Contents 1 / Where the Wall Stood... 10 2 / Before the Wall Went Up... 24 3 / Building the Wall... 40 4 / Escapes / Escape Helpers / Resistance... 66 5 / Confrontation and Détente... 90 6 / Perfecting the Border Barrier System... 104 7 / Deaths at the Berlin Wall... 122 8 / The Wall in the Honecker Era (1971 1989)... 132 9 / The Fall of the Wall... 176 Appendix / Service: Museums and Memorial Sites... 228 Selected Bibliography... 238 Notes... 242 Photo Sources... 247 Acknowledgements... 248 Abbreviations... 249 5
17 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 1 2 3 15 14 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 15 2 Reinickendorf Spandau Steglitz Zehlendorf Charlottenburg Wilmersdorf Neukölln Pankow Mitte Tempelhof Schöneberg Friedrichshain Kreuzberg Lichtenberg Sonnenallee Waltersdorfer Chaussee Spree Heerstrasse/ Staaken Spandau/ Staaken Spandauer See Tegeler See Dreilinden/ Drewitz Wannsee Wannsee/ Griebnitzsee Glienicke Bridge Heiligensee/ Stolpe See page 8/9 Checkpoint Charlie 6
Marzahn Hellersdorf The Berlin Wall Border Crossings Treptow Köpenick 8 Sonnenallee: West Berliners, FRG citizens 9 Waltersdorfer Chaussee: West Berliners, transit travellers by air Vehicular and railway traffic to and from West Berlin goes over the border crossings 10 Dreilinden/Drewitz (motorway) 11 Wannsee/Griebnitzsee (railway) 12 Glienicke Bridge: Allied military personell and since 1985 diplomats 13 Heerstrasse / Staaken (major road, until 1987) 14 Spandau / Staaken (railway) 15 Heiligensee / Stolpe (motorway, from 1982) For border crossings 1 7 see following page. Großer Müggelsee Remnants of the Wall 1 Bergfelde 2 Glienicke Nordbahn 3 Entenschnabel 16 Neukölln/Sonnenallee 17 Rudow 18 Schönefeld 19 Mahlow 20 Teltow 21 Kleinmachnow 22 Drewitz border crossing 23 Dreilinden 24 Griebnitzsee 25 Glienicke Bridge 26 Sacrow and Kladow 27 Gross Glienicke 28 Gross Glienicke Wall cemetery 29 Weinbergshöhe 30 Staaken 31 Spandau 32 Niederneuendorf 33 Stolpe-Süd 34 Hohen Neuendorf For remnants 4 15 see following page. See pictures of remnants of the Wall one can still find today: www.chronik-der-mauer.de/remnants Photographs of the Wall and death strip then and now (See chapter 1) 2 Between Frohnau and Bieselheide 11 Teltow-Seehof 15 Glienicke Bridge See more pictures of how the death strip has changed since the Wall fell: www.chronik-der-mauer.de/thenandnow 7
4 4 1 Bornholmer Str. Chausseestr. Brunnenstr.. Prenzlauer Berg Wedding Spandauer Schifffahrtskanal Moabit Heidestr. 7 2 6 5 Bernauer Str. Torstr. Alt-Moabit Invalidenstr. 3 Mitte Spree Friedrichstr. Paulstr. 4 Tiergarten Tiergartenstr. Schöneberg Str. des 17. Juni Potsdamer Str. Reichstag 6 8 Brandenburg Gate Potsdamer Platz 9 Leipziger Str. Unter den Linden C 11 12 5 10 7 Checkpoint Charlie Kochstr. Kreuzberg Gitschiner Str. Blücherstr. Heinrich- Heine-Str. Prinzenstr. 6 Spree Oranienstr. Landwehrkanal 8
Holzmarktstr. Border Crossings 1 Bornholmer Strasse: West Berliners, FRG citizens, GDR citizens, diplomats 2 Chausseestrasse: West Berliners, GDR citizens 3 Invalidenstrasse: West Berliners, GDR citizens 4 Friedrichstrasse Railway Station: West Berliners, FRG citizens, Danziger Str. Storkower Str. GDR citizens, diplomats, foreigners, Allied military personnel 5 Checkpoint Charlie Friedrichstrasse / Zimmerstrasse: Allied military personnel, foreigners, diplomats, GDR citizens 6 Heinrich-Heine-Strasse: FRG citizens, GDR citizens, diplomats 7 Oberbaum Bridge: West Berliners, FRG citizens For border crossings 8 15 see previous page. Friedrichshain Remnants of the Wall 4 Bornholmer Strasse 5 Bernauer Strasse 6 Nordbahnhof 7 Invalidenfriedhof 8 Reichstag/Brandenburg Gate 9 Potsdamer Platz 10 Gropiusbau 11 Checkpoint Charlie border crossing 12 Kommandantenstrasse 13 Schillingbrücke 14 East Side Gallery 15 Treptow/Schlesischer Busch For remnants 1 3 and 16 34 see previous page. See pictures of remnants of the Wall one can still find today: www.chronik-der-mauer.de/remnants Photographs of the Wall and death strip then and now (See chapter 1) 4 Bornholmer Strasse border crossing 6 Reichstag 7 Gropiusbau C Checkpoint Charlie Friedrich-/Zimmerstrasse 13 East Side Gallery 14 Mühlenstr. Warschauer Str. See more pictures of how the death strip has changed since the Wall fell: www.chronik-der-mauer.de/thenandnow Skalitzer Str. 7 Oberbaumbrücke Hauptstr. 15 Spree 9
1 / Where the Wall Stood 6 At the Reichstag building, Berlin-Mitte, 2005. < West / East > Previous page: Berlin Wall Memorial, Bernauer Strasse. Then and Now 1,084 photos taken by the East German border troops in the 1980s provide a complete topography of the wall. Fifteen years after the wall was torn down, Dajana Marquardt returned to the places where the military took the photos, and took comparative shots. You can view all the pictures at: www.chronik-der-mauer.de/thenandnow 12
Where the Wall Stood / 1 6 At the Reichstag building, Berlin-Mitte, 1980s. < West / East > 13
1 / Where the Wall Stood 7 Gropiusbau and House of Ministries (now Federal Ministry of Finance), Berlin-Mitte, 2005. < West / East > 14
Where the Wall Stood / 1 7 Gropiusbau and House of Ministries (now Federal Ministry of Finance), Berlin-Mitte, 1980s. < West / East > 15
1 / Where the Wall Stood 15 Glienicke Bridge, Potsdam, 2005. Coming from Potsdam, East Germany, heading for West Berlin. 15 Glienicke Bridge, Potsdam, 1980s. Coming from Potsdam, East Germany, heading for West Berlin. 16
Where the Wall Stood / 1 11 Teltow-Seehof, 2005. < West/ East > 11 Teltow-Seehof, 1980s. < West/ East > 17
1 / Where the Wall Stood 2 Between Frohnau and Bieselheide, Glienicke / Nordbahn, 2005. < West/ East > 2 Between Frohnau and Bieselheide, Glienicke / Nordbahn, 1980s. < West/ East > 18
Where the Wall Stood / 1 4 Bornholmer Strasse, Böse Bridge, 2005. < East / West > 4 Bornholmer Strasse, Böse Bridge, 1980s. < East / West > 19
1 / Where the Wall Stood C Checkpoint Charlie, 2007. Coming from West Berlin, heading for East Berlin. 20
Where the Wall Stood / 1 C Checkpoint Charlie, 1970s. Coming from West Berlin, heading for East Berlin. 21