Index. Page numbers followed by e, f, and t indicate equations, figures, and tables, respectively.

Index Page numbers followed by e, f, and t indicate equations, figures, and tables, respectively. Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS, USGS) 29 Aichi prefecture 23t Allowable Stress Design (pseudostatic seismic design) 17 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) flow velocity calculations and estimates 37, 38t; investigation of port and harbor structures by 1; Structural Engineering Institute 37; Tohoku, Japan, Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011: Survey of Coastal Structures 4 anchorage design 330 31 Aomori prefecture deaths and investigation of ports and harbors in 3; offshore wave height 40 41, 40f, 41t; population statistics 39t; regional seismic coefficient and seismic design code 21t, 23t; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t Arikawa, Taro 6t, 10, 130, 133f Asakawa, Noritaka 12 Asia Symphony 249, 257f, 258f Augustin, Alex 6t, 10, 11f Ayukawa tide gauge 37f, 39t, 138, 139f, 164 65 baffled gravity walls and wall blocks Chuo-Kouen Park 110, 111f; findings and recommendations 335 36; Kamaishi port 248, 252f, 253f; Kuji port 291, 298, 346t; Miyako port 279, 281f, 282f; Sendai Port 343t; Soma Fishery Port 82, 83, 86f; Soma Main Port 56, 67f bollards Ishinomaki port 145 46, 155f; Kesennuma port 182, 184, 192f, 206f, 207f; Kuji port 298, 303f breakwaters findings and recommendations 347; Hachinohe Port 305, 312; Ishinomaki port 140f, 142f; Kamaishi port 236, 237f, 238, 239f, 249; Kuji port 290, 291, 292f, 293f, 297, 303f; Miyako port 277f, 279; Ofunato port 212f, 213, 216f, 223; Shimanokoshi 286, 287f; Soma Main Port 49, 52f, 55, 59f, 60f; Taro 286, 286f; tsunami inundation heights and 223 bridges pile-supported bridge, Yamada 267, 268f; seismic design codes and standards 18, 22t; trestle concrete bridge, Soma 57, 71f Bruin, William 6t, 10, 11f Building Research Institute (BRI) 28 29, 333 bunkering facility, Kesennuma port 185, 211f caisson walls findings and recommendations 328 29, 333 34; Hachinohe Port 314, 319f; Ishinomaki port 145, 151f, 152f, 153f; Kamaishi port 240, 244f, 245f, 248, 251f, 345t; Kuji port 291; Miyako port 279; Soma Fishery Port 82; Yamada port 267, 269f caisson yard and adjacent mole, Ishinomaki port 140f, 142f, 144, 146f, 147f, 148f, 344t California Geological Survey (CGS)/California Geotechnical Survey (CGS) California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program 29; Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data (CESMD) 29, 351; strong ground motion instruments and records 351 casualty statistics 1, 24, 35, 122 cement factory, Ofunato port 215f, 225, 226, 345t Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data (CESMD) 29, 351 Chayamae wharf 214, 214t, 215f, 219f, 225, 227f, 349 chemical grouting 115, 117, 117f, 118f, 336 37 395

396 TOHOKU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 2011 Chiba port 339 Chiba prefecture deaths and investigation of ports and harbors in 3, 4, 8t; location of 7f; population statistics 39t; regional seismic coefficient and seismic design code 21t, 23t; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t Chile earthquake (1960) 38, 213 Chile earthquake (2010) 2, 100, 335, 340 Choshi (Choushi) port deaths and economic impact classification 20t; field investigation and data collection 8t; location of 7f; population statistics 39t; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 356 57 Chuo-Kouen Park 89, 90f, 110 11, 110f, 111f, 343t, 349 coal transfer pier, Wharf 5, Soma 50, 57, 58, 70f, 73f, 76f, 77f, 78f, 80f, 81f coastal tide monitoring station 41, 42f Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers Institute (COPRI) coordination and collaboration with Japanese researchers 1; dates of field investigation and data collection 3; expertise and experience of 9, 10, 12; investigation of port and harbor structures by 1 4; itineraries for 3, 6t, 8t; limitations of investigation by 1, 9, 327; members of teams 10 13, 11f, 13f; PARI partnership with 1, 2, 3; scope of site visits 3 4; sites visited by 3 4, 17, 20t; sites visited by Northern Team 3, 5f; sites visited by Southern Team 3, 7f; timing of investigation of damage 2 3; Tohoku, Japan, Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011: Survey of Coastal Structures 4 container wharves Hachinohe Port 305, 314, 320f, 321f; Hitachinaka Port 335; Sendai Port/Takasago wharf 6t, 89, 90f, 91t, 95 109, 96f, 97f, 98f, 102f, 103f, 104f, 105f, 106f, 107f, 108f, 109f, 343t Cosmo Oil Chiba Refinery 339 cranes and lifting equipment base seismic isolation system 101, 108f, 109f, 341; benefits and applicability of investigation outcome 1 2; effects of earthquake and tsunami on 1, 340 41; findings and recommendations 330, 340 41; Hachinohe Port 314, 320f, 321f; Kamaishi port 248, 255f; Kesennuma port 185, 210f; Kuji port 298, 304f; power for 340 41; Sendai Port, Takasago wharf cranes and crane rails 95, 97, 98f, 99, 100 101, 102f, 105f, 106f, 107f, 108f, 109f; Soma Main Port 49, 56, 57, 65f, 72f, 73f; vessels in berths and 341 Design Seismic Coefficient 17 19, 18e, 18 19e, 21f, 21t, 22t, 23t, 350 Dickenson, Stephen 8t, 12, 13f dolphins Kamaishi port 248, 249, 253f, 254f, 256f; Kesennuma