a(an) Nežymimasis artikelis Indefinite article

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a(an) Nežymimasis artikelis Indefinite article a(an) - kilęs is žodžio ʺoneʺ reiškia - bet koks, kažkoks, bet kuris. Naudojamas: 1) tik su skaičiuotiniais daiktavardžiais. a table(one), a boy(one), a cat(one). 2) tik vienaskaitoje. Nenaudojamas: 1) su abstrakčiais, su medžiaginiais love, water 2) su daugiskaita We are students Rašyba: a - prieš priebalses ( a cat, a nice cat, a very nice cat). an - prieš a,e,i,o,u balses (an apple(a), a orange(o), an egg(e), an ice-cream(i), an uncle(u), an old man, an interesting book). Išimtis: kai artikelis an naudojamas prieš priebalsę h arba artikelis a naudojamas prieš balsę u! (pvz: a unit [ju:nit] a university [ju:niversity], dėl to, kad pradedame tarti priebalse an hour [aue] an honest man [onest], nes pradedame tarti balse). Artikelio a(an) vartojimas: 1.Bet kuris (nekonkretus) daiktas iš visumos: (A small boy played in the yard.(kažkoks)). 2.Kai panaudojame kažkokį nekonkretų daiktą, asmenį piemą karta naudojam a(an), bet, kada kalbame apie antrąjį naudojame the, nes jau žinome apie ką kalbame: (pvz: A boy (kažkoks) came into the classroom. The boy(jau žinomas, dėl to konkretus) put his bag ant set on the chair. 3.Su konstukcijomis: There is a pen on the table. There was an interesting film. There will be a nice day tomorrow. 4.Su profesijomis (po būti to be-am,is) formų: He is a teacher. She is an engineer. I am a student. 5.Prieš būdvardį + skaičiuot. daiktavardis An old man A small boy A very interesting book 1

6.Su priedėliu: (Justas, a boy in our class, is the most handsome boy. Laura, a pupil from 7b, is the most clever girl.) 7.Šaukiamuosiuose sakiniuose (su skaičiuotiniais daiktavardžiais): (What a nice dress! Such an easy task!) 8.Su kiekybiniais žodeliais: (a kilo, alittle water (truputi), a few friends (keletas), a couple of friends (pora keletas), two weeks a month, three days a week, a number of). 9.Kai kuriuose pastoviuose posakiuose: (to have a shower, to have a rest, to have a smoke, to have a party, to have a good time, to have a headache/footmache, to have a walk, to go for a walk, to give a hand (pagelbėti), it is a pity (gaila), in a hurry (skubėti), to be at a loss ( būti pasimetusiam), it s a shame (gėda), as a rule (kaip taisyklė)). Žymimasis thedefinite Turimas galvoje konkretus asmuo, daiktas, reiškinys. Kilęs iš parodomųjų įvardžių this-these, that-those (verčiame šitas, šitie, anas, anie). Naudojamas: 1)Prieš kelintinį skaitvardį the first, the third, the twenty-sixth. 2)Prieš aukščiausiojo laipsnio būdvardį the best, the most interesting. 3)Po įvardžių all (visi), both (abu). pvz: All the puils are present today. Both the brothers are good pupils. 4)Su daiktavardžiais, reiškiančius daiktus, kurie yra vieninteliai: (the King, the Queen, the sun, the moon, the earth, the sky, the ground, the universe, the world, the capital, the centre, the weather, the country, the surburbs). 5)Kada sakinys yra konkretus ir visi žinome apie kokį daiktą(vietą) mes šnekame. Dažniausiai vartojame su konkrečia vieta -viskas, kas priklauso tai vietai, kurioje esi. pvz: Open the door, please. The floor, the ceiling, the light, the carpet, the window Arba (pvz: go to the blackboard, please (visi žinome prie kurios lentos. Ta, kuri yra klasėje). 6) Visa tauta + daiktavardi: (the English language, the Roman Gods, The Lithuanian History). Bet, jeigu yra tauta + žmogus - naudojame artikelį a(an) (pvz: an English policeman, a Lithuanian writer, a Brazilian footbaler). bet, jeigu naudoji tik tautybę, artikelio nereikia: (pvz: I study English, He is American) tačiau, jeigu turi galvoje visą tautą, dedame artikelį the (pvz: Anglai (visa tauta) The English are very lazy). 7)Šalutiniame pažyminio sakinyje: tas žmogus (pvz: The man who is sitting on the bench is English. - kuris? This is the doll, Ann bought yesterday. - kuris? That is the scholl I studied in. - kurioje?). 2

