Graphics Production Manual for Quarterly Road Governance Reports Context Since 2007, the quarterly reports of the USAIDUEMOA Road Governance initiative present the latest status of road governance regarding three indicators number of controls, bribes, and delays on the corridors covered by the initiative. Until the 14 th report, these indicators were presented in tables. Beginning with the 15 th report, UEMOA, the USAID West Africa Trade Hub (USAID Trade Hub) and the USAID Agribusiness and Trade Promotion project (ATP) started to use graphs to better illustrate trends in the indicators over the long term. This document describes the methods for producing the graphs used in the quarterly reports. Unless otherwise stated, each graph is updated on a quarterly basis. Definitions A corridor in the Road Governance Initiative is a road linking a port and a trading center in a landlocked country or a road linking trading centers in two landlocked countries, with a Focal Point at each node (port or trading center). In the fourth quarter of 2012 the Road Governance corridors were: o AbidjanOuagadougou o AbidjanBamako o BamakoOuagadougou via Heremakono o BamakoOuagadougou via Koury o CotonouNiamey o DakarBamako via Diboli o DakarBamako via Moussala o LoméOuagadougou o TemaOuagadougou These corridors are defined based on ECOWAS and UEMOA priority corridors as per ECOWAS IST convention AP2582 regulating interstate road transportation and UEMOA decision 392009CM regarding corridor management committees and corridors. A subcorridor is that part of a corridor in a given country. For example, the TemaOuagadougou corridor consists of the Ghanaian subcorridor, TemaPaga, and the Burkinabè subcorridor, Dakola Ouagadougou. A trip is the completed voyage between two nodes traveled in one direction on a road governance corridor by a transit truck that may be either loaded or empty.
An agent is a person who controlled a truck, legitimately or not. Agents may belong to uniformed services (e.g. Police, Customs, Gendarmerie, Forestry, etc.) or not (e.g. weighbridge personnel, unions). A control (or stop, or inspection) is when a truck is stopped by an agent at a given location (fixed or mobile checkpoint 1 ) along a corridor. There can be several controls in the same location if the truck is inspected by several types of agents at the same place. The delay (or control time or inspection time) is the waiting time that occurs as a result of inspection or procedures at road checkpoints and in particular at borders. Rest time and voluntary stops by truck drivers are not included in the delay measurement. Bribes (or illicit payments) are the unreceipted sums paid by drivers to agents during their trips. There are three indicators: o The number of controls at road checkpoints (fixed or mobile) and at border posts o The bribes (information collected in the local currency and published in XOF in the French version and in USD the English version of the Quarterly Report respectively using the average rate of exchange during the period as available on the oanda.com website) o The delays (in minutes) Corridors monitored by the USAID Trade Hub Corridors and Checkpoints Map 1 Controls may occur at physical barriers (fixed checkpoints) or not (mobile checkpoints). Either types of checkpoints are considered during the surveys and when analyzing the data.
The corridors indicated above are the corridors monitored by the USAID Trade Hub as part of the road governance initiative. Each route between two nodes is considered a distinct corridor. For example, between Bamako and Ouagadougou, drivers choose one of two options to pass by Koury in the north or Heremakono in the south. These two routes are treated as distinct corridors. The checkpoints shown are checkpoints where trucks are most often stopped. Two steps are followed to determine the representative checkpoints: 1. For each subcorridor and for each type of agents, the checkpoints are listed by decreasing order of number of stops during the quarter under consideration. 2. For each corridor and for each type of agents, the average number of inspections (n) is calculated by dividing the total number of inspections by the number of trips on the corridor during the quarter. The checkpoints indicated on the map are the n checkpoints where trucks are stopped the most. Note that for the map there is no distinction between import and export and border crossings are treated like any other checkpoint. For example, if the average number of inspections is four and the list of checkpoints is the list below, the map would show Senou, Bougouni Est, Sikasso Est, and Sikasso Ouest. Number of Checkpoints inspections Senou 39 Bougouni Est 39 Sikasso Est 39 Sikasso Ouest 38 Frontière MLCI: Zegoua 37 Bougouni Ouest 33 Ouéléssébougou Nord 19 Ouéléssébougou Sud 18 The method of calculating the indicators per by country indicated on the map is explained below.