port 182, 193f, 344t; Ofunato port 345t; Soma Main Port 50, 58 dry dock, Kamaishi port 249, 256f earthquake, Tohoku aftershocks 25f, 26f, 28, 333; date and time of 24; deaths and disappearances related to 1, 24, 35; extent of damage from 1, 24; foreshocks 28; investigation of port and harbor structure damage from 1 4; location and fault mechanism 24 27, 25f, 26f, 27f; shaking intensity 32, 33f; strength of 1, 24, 136t; tectonic plate movement and water elevation changes from 3; thrust faulting along Pacific and North American plates 24; timing of investigation of damage 2 3 Earthquake Research Institute (ERI), Tokyo University 29, 333 earthquakes damage patterns, regional characterizations of 4, 9; damage patterns in areas affected by multiple earthquakes 3; deaths and disappearances related to 1, 24, 35; history of in Japan 3, 24, 35; largest earthquakes in history 24; loss of lifelines from 2; port protocols and action plans to prevent damage from 44 embankments field investigation and data collection on 4; Kamaishi port 249, 257f; Kesennuma port 181 82, 191f; Ofunato port 226; seismic performance of structures and 329 330

TOHOKU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 2011 397 Enshu 183, 196f equipment findings and recommendations 330, 339 340, 348; loss of 1 Eskijian, Martin 6t, 10, 11f evacuations, evacuation planning, and evacuation structures early warning system, wave-height predictions, and 38, 332; findings and recommendations 331, 347 48; Hachinohe Port MOT 315; JX Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery 122; Kesennuma port evacuation structure 180 81, 186f; port earthquake/tsunami protocols and action plans for 44; seismic design codes and standards 18, 22t; Sendai Port Takasago wharf evacuation 94 95; Takasago wharf evacuation 94 95; tsunami design codes 331 32 fender units Kamaishi port 251; Kesennuma port 181, 186f; repair and recovery, post-event 338; Soma Main Port 57, 58, 70f, 80f ferry terminal and floating dock Kesennuma port 184, 207f, 208f; Matsushima and Matsushima port 343t findings and recommendations benefits and applicability of investigation outcome 1 3, 4, 9; breakwaters 347; construction and material qualities 332; cranes 340 41; equipment 339 340, 348; evacuations, evacuation planning, and evacuation structures 347 48; future research recommendations 349 350; gravity walls 333 36; ground motion and seismic effect instrumentation 333, 347; limitations of investigation and 1, 9, 327; LPG storage spheres 339; pile-supported structures 337 38; piping systems 340, 348; port operations following earthquakes and tsunamis 348 49; sea levels 341 42; seismic design codes and standards 327 330; sequence and mode of failures 2, 9, 327; sheet pile walls 336 37; summary of structural response 342, 343t, 344t, 345t, 346t; tanks and tank farms 338 39, 348; tectonic plate movement 341 42; tsunami design codes 330 32; warning systems 332, 347 48 fire monitors and fire pump, Soma Main Port 58, 79f fire protection lines, Soma Main Port 58, 78f fires Cosmo Oil Chiba Refinery 339; JX Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery 117, 121, 122, 124f, 338; Kesennuma port 181, 185, 187f, 338 fire station, JX Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery 121, 127f fire suppression system, JX Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery 121 fishing ports commercial fishing harbors, field investigation and data collection 4; Ishinomaki port 155, 157f, 158f, 159f; MLIT classification system and 17, 20t fishing wharves Hachinohe Port 314, 322f; Ogihora port 231, 345t; Sakihama port 230, 230f, 345t; Toni port 231, 231f, 345t flow velocity calculations and estimates Kamaishi port 236; Kesennuma port 179; Kuji port 290; Onagawa port 165; Tohoku tsunami 36 37, 38t force-based seismic design 17 19 Fort Island District 305, 306f, 308f, 309t frozen food factory, Kesennuma port 182, 189f, 195f fueling pier, Miyako port 279, 282f, 283f Fujiwara Kanbayashi area 276, 277f, 278f, 279, 279t, 280f, 281f, 282f, 283f, 345t, 346t Fukui prefecture 23t Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant 35 Fukushima prefecture deaths and investigation of ports and harbors in 3; offshore wave height 40 41, 40f, 41t; population statistics 39t; regional seismic coefficient and seismic design code 21t, 23t; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GIS) 36, 37f, 41 Gifu prefecture 23t GPS buoy instruments for wave-height measurement 40 41, 40f, 41t, 347

398 TOHOKU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 2011 gravity walls caisson walls, Kesennuma port 185, 209f, 210f; findings and recommendations 328 29, 330, 333 36; freeboard and tectonic plate movement 335; Hachinohe Port 314, 319f, 320f; Ishinomaki port 344t; Kamaishi port 239, 255f, 256f; Kesennuma port 344t, 345t; Kuji port 290, 291, 297, 298, 301f, 346t; Miyako port 279, 281f, 346t; Ofunato port 213 14; Onagawa port 344t; prevalence of 17; seismic design codes and standards 17 18, 328, 333 34; Shimanokoshi 286, 287f; soil and subsoil conditions and 334; Soma Fishery Port 82, 83; Soma Main Port 49, 50, 55 57, 66f, 343t; Taro 286, 286f; Yamada port 345t. see also baffled gravity walls and wall blocks ground motion and seismic effect instrumentation characteristics and locations