250 kt IAS below 3050 m (10,000 ft) AMSL No No At and below 900 m AMSL or 300 m above terrain whichever is higher-5 km**, clear of cloud and in sight of ground or water 9
Flight rules General Flight Rules Visual Fight Rules Instrument Flight Rules 10
U.S. Basic VFR Weather Minimums Airspace Flight Visibility Distance form Clouds Class A Not applicable Not applicable Class B 3 statute miles Clear of clouds Class C 3 statute miles 500 feet below 1000 feet above 2000 feet horizontal Class D 3 statute miles 500 feet below 1000 feet above 2000 feet horizontal Class E Less than 10,000 feet MSL 3 statute miles 500 feet below 1000 feet above 2000 feet horizontal At or above 10,000 feet MSL 5 statute miles 1000 feet below 1000 feet above 1 statute miles horizontal Class G 1200 feet or less above the surface (regardless of MSL altitude) Day, except as provided in section 91.155(b) 1 statute miles Clear of clouds Night, except as provided in section 91.155(b) 3 statute miles 500 feet below 1000 feet above 2000 feet horizontal More than 1200 feet above the surface but less than 10,000 feet MSL Day 1 statute miles 500 feet below 1000 feet above 2000 feet horizontal Night 3 statute miles 500 feet below 1000 feet above 2000 feet horizontal More than 1200 feet above the surface and at or above 10,000 feet MSL 5 statute miles 1000 feet below 1000 feet above 1 statute miles horizontal 11
VFR Weather Minimums-Great Britain Airspace Flight Visibility Distance from Cloud Class B 8 km at and above FL 100 5 km below FL 100 Class C,D,E 8 km at and above FL 100 5km below FL 100 5km at or below 3000 ft MSL at an airspeed 140 kts or less Class F,G 8 km at and above FL 100 5km below FL 100 5km at or below 3000 ft MSL 1500 m at or below 3000 ft MSL at an airspeed 140 kts or less Clear of cloud Clear of cloud 1500 m horizontally 200 ft vertically Clear of cloud Clear of cloud and in sight of the surface 1500 m horizontally 1000 ft vertically 1500 m horizontally 1000 ft vertically Clear of cloud and in sight of the surface Clear of cloud and in sight of the surface 12
Aerodrome Control Light Signals Color and Type of Signal On the Ground In Flight Steady green Cleared for takeoff Cleared to land Flashing green Cleared to taxi Return for landing (to be followed by steady green at proper time) Steady red Stop Give way to other aircraft and continue circling Flashing red Flashing White Alternating red and green Taxi clear of landing area (runway) in use Return to starting point on airport Airport unsafe-do no land General warning signal-exercise extreme caution 13
14 Approach plate, ILS runways 28R, San Francisco Airport, Illustration only. Not for navigation. (FAA)
Gorman One SID routing, Los Angeles International Airport. Illustration only. Not for navigation. (FAA) 15
Ocean One STAR routing for Los Angeles International Airport. Illustration only. Not for navigation. (FAA) 16
Telecommunications Telecommunications: Fixed services Mobile services Radio navigation services Broadcasting services 17
Fixed Services Distress messages and distress traffic Flight safety Meteorological Flight regularity Aeronautical administration NOTAM Class I distribution Reservations General aircraft operating agency 18
Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network -International USA 19
Mobile services Flight information service Alerting service Air traffic advisory service Air traffic control service Area/airways control service Approach control service Airport control service 20
Broadcast services H + 00-05 for Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland H + 30-35 for Niagara Falls, Milwaukee, Indianapolis 21
Function Reports of surface Forecasts Meteorology 22
METAR Routine Weather Report Format Loca tion ident Time SFC wind Visibility Runway visual range Present weather Clouds Temp & dew point Pressure Trend forecast KSEA Seattle 0700 22015KMH 0600 R16/1000U FG DZ SCT010 OVC020 1716 Q1018 BECMG TL0800 FG BECMG 0900 9999 0700 hours (24-hour clock) 200 T at 15 kph (9 mph) 600 m (3/8 mile) RVR R/W 16 1000 m (5/8 mile) upward trend during previous (10 mins) Scattered at 300 m (980 ft) overcast at 600m (1968 ft) Fog and drizzle Temp 17C (63F) dew point 16 (61F) Pressure 1018 mb (30.06 ins) AT NSW During next 2 hours visibility becoming 800 m (1/2 mile) in fog by 0800 becoming at 0900 10 km (61/4 miles of more) 23
Detailed key to the METAR/SPECI code 24