Regional trends IRTG indicators per Regional Trend 9.7 2.5 Bribes (USD) 8.2 7.2 6.2 Number of checkpoints 2.0 2.4 2.4 18 Delays (min) 16 15 14 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.1 24 25 19 20 2.1 2.3 1.7 1.8 6.2 5.8 4.5 2.0 2.0 4.5 1.9 20 16 18 16 Q209 Q309 Q409 Q110 Q210 Q310 Q410 Q111 Q211 Q311 Q411 Q112 Q212 Q312 The graph above provides a global view of all three indicators. It begins with data from the second quarter of 2009 although the first data of the road governance initiative go back to the fourth quarter of 2006. In 2010 indeed, the Trade Hub team started to look at deeper level of details, e.g. bribes per location rather than country average, or import vs. export. Therefore they needed more accurate data (location spelling, services at a given location, direction) and the data beginning in the second quarter of 2009 were subject to a cleaning process making them more reliable. To represent all of the indicators in a single graph, the scale should be adapted in order to easily visualize the changes for each indicator. To do so, the values of some indicators are multiplied by 10, 100, 1,000, or 10,000 as appropriate. Each indicator is calculated as the weighted average of the indicators for each corridor. The weight of each corridor is determined by its length. The formula for each average is therefore: Indicator Average = (Corridor Indicator 1 Corridor Length 1 + Corridor Indicator 2 Corridor Length 2 +... ) Corridor Length 1 + Corridor Length 2 + The indicators considered are calculated per. To determine this, the indicator per trip on a corridor is divided by the corridor distance expressed in kilometers and multiplied by 100: Indicator per = Indicator per trip 100 Corridor length
Corridors Diagram Indicators per subcorridor The figure above is updated for each indicator. It a schematic representation of the corridors covered by the road governance initiative. It presents two types of information: The number indicated on each subcorridor and border represent the indicator per trip A classification of the subcorridors into three groups: the best third (green), medium third (yellow), worst third (red) as a function of the indicator per. The indicators per trip are calculated as the total value for the quarter (total number of inspections, total of bribes, total of delays) divided by the number of trips on the corridor and the direction. Concerning the indicators per trip, a differentiation is made for each corridor: by country (subcorridor) by direction (import or export) between border posts and road checkpoints along the corridor Concerning indicators per, a differentiation is made for each corridor: by country (subcorridor) by direction (import or export) For the indicators per, data on road checkpoints and border posts are combined. In addition to the actual border posts, the checkpoints listed below are considered as border posts as they are very close to the borders and involve border crossing procedures: Cinkansé Sud (Togo)
Diboli Village (Mali) Niangoloko (Burkina Faso) Yendere (Burkina Faso) Paga (Ghana) Pogo (Côte d Ivoire) Zegoua (Mali) Indicators per country and by type of agents The graph above is generated for each of the three indicators. It represents indicators per for each country and type of agents for the quarter under consideration. The indicators per country are the weighted average obtained of indicators per subcorridor. The weight of subcorridors is again here their length. Therefore: Country Indicator (sub corridor indicator 1 sub corridor length 1 + sub corridor indicator 2 sub corridor length 2 +... ) = sub corridor length 1 + sub corridor length 2 + These indicators per by country are reported on the map. In this graph the indicator in subdivided to show the role of the type of agents responsible for the stops, the delays and the bribes. When several types of agents are present at the same checkpoint, delays are divided equally among the types of agents. Among the types of agents, the graph only identifies the police, customs and gendarmerie. All other types of agents are grouped together as other.