of 2, 3, 28 29, 31t; findings and recommendations 333, 347; portable seismic instrumentation 333. see also KIK-NET (Kiban-Kyoshin) data collection sites; K-NET (Kyoshin Network) data collection sites; Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI) strong ground motion instruments and records ground motions and seismic effects aftershocks 25f, 26f, 28; aftershocks, damage from 9; characteristics of 28 31, 28f, 30f, 31t; damage patterns, regional characterizations of 4, 9; damage patterns in areas affected by multiple earthquakes 3; data collection on 2; evaluation of impacts of 1; foreshocks 28; Level 1 ground motions 18 19, 22t; Level 2 ground motions 18 19, 22t; main shock location and fault mechanism 24 27, 25f, 26f, 27f; peak ground surface acceleration (PGA) 29, 30f; regional seismic coefficient development based on 17 19, 18e, 18 19e, 21f, 21t, 22t, 23t; seismic performance of structures, interpretation of 17; sequence and mode of failures from 2, 9, 327; shaking intensity 32 34, 33f, 34t; shaking intensity scales 32, 34t grouting, chemical 115, 117, 117f, 118f, 336 37 Gunma prefecture 23t Hachinohe Port aerial photo 306f; background and history of 305; breakwaters 305, 312; caisson walls 314, 319f; container wharf 305, 314, 320f, 321f; cranes 314, 320f, 321f; deaths and earthquakes in area around 3, 305, 305t; economic impact classification 20t, 305; estimated inundation height 43f; evacuation from MOT 315; field investigation and data collection 3, 6t, 305, 306f, 313 16, 346t; fishing wharf 314, 322f; Fort Island District 305, 306f, 308f, 309t; gravity walls 314, 319f, 320f; Hattarou District 305, 306f, 307f, 309t, 313 14, 317f, 318f, 319f, 320f, 321f, 346t; Kawaragi District 305, 306f, 308f, 309t; location of 5f; map of 288f; maps of 306f, 307f, 308f; MOT 305, 315 16, 324f, 325f, 326f, 340, 346t; offshore wave height 41t; performance of port structures at 3; pile-supported structures 346t; piping systems 313, 315, 316, 317f, 325f, 326f, 340; population statistics 39t; products transported through 305; shaking intensity 310; sheet pile walls 305, 313, 314, 318f, 322f, 346t; sheet pipe pile walls 313, 317f; Shirogane District 305, 306f, 309t, 314, 322f, 323f, 346t; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 310 11, 310f, 311f, 379 381; tanks and tank farms 315, 316, 324f, 325f; topography south of 289; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t; tsunami height instrumentation and data 37f; tsunami inundation and damage area 312, 312f; tsunami inundation heights 43f, 312, 312f, 313f; tsunami run-up heights 43f; tsunami warning systems 315; vessels 314, 315 16, 322f, 323f Haiti earthquake (2010) 32 Hanzaki area 290, 291, 292f, 294f, 295t, 298, 303f, 304f, 346t Hattarou District 305, 306f, 307f, 309t, 313 14, 317f, 318f, 319f, 320f, 321f, 346t

TOHOKU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 2011 399 Hibarino breakwater 140f, 142f Hibarino Mole 139 140, 145, 150f, 151f, 152f, 153f, 154f, 155f, 349 Hibarino wharves 140f, 142f, 145 Hirata area 238, 239f Hitachihama area 277f, 278f, 279t Hitachinaka Port container wharves 335; deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; economic impact classification 20t; estimated inundation height 43f; field investigation and data collection 8t; location of 7f; population statistics 39t; reconnaissance team at 13f; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t; tsunami inundation heights 43f; tsunami run-up heights 43f Hitachi port deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; economic impact classification 20t; field investigation and data collection 8t; location of 7f; population statistics 39t; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 360; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t Hiyori wharves 139, 140f, 142f, 143f, 144, 149f, 150f Honshu Island 1, 26 27, 27f Hyogoken-nanbu earthquake 328 Hyogo prefecture 23t Ibaraki Port, Hitachi 31t, 37f Ibaraki Port, Hitachinaka 31t Ibaraki Port, Oarai 31t Ibaraki prefecture deaths and investigation of ports and harbors in 3; population statistics 39t; regional seismic coefficient and seismic design code 21t, 23t; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t Importance Factor (structure characteristics) 18 19, 18e, 23t instrumentation. see ground motion and seismic effect instrumentation; coastal tide monitoring station 41, 42f Ishihama area 163, 168 Ishihara, Kenji 8t, 12 Ishinomaki port aerial photos 135f, 141f; background and history of 135 36; bollards 145 46, 155f; bulk bin loader 153f; caisson walls 145, 151f, 152f, 153f; caisson yard and adjacent mole 140f, 142f, 144, 146f, 147f, 148f, 344t; deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; earthquakes in area around 135, 136t, 139, 144, 155; economic impact classification 20t, 135; estimated inundation height 43f; field investigation and data collection 6t, 135 36, 136f, 144 46, 344t; Fishing Port 155, 157f, 158f, 159f; future research recommendations 349; gravity walls 344t; Hibarino Mole 349; land subsidence 145, 150f, 156; location of 5f; Main Port 139 154, 141f, 142f; Main Port Hibarino breakwater 140f, 142f; Main Port Hibarino Mole 139 140, 145, 150f, 151f, 152f, 153f, 154f, 155f; Main Port Hibarino wharves 140f, 142f, 145; Main Port Hiyori