161212 33025/35 0800 71SN (b) (c) (d) (e) BECMG 1215 0000 39BLSN 9//000 (g) BECMG 1618 33020 4800 38BLSN 7SC030 (h) PROB30 TEMPO 1920 85SNSH (i) BECMG 2123 33015 9999 WX NIL 3SC030 (j) FM 00 VRB05 9999 SKC (k) KSTL (a) 9//005 (f) (a) Location Identifier St.Louis, Missouri (ICAO four-letter identification code) (b) Time group Forecast valid for 24 hours from 1200Z(UTC) to 1200Z the following day (c) Wind speed from 330 at 25 knots gusting to 35 knots (d) Visibility 800 metres (approximately ½ mile) (e) Significant weather Code for, Snow, Continuous fall of snow flakes - slight at time of observation. (f) Clouds Code group (9) Sky obscured, (//) Clouds not observed, (150)Vertical visibility 500 ft. (units of 30 metres). Forecast may include several cloud groups. (g) Expected between 1200Z and 1500Z to become, Visibility zero, blowing snow, sky obscured, clouds not observed, vertical visibility zero. (h) Becoming between 1600Z and 1800Z, Wind 330 20 knots, visibility 4800 metres (3 miles), blowing snow with 7 oktas of strato cumulous at 900 metres (3000 ft) (i) Weather fluctuating with a 30% probability of temporary or brief snow showers between 1990Z and 2000Z. (j) Between 2100Z and 2300Z changing to, Wind 330 at 15 knots, visibility 10 km or more (more than 6 miles), no significant weather, 3 oktas of strato cumulous at 900 metres (3000ft) (k) Conditions changing at 0000Zto - Wind variable at 5 kts no significant weather, sky clear. Example of TAFOT for St. Louis, Missouri 25
. Detailed key to TAF code 26
Abbreviations to be Used in SIGMET Messages A) at subsonic cruising levels: B) at transonic and supersonic cruising levels: Thunderstorm Turbulence obscured OBSC TS moderate turbulence MOD TURB embedded EMBD TS severe turbulence SEV TURB frequent FRQ TS Cumulonimbus line squall LSQ TS isolated cumulonimbus ISOL CB obscured with heavy hail OBSC TS HVYGR occasional cumulonimbus OCNL CB embedded with heavy hail EMBD TS HVYGR frequent cumulonimbus FRQ CB frequent with heavy hail FRQ TS HVYGR Hail line squall with heavy hail LSQ TS HVYGR hail GR Tropical Cyclone Volcanic ash tropical cyclone TC (+ cyclone name) volcanic ash VA (+ volcano name) Turbulence severe turbulence SEV TURB Icing Severe icing SEV ICE Severe icing due to freezing rain SEV ICE (FZRA) Mountain Wave Severe mountain wave SEV MTW Duststorm heavy duststorm HVY DS Sandstorm heavy sandstorm HVY SS Volcanic ash Volcanic ash VA (+ volcano name) 27
Tabular form of winds and temperatures 28
Chart format of winds/temperatures at various altitudes (North Atlantic). (Deutscher Wetterdienst, Frankfurt Airport) 29
U.S. radar summary chart-significant precipitation. (FAA and NOAA 1979) 30
Significant weather prog. (FAA and NOAA 1979) 31
Example of a fixed-time prog. chart for approximately FL 300. 32
Aeronautical Information Scope Urgent operational information NOTAM code. Availability of Information 33
Aeronautical Information Publication GEN (general) Section Contents Description of aeronautical information services provided Summary of national regulations Abbreviations Units of measurement Time system Nationality and registration marks Special equipment to be carried on aircraft AGA (airports) Description of provisions for facilities, services, and ground aid for international air navigation International airports Airports available for use by international commercial air transport Airport directory Airport ground lights COM (communications) Description of provisions for communications services for international air navigation List of AFTN Special navigation systems, e.g., Long Range Navigation (LORAN) Time signals Aeronautical fixed service MET (meteorology) Description of provisions for meteorological service for international air navigation Airport meteorological observations and reports Meteorological service provided at airports VOLMET broadcasts 34
Aeronautical Information Publication (cont.) Section RAC (rules of the air and air traffic services) FAL (facilitation) SAR (search and rescue) MAP (aeronautical charts published) Contents Description of air traffic services provided and, where necessary, graphics of FIRs and divisions of airspace Air traffic services system Holding, approach, and departure procedures Prohibited, restricted and danger areas Information on bird migration Automatic terminal information (ATIS) broadcasts Description of provisions for facilitation of international air navigation Entry, transit, and departure regulations concerning airport use Fees and charges Provisions for search and rescue Search and rescue system Procedures and/or signals employed by rescue aircraft Description of aeronautical chart series published A list of charts Sources for large-scale topographical maps of airport area if no airport obstruction charts are available 35
Key to NOTAM code. (ICAO 1991) 36 37
Key to NOTAM code. (ICAO 1991) 37 38
Key to NOTAM code. (ICAO 1991) 38 39
Key to NOTAM code. (ICAO 1991). 39
Key Terms Technical service Air traffic control Telecommunications Meteorology Aeronautical information Aeronautical telecommunication Separation standards Operational structure 40
Key Terms (cont.) Airport control Approach control Airspace classification Visual flight rules Instrument flight rules Flight visibility Aerodrome control light signals Telecommunication Fixed service 41
Key Terms (cont.) Mobile service Radio navigation services Broadcasting services Aeronautical fixed telecommunications network Mobile services 42