Ing Ivan Ramirez Centro de ensayos de Airbus en Toulouse-Francia Automatización del Airbus en el mundo de la aviación
Fly by wire aircraft Page 2
Contents Fly by wire principles Flight Handling Page 3
Fly by Wire principles Page 4
Fly by wire principles With conventional aircraft (A300-600, A310), pilot orders are transferred along cables, until they reach the control surface to be moved. Page 5
Fly by wire principles With conventional aircraft (A300-600, A310), pilot orders are transferred along cables, until they reach the control surface to be moved. A320, A330 & A380 families : the cables have been replaced by electrical wires : FLY BY WIRE. Page 6
The Sidestick In fly by wire aircraft, manual roll and pitch are controlled by the side-sticks. Page 7
Flight Handling Page 8
Flight handling Conventional aircraft : a control input A surface deflection The aircraft reaction depends on speed, altitude, etc Page 9
Flight handling Fly by wire aircraft : a stick input COMPUTERS Load Factor Optimum control of the aircraft Roll Rate A Nz load factor demand for pitch (not a pitch angle) A roll rate demand (an angle). Page 10
Flight handling Computers process the electrical signal created by pilot orders. COMPUTERS PRIM 1A/1B PRIM 2A/2B PRIM 3A/3B SEC 1 SEC 2 SEC 3 SLATS / FLAPS protection laws, flight controls Role : To ensure the optimum flight control surface deflection. To improve safety : overspeed, stall, windshear, manoeuvre & attitude protections Page 11
Agenda Autoflight System Functions Navigation, Guidance and Piloting AFS Operational use : FCU FMS operational use : MFD Autoflight HMI description Operational logic : AP engagement/disengagement Operational logic : ATHR engagement/disengagement Mode operational logic A380-A350 Longitudinal Modes / Control laws /target Cruise mode sequencing Automatic approach sequencing Operations cat 2/cat 3 Page 12
Autoflight System functions Page 13
Autoflight System functions Flight Guidance (FG) provides short-term lateral and vertical guidance, including speed or Mach control, based on defined targets. Autopilot acts controls 3 axis (pitch, roll,yaw) via control surfaces and nose wheel steering to: Page 14
Autoflight System functions Flight Guidance (FG) and Flight Director (FD). Hold target selected by crew (entered into FCU : heading, vertical speed, altitude, ), Page 15
Autoflight System functions Flight Guidance (FG). Follow a flight plan managed by FMS (Climb, Cruise, Descent, Approach), Page 16
Autoflight System functions Flight Guidance (FG). Perform autoland and rollout until full stop Page 17
Autoflight System functions Flight Guidance (FG). Perform auto Go-around. Page 18
Autoflight System functions Flight Guidance (FG). Perform automatic Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Page 19
Autoflight System functions Flight Guidance (FG). Keeps Aircraft in the flight envelope (speed protection) Page 20
Autoflight System functions Flight Director (FD) Flight Director provides guidance cues displayed on PFD, to enable in manual piloting to : Page 21
Autoflight System functions Flight Director (FD) Perform auto Go-around. Page 22
Autoflight System functions Flight envelope provides flight data and warning Page 23
Navigation, guidance and piloting Page 24
Navigation, guidance and piloting FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Navigation, Performance, Flight Planification, Guidance FLIGHT GUIDANCE & AUTO-THRUST SYSTEM Control of trajectory and speed Guidance Objectifs Sensors Rudder Elevator Spoilers Piloting Orders FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM Attitude, Acceleration control, Servo loops surfaces Surfaces orders Aileron Slats and Flaps Page 25
Navigation, guidance and piloting Page 26
AFS Operational use : FCU Page 27
AFS Operational Use : FCU To engage the Systems : Auto-pilot, Flight directors, Auto Thrust To perform the targets selections (including baro setting) To engage the modes Page 28
AFS Operational Use : FCU A380 Page 29
Flight Management System (FMS) Operational use : Multi Fonction Display (MFD) Page 30
FMS operational use :Multi Fonction Display (MFD) MFD on A380 & A350. Page 31
FMS operational use :Multi Fonction Display (MFD) KEYBOARD and CURSOR CONTROL UNIT (KCCU) Page 32
Autoflight HMI description Page 33
Autoflight HMI description HMI functions: crew situation awareness Engaged systems / Mode of operation
Autoflight HMI description Achievable performance
Autoflight HMI description Flight director : displayed on PFD
Autoflight HMI description Aircraft attitudes, flight parameters Lateral & vertical deviations (ILS approaches)
Autoflight HMI description Flight Plan and Navigation Data: displayed on Navigation Display (ND)
Autoflight HMI description Warnings and different alerts: visual display and aural warnings Loss of systems
Autoflight HMI description Warnings and different alerts: visual display and aural warnings Downgradation of capability
Autoflight HMI description Warnings and different alerts: visual display and aural warnings Excessive deviation
Operational logic : AP engagement / disengagement Page 42
Operational logic : AP engagement/disengagement AP engagement is performed through a dedicated FCU push button
Operational logic : AP engagement/disengagement AP disengagement is obtained by : With second action on FCU pushbutton
Operational logic : AP engagement/disengagement Action on one instinctive disconnect switch located on the side stick
Operational logic : AP engagement/disengagement AP disengagement is obtained by : When excessive pitch attitude (-13/25) or bank angle (+/-45) are reached
Operational logic : AP engagement/disengagement Flight control computers when flight envelope is exceeded
Operational logic : ATHR engagement / disengagement Page 48
Operational logic : ATHR engagement/disengagement ATHR can be engaged by Flight Control Unit (FCU) ATHR P/B or automatically engaged at Take off, Go around or Alpha floor. Page 49
Operational logic : ATHR engagement/disengagement ATHR is disengaged by Action on FCU P/B Page 50
Operational logic : ATHR engagement/disengagement ATHR is disengaged by Setting all throttle to idle (normal operation after landing) TAKE OFF and GO AROUND MCT REVERSER CLIMB IDLE Page 51
Operational logic : ATHR engagement/disengagement ATHR is disengaged by Action on instinctive disconnect INSTINCTIVE DISCONNECT PBs INSTINCTIVE DISCONNECT PBs Page 52
Mode Operational logic : A350-A380 Page 53
Mode operational logic A380-A350 AP/FD Lateral modes Mode NAV LOC HDG/TRACK Page 54
Mode operational logic A380-A350 AP/FD Vertical modes Level changes Altitude hold Mode Climb/Descent Open Climb/ Open Descent ALT ALT CRZ TCAS V/S - FPA G/S SRS Page 55
Cruise phase mode sequencing Page 56
CRUISE PHASE MODE SEQUENCING Page 57
Automatic approach sequencing Page 58
Automatic approach sequencing Page 59
Operations cat 2/cat 3 Page 60
Operations cat 2/cat 3 Decision height (DH): The height at which a Go Around (GA) must be initiated unless adequate visual reference has been established Page 61
Operations cat 2/cat 3 Runway Visual Range The maximum distance in the direction of takeoff or landing at which the runway, or specified lights or markers delineating it, can be seen from a position above a specified point on its centerline at a height corresponding to the average eye level of pilots at touch-down Page 62
Airworthiness requirements Rollout If RVR< 100m Page 63
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