wharves 139, 140f, 142f, 143f, 144, 149f, 150f; Main Port Minahama wharves 140f, 142f; Main Port Nakajima wharves 140f, 142f; Main Port Oote wharves 140f, 142f; Main Port Shiomi wharf 140f; marine terminals and tank farms 155 162, 157f, 158f, 159f, 160f, 161f, 162f; MOT and tank farm 156, 160f, 161f, 162f; offshore wave height 41t; population statistics 39t; products transported through 140f; ramps 144, 148f, 344t; reclaimed land 139; shaking intensity 136; sheet pile walls 144, 147f, 148f, 149f, 344t; soil and subsoil conditions 140; steel pipe pile pier 144, 148f; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 136, 136t, 137f, 369, 370 71; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t; tsunami inundation and damage area 137 38, 138f; tsunami inundation heights 43f, 137 39, 138f, 139f; tsunami run-up heights 43f Iwaki 7f Iwaki-Nakoso 31t Iwate prefecture deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 38, 39t; investigation

400 TOHOKU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 2011 of ports and harbors in 3; offshore wave height 40 41, 40f, 41t; population statistics 38, 39t; regional seismic coefficient and seismic design code 21t, 23t; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 38, 39t Iwate Prefecture Oil Terminal (IOT) 238, 240, 241f, 246f, 247f, 249 251, 259f, 260f, 261f, 262f, 263f, 340, 345t, 349 Japan history of earthquake-induced tsunamis in 35, 36f; history of earthquakes in 3, 24, 35; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transportation, and Tourism (MLIT) port classification system 17, 20t Japan Building Research Institute (BRI) 28 29 Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) shaking intensity scale 32, 34t; tsunami height instrumentation and data 36, 37f, 39t, 41, 138, 139f, 164 65, 224, 225f, 275, 276f, 312, 313f Japanese Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) clearinghouse for tsunami inundation and run-up height data 41; investigation of port and harbor structures by ASCE/COPRI and 1 JX Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation, Tokyo 3, 8t JX Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery background and history of 119; capacity and output of 119; evacuation sites at 122; fatalities at 122; field investigation and data collection 6t, 120 22, 124f, 343t; fire at 117, 121, 122, 124f, 338; fire station at 121, 127f; fire suppression system 121; LPG storage spheres and rail cars 119, 123, 339; map of 90f, 119f; marine terminal structures 120, 125f, 126f; pavement damage and ground deformation 121 22; pile-supported structures 120, 125f, 343t; piping systems 120 21, 124f; railroad side yard 123; response and recovery activities 122 23; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 119, 120; tank farm 121, 122, 124f; truck loading rack area 121, 122, 127f; tsunami inundation and damage area 120 21, 124f, 126f; tsunami inundation heights 120, 126f; tsunami run-up heights 120; vessels at 121, 122 Kamaishi port aerial photo 239f; background and history of 238 240; baffled gravity walls and wall blocks 248, 252f, 253f; breakwaters 236, 237f, 238, 239f, 249; caisson walls 240, 244f, 245f, 248, 251f, 345t; commercial wharf, north side of channel 238, 241f, 248 49, 255f, 256f, 257f, 258f; cranes 248, 255f; deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; dolphins 248, 249, 253f, 254f, 256f; dry dock, floating 249, 256f; earthquakes in area around 233, 233t; economic impact classification 20t, 238; embankments 249, 257f; estimated inundation height 43f; fender units 251; field investigation and data collection 238 240, 241f, 248 251, 345t; field investigation and data collection at ports south of 6t; flow velocity calculations and estimates 236; future research recommendations 349; gravity walls 239, 255f, 256f; Hirata area 238, 239f; Iwate Prefecture Oil Terminal (IOT) 238, 240, 241f, 246f, 247f, 249 251, 259f, 260f, 261f, 262f, 263f, 340, 345t, 349; location of 5f; LPG storage spheres 250, 260f; map of region 232f; offshore wave height 41t; Oodaira area 240; pilesupported structures 345t; piping systems 240, 249, 250, 251, 260f, 262f, 340; population statistics 39t; products transported through 238; ramps 239; seawall 250, 263f; sheet pile walls 345t; steel pipe pile pier 239, 243f, 248, 250, 255f, 262f; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 232 34, 374 76; Suga area wharf 238, 239 240, 239t, 241f, 242f, 243f, 244f, 245f, 248, 251f, 252f, 253f, 254f, 255f, 345t, 349; tanks 250, 259f, 260f, 261f; truck loading rack area 251; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t, 250; tsunami height instrumentation and data 37f; tsunami

