Stadual Cometee of Espinhaço Range Biosphere Reserve International Seminar on Mining and Environmental Sustainability in Biosphere Reserves Sergio Domingues (Coordinator) Miguel Andrade (Vice- Coordinator) 19 /03/2013
Factfile: Designated by UNESCO in 2005 Size: 3.076.457,8 hectares The largest and most continuous Precambrian orogenic belt Along the 1,000 km alternating elevations of 1,000 and 2.072m Precipitation: 1.450 mm a 1.800 mm/year Temperature: 20 e 21 C Temperature: 13,5 e 15,5 C 53 local municipalities Population: 7.000.000
Where is it?
Country: Brazil State: Minas Gerais
The ER borders on 3 brazilian biomes and at the same time connects theme Area Amazon Caatinga Bahia Cerrado Atlantic Forest Pantanal Minas Gerais
Brasilian network of Biosphere Reserves 7 Biosphere Reserves Total of BRs : 1.300.000 km² = 15% of brasilian territory
Core Areas
What makes it unique?
Rupestrian Fields Altitudes above 900m Rich mosaic of communities Megadiversity and complexity Fragile ecosystem and low resilience Basin draining system Ecological corridor High level of endemism (2.000 sp)
Extinction 351 species in Rupestrian Fields Miguel Andrade
69 Protected Areas TOTAL: 3.076.457,8 ha Core area: 204.522,14 ha Buffer zone: 1.879.996,65 ha Transition area: 99.939,01 ha Urban area
Genuine Cultural Kaleidoscope The African, European and indigenous roots gots mixed, each in its own way, leaving their beliefs, flavors and manifestations in the practice of communities living in the area.
History of exploration The first Portuguese pioneers who entered the newly discovered Brazilian lands were not succesful in the prospection of precious metals and stones. The extraction of metals was not part of the the indigenous inhabitants way of life. They still lived in the stone age. The raw materials became the sole product of the colonisers, through the ''entrada'' (expedictions). Mining in Brazil started at the end of the XVII century when gold deposits were found in the lands, which were later named Minas Gerais.
Espinhaço Range is emblematic of the brazilian economic exploration. Espinhhaço superimposed Imperial roads
The main products for exportation since colonisation are: 1.500 Pau-brasil Sugar cane Soya Gold 2011 Iron ore Diamonds
Brazilian mineral production Metallics and non metallics ore
Iron Ore price evolucion U$ 150.00 per Ton - 2010
Brazil X World production Minas Gerais : 71%
The Iron Ore production forecast for 2013
53 local municipalities Granite Gnaiss Sand Clay Iron Ore Aggragate Silver Shale no mining (23) Mining (30) Gold Manganese Kaolin Diamond Industrial diamond Emeralds Quartz Eletronic Quartz Phylit Pyrite Dolomite Bauxite Pigment Imperial Topaz Serpentine Soap stone Mineral water 26
Iron Ore Quadrangle Mining tailings dam Environmental Impact Low Mediun High Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area 5.000.000 inhabitants
Quadrilátero Ferrífero Mine Permits Metropolitan Area
Iron Ore Quadrangle Protected Areas
Royalties Total Revenue minus Expenses of insurance and transportation costs of products only 3% Aluminiun, manganese... 2% Iron ore, Carbon... 0,2% Precious stones... 1% Gold 12% to nacional 23% to state 65% to Municipallite Participação dos Principais Minérios na Arrecadação da CFEM Manganês 3,1% Caulim 3,1% Cobre 4,5% Rochas Ornamentais 1,9% Ouro 2,8% Calcário 1,9% Alumínio 7,5% Ferro 58,6% Outros 16,6% 2010 (Estimated) R$ 1 billion
The life cycle of the mine Expansion rate Taxas de expansão I. Expansão em ritmo crescente Rise of extraction II. Expansão em ritmo decrescente stabilization III. Estabilidade com taxa de expansão próxima de zero IV. Declínio com taxas negativas Decline de expansão Expansion of production ASCENSÃO AUGE MATURIDADE Time Tempo It is vital that the municipalities have a perfect understanding of the mining cycle.
Iron Ore mine
Challenges beyond the mining Urbanization Artisanal Mining Fires Eucaliptus
Good Practices Social Mobilization Cooperatives Production of native species Rehabilitation of degraded areas Employment generation and income Education Valuation of traditional knowledge Local cluster Environmental Conservation Water production Capacity Building
Traditional communities state government Federal Government NGOs Forestry Police Farming Social dialogue Mining Universities forestry Local governments Mining Industry
Proposal Platform for discussion concerning sustainable practices for mining 1 - Diagnosis. 2 - Information System. 3 - Creation of sustainability indicators. 4 - Forum for social dialogue. 5 - Plans for cooperation. 6 - Monitoring. 7 - Regional Workshops 8 - International Seminar 9 - Integrated Management of landscapes
Thanks