8)Po ir prieš savybinio daiktavardžių linksnio prielinksnio of: (pvz: the page of the book, the window of the room). 9)Po prielinksių, kurie naudojami konstrukcijoje there is, there are arba kitokių vietos prielinksnių: (in the room, on the table, under the table, next to the door, near the chair, in front of the table, beside the table, throught the tunnel ir t.t ). 10)Su būdvardžiais: the following (sekantis) Read the following word. the same (toks pat) Look at the same page. the only (vienintelis) She is the only child in the family. the very (vienintelis) She is the very child in the family. the next (sekantis) Open the next page. the last (paskutinis) During the last meeting. Pastaba: nenaudojame artikelio next ir last kada jie naudojami su laiko daiktavardžiais: the next door nereikia next week, month, year, summer. Last week, month, year, Monday, winter. 11)Visa grupė žmonių, kurie priklauso tam tikrai paslaugų sferai: the police - policija the fire brigade - gaisrininkai the army 12)Su žodžiais: the bank kadangi aš žinau į kokį banką the post-office aš eisiu, į konkretų. (pvz: I must go to the bank and then I m going to the post-office to get some stamps). bet Is there a bank near here? (kažkoks bankas). 13)The radio / television (pvz: I lisen to the radio. We hears the news on the radio. I watch television. Wathed on television). Bet, kada turime galvoje kaip tą patį apakatą, naudojame the television set: Can you turn off the television(tv set)? I m going to buy a new radio/television (set). The cinema The theatre The dentist The doctor I often go to the cinema/the theatre. Space / the space Space be artikelio kosmosas The space su artikeliu kai kalbame apie vietą There are millions of stars in space (kosmose) I tried to park my car but the space was too small. Kai pastatas skirtas tiems Lankytojams žmonėms pagal paskirtį (mokiniams) school - the school (studentams) university - the university (ligoniams) hospital - the hospital (kaliniams) prison - the prison 3

(tikintiemsiams) church - the church He goes to school.(he is a pupil). Alison s mother has gone to the school to see her daughter. He is in prison for robbery. (He is a prisoner). Ken went to the prison to visit his brother. (He is a visitor). He was taken to hospital. (He is a patient). Jack has gone to the hospital to visit his brother. (He is a visitor). Sea To go / to be on voyage He spends most of his life at sea. (jūroje) The sea He lives near the sea. Kai iš būdvardžių padaryti daiktavardžiai ir reiškia grupę žmonių: old(senas) the old (senimas). young(jaunas) the young (jaunimas). rich(turtingas) the rich (turtuoliai). poor(vargšas) the poor (vargšai). the unemployed (bedarbiai). the disabled (neįgalieji). the injured (sužeistieji). the elderly (pagyvenę). the stick (sergantieji). the homless (benamiai). the dead (mirusieji). Su muzikos instrumentais Can you play the guitar? The piano is my favourite instrument. Bet I d like to have a guitar. Artikelių nebuvimas prieš skaičiuotinius daiktavardžius 1) Kai daiktavardis eina kreipiniu: Children, be quiet! 2) Prieš žodžius father, mother, uncle, aunt kai kalbama apie šeimos narius. Father is watching TV now. 3) Prieš savaitės dienų, mėnesių ir metų laikų pavadinimus. Spring has come at last! I ll return in May. I ll see you on Monday. Pastaba: mėnesių ir metų pavadinimai vartojami su artikeliu -the-, kai jie yra apibrėžti pažyminiu arba situacijos. The winter of 1941 was very cold. The summer was very rainy and cool. 4) Prieš daiktavardžius breakfast, dinner, lunch, supper. 4

Breakfast is ready. What shall we have for supper? Tačiau konkrečioje situacijoje būdv + dinner, supper, lunch, breakfast: It was a very good dinner. Bet jeigu situacija konkreti: Did you like the dinner? I cooked it myself. daiktavardžiai vartojami su žymimuoju artikeliu. Bed Work Home be artikelio: to go to bed to stay in bed bet kada kalbame apie lovą, kaip apie baldą, naudojame the. I sat on the bed (ant baldo). (to go to work, start work, finish work, go home, come home, be at home) Artikelių vartojimas su neskaičiuotiniais daiktavardžiais 1) Neskaičiuotiniai daiktavardžiai (abstraktieji ir medžiaginiai) paprastai naudojami be artikelių. I like water. Give me a glass of water, please. 2) Jei abstraktieji ir medžiaginiai daiktavardžiai turi apibrėžiamųjų pažyminių arba juos patikslina situacija, jie vartojami su artikeliu the-. Pass me the sugar, please. The Lithuania is ready to defend the freedom of their country. 3) Nežymimasis artikelis -an, -a su neskaičiuotiniais daiktavardžiais nevartojami. Artikeliai su tikriniais (proper) daiktavardžiais (Kurie rašomi su didžiąja raide) Kas yra tikriniai? 1) Žmonių vardai ir pavardės (Jack Simpson) 2) Geografiniai vardai ( šalių England miestų Kaunas kalnų The Alphes salų The Cretan upių The Thames). 3) Gatvių, aikščių, laikraščių pavadinimai ( gatvių The Mall aikščių Trafalgar Square laikraščių The Lietuvos Rytas). 4) Savaitės dienų ir mėnesių pavadinimai ( savaitės dienų Sunday, Monday Mėnesių May, April). 5) Tautybių pavadinimai ( English, French). 5