TOHOKU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 2011 401 inundation and damage area 236, 236f; tsunami inundation heights 43f, 223, 236, 236f, 237f; tsunami run-up heights 43f; tsunami warning system 249; vessels 249, 257f, 258f Kanagawa prefecture 21t, 23t Kanto region Great Kanto earthquake 24; investigation of ports and harbors in 3; Seismic Coefficient for 18, 21f; tsunami height instrumentation and data 37f Karakuwa ground motion recording station 31t, 179f Kashima Oil Refinery 31t Kashima port deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; economic impact classification 20t; estimated inundation height 43f; field investigation and data collection 8t; location of 7f; population statistics 39t; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 356 57; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t; tsunami height instrumentation and data 37f; tsunami inundation heights 43f; tsunami run-up heights 43f Kashiwazaki, Mr. 240, 249 250, 251 Kawaragi District 305, 306f, 308f, 309t Kesennuma port aerial photo 178f; background and history of 177 78; bollards 182, 184, 192f, 206f, 207f; buildings at 183 84, 201f, 202f; bunkering facility 185, 211f; deaths and dolphins 182, 193f, 344t; economic impact classification 20t, 177; embankments 181 82, 191f; estimated inundation height 43f; fender units 181, 186f; ferry terminal and floating dock 184, 207f, 208f; field investigation and data collection 6t, 177, 177f, 180 85, 344t, 345t; fire at 338; fires 181, 185, 187f; flow velocity calculations and estimates 179; frozen food factory 182, 189f, 195f; gravity caisson walls 185, 209f, 210f; gravity walls 344t, 345t; location of 5f; main port construction 177 78; map of 177f; MOT 181 82, 187f, 188f, 189f, 190f, 191f, 192f, 193f, 194f, 340, 344t; offshore wave height 41t; pavement damage and ground deformation 185, 209f; pile-supported structures 344t; piping systems 181, 185, 189f, 190f, 211f; population statistics 39t; ramps 183, 184, 201f, 203f; seawall damage 183, 191f, 196f; shaking intensity 178; sheet pile walls 183, 185, 197f, 198f, 199f, 208f, 344t, 345t; shipyard and cranes 185, 210f; steel pipe pile pier 182, 183, 184, 200f; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 178 79, 179f, 372; tanks 181, 182, 187f, 188f, 194f, 195f, 339; truck loading rack area 181, 188f; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t; tsunami evacuation structure and adjacent wharf 180 81, 186f; tsunami inundation and damage area 179 180, 180f; tsunami inundation heights 43f, 179, 180f; tsunami run-up heights 43f; vessels 181, 183, 185, 187f, 196f, 203f, 205f, 210f; wharves and quay walls 183 84, 185, 196f, 197f, 198f, 199f, 200f, 201f, 202f, 203f, 204f, 205f, 206f, 207f, 208f, 209f, 338 KIK-NET (Kiban-Kyoshin) data collection sites 2; Hachinohe Port 310, 310f; Kuji port 288 89, 289f; locations of and data from 28 29, 30f, 31t, 333, 351; management of 351 Kinkazan 41t Kitakami ground motion recording station 31t, 137f, 164, 370 Kitakami River 135 K-NET (Kyoshin Network) data collection sites Choshi (Choushi) port 31t, 356 57; Hachinohe Port 31t, 310, 310f, 381; Hitachinaka Port 360; Hitachi port 31t; Ibaraki Port, Hitachi 31t; Ishinomaki port 31t, 136, 137f, 369, 370 71; Kamaishi port 31t, 232 33, 233f, 358, 374; Kashima port 31t; Kesennuma port 31t, 178 79, 179f, 372; Kitakami ground motion recording station 137f, 164, 370; Kuji port 378; locations of and data from 2, 28 29, 30f, 31t, 333, 351; management of 2, 351; Matsushima port 31t, 128, 367; Miyako port 31t, 273, 274f, 377; Nakaminato ground motion recording

402 TOHOKU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 2011 station 31t, 359; Oarai port 359; Onagawa port 31t, 164, 370; Onahama Port 31t; Sendai Port 31t, 91, 92f, 367 68; Shiogama ground motion recording station 31t, 91, 92f, 128, 367; Soma and Soma ports 31t, 46 47, 47f, 364; Taneich (Taneichi) ground motion recording station 378; Toyosato ground motion recording station 137f, 371; Yamada port 235f Kobe port 328, 335 Kochi prefecture 23t Konori marina 167, 168, 175f, 176f Kouzuki, Yutaka 13f Kuji port aerial photo 292f; background and history of 290 91; baffled gravity walls and wall blocks 291, 298, 346t; bollards 298, 303f; breakwaters 290, 291, 292f, 293f, 297, 303f; buildings at 298, 304f; caisson walls 291; cranes 298, 304f; deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; economic impact classification 20t, 291; estimated inundation height 43f; field investigation and data collection 6t, 290 91, 292f, 297 98, 346t; flow velocity calculations and estimates 290; future research recommendations 349; gravity walls 290, 291, 297, 298, 301f, 346t; Hanzaki area 290, 291, 292f, 294f, 295t, 298, 303f, 304f, 346t; location of 5f; maps of 288f, 292f, 293f, 294f; national oil reserve site 290, 291; offshore wave height 41t; pilesupported structures 290, 296f, 297, 297 98, 299f, 302f, 346t; population statistics 39t; products transported through 288; ramps 291, 297, 299f, 300f, 302f; shaking intensity 288; soil and subsoil conditions 295f; steel pipe pile pier 291, 297, 299f; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 288 89, 378; Suwashita area 290, 291, 292f, 293f, 295t, 296f, 297 98, 299f, 300f, 301f, 302f, 303f, 346t, 349; Tamanowaki area 290, 291, 292f, 293f, 295t, 297, 298f, 299f, 346t; topography north of 289; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t; tsunami height instrumentation and data 37f; tsunami inundation and damage area 289 290, 290f; tsunami inundation heights 43f, 289, 290f; tsunami run-up heights 43f; tsunamis in area of 289; villages north of 288f, 289, 298 Kyoshin Network 333. see also K-NET (Kyoshin Network) data collection sites Kyoto prefecture regional seismic coefficient and seismic design code 23t land subsidence cross-section conceptualization of 26 27, 27f; Ishinomaki port 145, 150f, 156; tectonic plate movement, water