The same color coding is applied for each type of agents for all of the indicators and from one quarter to another in order to make reading and comparing the data easier. Trends in country indicators Number of Controls per 5 Mali 4 3 Sénégal Côte d'ivoire 2 Burkina Faso 1 Ghana Togo 0 Q2'09 Q3'09 Q4'09 Q1'10 Q2'10 Q3'10 Q4'10 Q1'11 Q2'11 Q3'11 Q4'11 Q1'12 Q2'12 Q3'12 The above graphic represents the change in the indicators by country. It is generated for each of the three indicators. For reasons mentioned earlier, the data above begin in the second quarter of 2009. The calculation method for the indicators by country is the same as indicated for the previous graph. Data Source Corridor / Pays Trimestre Nombre de voyages Distance parcourue en km Police Nombre moyen de barrières par corps par voyage Douane Gendarmerie Autres Total Ratio sur Prélèvements illicites moyen en FCFA par corps par voyage Police Douane Gendarmerie Autres Total Ratio sur Délais par voyage (min) Total Ratio sur AbidjanBamako Côte d'ivoire Mali T32012 102 1174 11.5 4.6 7.3 2.1 25.5 2.2 13 707 8 861 7 183 5 621 35 371 3 013 144 12 T22012 92 1174 10.1 4.8 6.9 1.1 22.9 1.9 14 388 3 880 5 628 5 317 29 214 2 488 115 10 T32011 130 1174 6.7 2.4 6.8 4.4 20.4 1.7 9 301 7 853 7 936 25 811 50 901 4 336 163 14 T32012 102 710 6.6 1.5 3.8 1.5 13.4 1.9 6 921 3 386 3 630 4 742 18 679 2 631 58 8 T22012 92 710 4.8 1.8 3.4 0.4 10.4 1.5 5 041 2 866 3 156 3 890 14 953 2 106 70 9.9 T32011 130 710 2.0 0.7 2.9 4.2 9.9 1.4 2 705 1 712 3 583 23 679 31 679 4 462 65 9 T32012 102 464 4.9 3.0 3.5 0.7 12.1 2.6 6 785 5 474 3 553 880 16 692 3 597 86 18.6 T22012 92 464 5.3 3.0 3.5 0.7 12.5 2.7 9 347 1 014 2 472 1 428 14 261 3 074 45 10 T32011 130 464 4.7 1.7 3.9 0.2 10.5 2.3 6 596 6 141 4 353 2 132 19 222 4 143 98 21 T32012 120 1263 8.3 7.4 5.6 2.3 23.6 1.9 10 710 9 003 8 893 11 521 40 127 3 177 109 9 To assure continuity with the method of presentation up to the 14 th report, the data table above provides the numbers on indicators for the quarter considered, the previous quarter and the same quarter one year earlier. The indicators are detailed by subcorridor and type of agents. This table also indicates the number of trips and shows the length of each subcorridor.
Corridors monitored by the USAID ATP project Corridor and Checkpoint Map The map above is produced following the same methodology as the map representing the corridors monitored by the USAID Trade Hub. As of the fourth quarter of 2012, ATP monitored the following corridors:
Value Chain Corridor Length Onion/shallots Kantchari (Burkina Faso) Accra (Ghana) 1,316 km Livestock/Meat Fada N Gourma (Burkina Faso) Parakou (Bénin) 469 km Maize Techiman (Ghana) Kantchari (Burkina Faso) 976 km Parakou (Bénin)Niamey (Niger) 605 km General Change The graph above is produced in the same way as the graph representing the corridors followed by the USAID Trade Hub. It begins with the fourth quarter of 2009, when ATP began monitoring corridors. Indicators by corridor and subcorridor The above graphic is produced for each of the three indicators. It represents the indicators by trip for each corridor and subcorridor for the quarter considered.
Indicators by country and by type of agents This graph is produce following the same method used to produce the graph regarding corridors monitored by the USAID Trade Hub. In particular, the indicators by country are averages for indicators by subcorridor relative to the length of the subcorridors. For inspection times, the graphic above is not produced; instead the table below gives just the values by country without distinguishing the types of agents. Delays per Benin Burkina Faso Ghana Niger Weighted Average 2 min 3 min 7 min 3 min 4 min
Change in indicators This graph is produced using the same approach as that used to generate the graph by the USAID Trade Hub; however, it begins in the fourth quarter of 2009 for reasons previously mentioned. Source Data Corridor / Country Burkina Faso Ghana Kantchari-Accra Quarter Number of trips Distance in km Average number of controls per trip by service Police Customs Others Total Delays per trip Ratio per Total Q3-2012 44 400 2 6 2-9 2 14,500 51,200 8,575-74,275 18,569 22 6 Q2-2012 19 400 2 6 2-10 3 12,132 58,263 11,842-82,237 20,559 23 6 Q3-2011 8 400 2 7 2-11 3 10,000 45,000 10,000-65,000 16,250 30 8 Q3-2012 44 916 9 8-3 21 2 6,495 14,334-3,034 23,863 2,605 85 9 Q2-2012 19 916 8 9-3 20 2 6,192 12,468-1,555 20,215 2,207 89 10 Q3-2011 8 916 10 10 - - 20 2 9,738 14,478-367 24,583 2,684 116 13 Q3-2012 44 1,316 11 14 2 3 30 2 20,995 65,534 8,575 3,034 98,138 7,457 107 8 Q2-2012 19 1,316 10 16 2 3 31 2 18,324 70,731 11,842 1,555 102,452 7,785 112 9 Q3-2011 8 1,316 12 17 2-31 2 19,738 59,478 10,000 367 89,583 6,807 146 11 Q3-2012 14 150 2 1 1 1 4 3 6,214 1,571 4,071 2,071 13,929 9,286 6 4 This table is produced in the same way as that for the table representing the corridors monitored by the USAID Trade Hub. Ratio per Police Gendarmerie Average bribes in F CFA per trip by service Gendarmerie Customs Others Total Ratio per