Tikriniai daiktavardžiai be artikelio 1) Vardai ir pavardės: Ann, Smith. Bet kada kalbama apie visą šeimą the Smith. 2) Šalių pavadinimai: England, Scotland. Bet tie, kurie sudaryti su žodeliais Respublic, Kingdom, States arba susidada iš kelių jungtinių valstijų, turi artikelį -the- ( the USA, the United Kingdom, the Dominican Respublic, the Netherlands). 3) Miestų pavadinimai: London, Paris, Kaunas. Išimtis: The Hague. 4) Gatvių, aikščių, parkų pavadinimai: Oxford Street, Trafalgar Square, Hyde Park. Išimtis: The Strand, the Mall (Londono gatvė), the Red Square. 5) Universitetų pavadinimai: Cambridge University, Harward University, Vytautas Magnus University, Vilnius State University. Išimtis: The University of London. 6) Orouostų ir geležinkelių pavadinimai: London Airport, Kenedy Airport, Victoria Station. 7) Pastatų, tiltų, bažnyčių pavadinimai: Westminster Abbey, Contebury Cathedral, St. Paul s Church, Westmister Bridge. Išimtis: The Tower. 8) Mėnesiai, savaitės dienos: January, February, Sunday, Monday. Išimtis: jeigu jie apibrėžti konkrečios situacijos, naudojame -the- The May of this spring was cold. 9) Kalbų pavadinimai: He studied English (tik vieną tautybę). Išimtis: The English + language (su žodžiu language naudojame the-. An English policeman A French doctor (tautybė + asmuo) Visa tauta: The English, the Lithuanians, the Scots. 10) Žurnalų pavadinimai: National Geografic, Life, Time. 11) Viršukalnės: Mount Everest, Mount Etna, Mount Elbrus. 12) Kai kurios salos: Cuba, Long Island, Cyprus, Staten Island. 13) Ežerai: Lake Superior, Lake Victoria, Lake Constance. 14) Kompanijos, oro linijų pavadinimai: Fiat, BMW, Sony, Kodak, British Airways. Tikriniai daiktavardžiai su artikeliu -the- 1) Jūrų, vandenynų, upių, kanalų, ežerynų pavadinimai: the Atlantic Ocean, the Nile, the Suez Canal, the Great lakes. Bet: _ Lake Constance They live near the lake. 2) Salynai(archipelagos): the Canary Islands, the Bahams, the Canaries. Kalnynai(cordilleras): the Rocky Mountains/ the Rokies, the Andes, the Alps. 3) Dykumos(deserts): the Sahara. 4) Kai kurių šalių pavadinimai: (dažniausiai su žodeliais: Respublic, Kingdom, States, Union ) the Netherlands, the Philipines, the United States, the West Indies, the United Kingdom, the Dominican Respublic, the Soviet Union, the Ukraine, the Caucasus. 5) Pasaulio šalių pavadinimai: the North, the South-East, the West, the East, the Middle East, the Far East. Bet: _Nothern France, _South-Eastern Spain, _North America, _West Africa. 6) Kada kalbi apie visą šeimą: the Taylors = the Taylor family, the Daugėlas. 7) Kada kalbi apie tautybę, bet turi galvoje visą grupę tos tautos žmonių: the English, the Spanish, the Swiss, (the) Italians, (the) Scots, (the) Lithuanians, (the) Turks. Bet: jei turi galvoje vieną tos tautos atstovą, naudoji -a- : an English writer, a Swiss policeman, a Turk soldier vienas asmuo. 6

Laisvalaikio praleidimas 1) Muziejai The British Museum Teatrai The Musician Theatre Kinoteatrai The Empire Cinema Bibliotekos The Congress Library Galerijos The Gallery 2) Viešbučiai The Station Hotel Restoranai The Bombay Restaurant Pabai (smuklės) The Red Lion Pub 3) Laikraščiai The Times, The Kauno diena, The Wasington Post 4) Valstybinės institucijos The European Union Partijos The BBC Organizacijos The Labour Party, The Conservetive Party. Artikeliai su asmenvardžiais Be artikelio: 1) Artikeliai nevartojami, kai prieš pavardę eina titulas! _professor Brown, _doctor Smith, _academician Brown, _Mr/Mrs Johnson, _Captain Johnson, _President Kennedy, _Uncle Robert, _Aunt Cherine, _Princess Diana. 2) Daugelis parduotuvių, restoranų, viešbučių, bankų, stočių ir t.t pavadinimai, kurie prasideda asmenvardžiais, rašomi be artikelio: _Vilnius Bank, McDonald s, Jack s Guest House, Harrod s, St.John s Church, St.Paul s Cathetdral. 3) Bendrai prieš vardus ir pavardes artikelio nerašome: _Jack Smith, Justas Daugėla. Su artikeliu -the- 1) Kada kalbame apie visą šeimą: 7