elevation changes, and 3 Level 1 ground motions 18 19, 22t Level 2 ground motions 18 19, 22t LPG storage spheres and rail cars Cosmo Oil Chiba Refinery 339; findings and recommendations 339; JX Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery 119, 123, 339; Kamaishi port 250, 260f; Miyako port 280, 283f marinas field investigation and data collection 4; Konori marina 167, 168, 175f, 176f marine oil terminals (MOTs) findings and recommendations 338; Hachinohe Port 305, 315 16, 324f, 325f, 326f, 340, 346t; Ishinomaki port 156, 160f, 161f, 162f; Iwate Prefecture Oil Terminal (IOT) 238, 240, 241f, 246f, 247f, 249 251, 259f, 260f, 261f, 262f, 263f, 340, 345t; Kesennuma port 181 82, 187f, 188f, 189f, 190f, 191f, 192f, 193f, 194f, 340, 344t; Ofunato port 215f, 225, 226, 228f, 229f; Onagawa port 167, 168, 173f, 174f, 175f; Soma Main Port 50, 57, 58, 71f, 74f, 75f, 76f, 77f, 80f, 339, 340. see also tanks and tank farms Martin, James R. Jr. 8t, 12, 13f Matsushima and Matsushima port background and history of 128; barrier islands near 128, 128f, 130, 133f, 134f, 344t; deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; economic impact classification 20t, 128; ferry terminal and floating dock 343t; field investigation and

TOHOKU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 2011 403 data collection 6t, 129 130, 343t, 344t; location of 5f; map of 128f; population statistics 39t; seawall damage 129, 131f; shaking intensity 128; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 128, 367; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t; tsunami inundation and damage area 129, 129f; tsunami inundation heights 129, 129f; wooden benches 129, 131f; wooden flood control structure 129 130, 132f Meiji-Sanriku Earthquake (1896) 35, 36f, 236, 238 Mie prefecture 23t Minahama wharves 142f Miyagasaki port 168, 176f Miyagi-ken-oki earthquake (1978) 3, 135, 136t, 139, 144, 155, 213t, 273t, 305t Miyagi-oki earthquake (2005) 3, 128, 136t, 178, 213t, 233, 273t, 305t Miyagi prefecture deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 38, 39t; investigation of ports and harbors in 3; offshore wave height 40 41, 40f, 41t; peak ground surface acceleration (PGA) 29, 30f; population statistics 38, 39t; regional seismic coefficient and seismic design code 21t, 23t; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 38, 39t; tsunami height instrumentation and data 37f Miyako port aerial photo 277f; background and history of 276; baffled gravity walls and wall blocks 279, 281f, 282f; breakwaters 277f, 279; caisson walls 279; deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; economic impact classification 20t, 276; estimated inundation height 43f; field investigation and data collection 6t, 272, 276, 279 280, 345t, 346t; fueling pier 279, 282f, 283f; Fujiwara Kanbayashi area 276, 277f, 278f, 279, 279t, 280f, 281f, 282f, 283f, 345t, 346t; gravity walls 279, 281f, 346t; Hitachihama area 277f, 278f, 279t; location of 5f; LPG storage sphere 280, 283f; maps of 272f, 277f, 278f; offshore wave height 41t; piping system 279 280, 282f, 283f; population statistics 39t; products transported through 272, 276; Sesaki wharf 276, 277f, 279, 279t, 345t; shaking intensity 273; sheet pile walls 279, 280, 284f, 336, 346t; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 273 74, 273t, 274f, 377; Takahama area 276, 277f, 278f, 279t, 280, 284f, 285f, 286f; tanks and tank farms 279 280, 283f; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t; tsunami height instrumentation and data 37f; tsunami inundation and damage area 274 75, 275f; tsunami inundation heights 43f, 274 76, 275f, 276f; tsunami run-up heights 43f Modified Mercalli Intensity (MII) Scale 32 34, 33f, 34t Mutsu-Ogawara port 37f Nagahama wharf 214, 214t, 215f, 220f, 225, 349 Nagano prefecture 23t Nakajima wharves 140f, 142f Nakaminato ground motion recording station 31t, 359 Nakamura, Mr. 183 Nakaso ground motion recording station 31t Nakazawa, Hiroshi 6t, 10, 11f Nara prefecture 23t national oil reserve site, Kuji port 290, 291 National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) 2, 351 National Strong Motion Project (USGS) 29 Natori 4, 8t Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery. see JX Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery Nishio, Yasuyuki 13f Nonoda wharf 213 14, 214t, 215f, 217f, 218f, 225, 349 Nozu, Atsushi 12 Oarai port deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; economic impact classification 20t; field investigation and data collection 8t; location of 7f; population statistics 39t; strong ground

404 TOHOKU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 2011 motion instruments and records 31t, 359; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t Ofunato and Ofunato port aerial photo 215f; background and history of 212 14, 214t; breakwaters 212f, 213, 216f, 223; cement factory 215f, 225, 226, 345t; Chayamae wharf 214, 214t, 215f, 219f, 225, 227f, 349; deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; dolphins 345t; earthquakes and tsunamis in area around 213, 213t; economic impact classification 20t, 212; embankments 226; estimated inundation height 43f; field investigation and data collection 6t, 215f, 225 26, 345t; future research recommendations 349; gravity walls 213 14; location of 5f; map of 215f; map of region 212f; MOT 215f, 225, 226, 228f, 229f; Nagahama wharf 214, 214t, 215f, 220f, 225, 349; Nonoda wharf 213 14, 214t, 215f, 217f, 218f, 225, 349; pile-supported structures 213 14, 217f, 218f, 220f; piping systems 226, 229f; population statistics 39t; products transported through 212; ramps 225; shaking intensity 221; sheet pile walls 345t; steel pipe pile pier 214, 219f; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 213, 213t, 221 22, 221f, 222f, 373; tanks and tank farms 226, 228f; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t, 224; tsunami height instrumentation and data 37f; tsunami inundation and damage area 223 24, 223f; tsunami inundation heights 43f, 223, 223f, 225f; tsunami run-up height 43f; villages north of 212, 212f, 221; Yamaguchi wharf 214t, 215f, 225 Ofunato-Boshi ground motion recording station 31t, 221, 373 Ogihora port economic impact classification 20t; fishing wharf 231, 345t; map of region 212f; tsunami inundation heights 224f Ohya, Yousuke 11f, 12 Oi ground motion recording station 31t Okubo, Yosuke 12 Omoto field investigation and data collection 272, 286, 346t; fishing activities 272; map of 272f; tsunami inundation heights 274 Onagawa and Onagawa port aerial photo 163f; background and history of 163; deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; economic impact classification 20t, 163; field investigation and data collection 3, 6t, 8t, 167 68, 344t; flow velocity calculations and estimates 165; gravity walls 344t; hospital building 164, 166f, 167; Ishihama area 163; Konori marina 167, 168, 175f, 176f; location of 5f, 7f; map of 164f; MOT and tank farm 167, 168, 173f, 174f, 175f; Pal Marine building 165, 167, 171f; population statistics 39t; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 164, 370; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t, 165; tsunami inundation and damage area 164 65, 165f, 167f; tsunami inundation heights 164, 165f, 166f, 167f; wharves and quay walls 167 68, 169f, 170f, 171f, 172f Onahama Port deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; economic impact classification 20t; estimated inundation height 43f; field investigation and data collection 8t; location of 7f; offshore wave height 41t; population statistics 39t; reconnaissance team at 13f; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 361 62; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t; tsunami height instrumentation and data 37f; tsunami inundation heights 43f; tsunami run-up height 43f Oodaira area, Kamaishi port 240 Oote wharves 140f, 142f Ooya, Yousuke 6t, 10 Oritatsu, Yoshi 6t, 10, 11f Osaka prefecture 23t Otsuchi port background and history of 263; central mole and wharf 263, 264f, 265f, 266f; deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; economic impact classification 20t; field investigation and data collection 6t, 345t; location of 5f;

TOHOKU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 2011 405 map of region 232f; population statistics 39t; sheet pile walls 264, 265f, 266f, 336, 345t; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t; tsunami inundation and damage area 237f; tsunami inundation heights 236, 237f Pal Marine building 165, 167, 171f pavement damage and ground deformation JX Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery 121 22; Kesennuma port 185, 209f; Sendai Port 99 100, 103f, 104f; Soma Main Port 58, 61f, 80f Percher, Marc 6t, 10, 11f performance-based seismic design 17 19, 330 piers, quays, and wharves seismic design codes and standards 17 18; types of 17 pile-supported structures findings and recommendations 329 330, 330, 337 38; Hachinohe Port 346t; JX Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery 120, 125f, 343t; Kamaishi port 345t; Kesennuma port 344t; Kuji port 290, 296f, 297, 297 98, 299f, 302f, 346t; Ofunato port 213 14, 217f, 218f, 220f; prevalence of 17; repair and recovery, post-event 338; seismic design codes and standards 17 18; Soma Fishery Port 82, 83, 87f; Soma Main Port 337, 343t; Yamada pile-supported bridge 267, 268f piping systems benefits and applicability of investigation outcome 1 2; findings and recommendations 330, 340, 348; Hachinohe Port 313, 315, 316, 317f, 325f, 326f, 340; JX Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery 120 21, 124f; Kamaishi port 240, 249, 250, 251, 260f, 262f, 340; Kesennuma port 181, 185, 189f, 190f, 211f; Miyako port 279 280, 282f, 283f; Ofunato port 226, 229f Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI) briefings and data collection 3, 6t, 8t; coastal tide monitoring station 41, 42f; COPRI partnership with 1, 2, 3; investigation of port and harbor structures by 1, 2; offshore GPS buoy instruments for wave-height measurement 40 41, 40f, 41t, 347; Tohoku, Japan, Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011: Survey of Coastal Structures 4; tsunami height instrumentation and data 37f, 41 43, 42f, 43f Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI) strong ground motion instruments and records Hachinohe Port 310, 310f, 311f, 379 380; Kamaishi port 232 33, 233f, 234f, 375 76; locations of and data from 29, 31t, 333, 351; Ofunato-Boshi ground motion recording station 31t, 221, 373; Onahama Port 361 62; Sendai Port 91 93, 92f, 93f, 365 67; Shinagawa ground motion recording station 352 53; Soma Port 363; Tokyo 352 55; Tokyo Port 354 55 port and harbor structures benefits and applicability of investigation outcome 1 3, 4, 9; condition of prior to earthquake 2 3; construction materials and mode of construction 2 3, 332; damage patterns, regional characterizations of 4, 9; damage patterns in areas affected by multiple earthquakes 3; effects of earthquake and tsunami on 1; equipment and cargo losses 1; extent of damage to 1; hazard mitigation solutions for 1; inspection and maintenance programs at ports 2 3, 332; investigation of damage to 1 4; limitations of investigation of damage to 1, 9, 327; performance-based seismic design 17 19, 330; protocols and action plans to prevent damage from 44; seismic design codes and standards 2 3, 4, 17 19, 21f, 21t, 22t, 23t, 327 330, 333 34; seismic performance of, interpretation of 17; sequence and mode of failures of 2, 9, 327; summary of structural response 342, 343t, 344t, 345t, 346t; timing of investigation 2 3 ports earthquake/tsunami protocols and action plans 44, 315 16; economic impact classification system 17, 20t; operations following earthquakes and tsunamis 348 49. see also fishing ports pseudostatic lateral force coefficient

406 TOHOKU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 2011 (Seismic Coefficient) 17 19, 18e, 18 19e, 21f, 21t, 22t, 23t, 350 pseudostatic seismic design (Allowable Stress Design) 17 Raijin wharf 89, 90f, 91t, 112 14, 113f, 114f, 336 37, 343t, 349 railroad side yard, JX Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery 123 ramps findings and recommendations 338; Ishinomaki port 144, 148f, 344t; Kamaishi port 239; Kesennuma port 183, 184, 201f, 203f; Kuji port 291, 297, 299f, 300f, 302f; Ofunato and Ofunato port 225; Sendai Port 98; Soma Main Port 50 reclaimed land Ishinomaki port 139; Sendai Port 95, 97f, 99, 103f Rudolph, R. William 6t, 10, 11f Saeki, Kimiyasu 12 Saitama prefecture 23t Sakihama port economic impact classification 20t; fishing wharf 230, 230f, 345t; map of region 212f; tsunami inundation heights 224f Samenoura 305. see also Hachinohe Port San Antonio port 340 Sanriku-minami earthquake (2003) 3, 128, 136t, 178, 213t, 233, 273t, 305t Sanriku port economic impact classification 20t; location of 5f; map of region 212f; tsunami inundation heights 224f Sanriku region deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; Meiji-Sanriku Earthquake (1896) 35, 36f, 236, 238; population statistics 39t; terrain and landscape features in 35; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t; tsunami damage in 35 sea levels findings and recommendations 341 42; impact of global sea level rise 3; tectonic plate movement and water elevation changes 3 seawalls Kamaishi port 250, 263f; Kesennuma port 183, 191f, 196f Seismic Coefficient (pseudostatic lateral force coefficient) 17 19, 18e, 18 19e, 21f, 21t, 22t, 23t, 350 seismic design codes and standards 2 3, 4, 17 19, 21f, 21t, 22t, 23t, 327 330, 333 34 Sendai deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; earthquake in region 24; population statistics 39t; strong ground motion instruments and records 365 68; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t Sendai Airport, field investigation and data collection at 3, 4, 8t Sendai Port aerial photos 89f, 96f; background and history of 89; baffled gravity walls and wall blocks 343t; chemical grouting 115, 117, 117f, 118f, 336 37; Chuo-Kouen Park 89, 90f, 110 11, 110f, 111f, 343t, 349; construction at 89; cranes and crane rails, Takasago wharf 95, 97, 98f, 99, 100 101, 102f, 105f, 106f, 107f, 108f, 109f; crane seismic isolation system 101, 108f, 109f; economic impact classification 17, 20t, 89; emergency response vessels at 117; estimated inundation height 43f; field investigation and data collection 3, 6t, 8t, 89, 90f, 99 101, 343t; future research recommendations 349; location of 5f, 7f; map of 90f; pavement damage and ground deformation 99 100, 103f, 104f; Raijin wharf 89, 90f, 91t, 112 14, 113f, 114f, 336 37, 343t, 349; ramps 98; reclaimed land and original shoreline 95, 97f, 99, 103f; reconnaissance team at 11f; shaking intensity 91; sheet pile walls 336, 343t; sheet pipe pile walls 91t, 95, 96f, 112, 113f, 115, 116f, 343t; soil and subsoil conditions 95, 99, 114, 115; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 91 93, 92f, 93f; Takamatsu wharf 89, 90f, 115 18, 116f, 117f, 118f, 336 37, 343t, 349; Takasago wharf container terminal 6t, 89, 90f, 91t, 95 109, 96f, 97f, 98f, 102f, 103f, 104f, 105f, 106f, 107f, 108f, 109f, 343t; Takasago wharf evacuation 94 95; tsunami arrival time 94; tsunami height instrumentation and data 37f; tsunami inundation and

TOHOKU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 2011 407 damage area 94, 94f; tsunami inundation heights 43f, 94, 94f; tsunami run-up height 43f. see also JX Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation Sesaki wharf 276, 277f, 279, 279t, 345t sheet pile walls anchored sheet pile walls 17, 305t, 330, 334, 336; cellular sheet pile quays 17; findings and recommendations 328 29, 330, 336 37; Hachinohe Port 305, 313, 314, 318f, 322f, 346t; Ishinomaki port 144, 147f, 148f, 149f, 344t; Kamaishi port 345t; Kesennuma port 183, 185, 197f, 198f, 199f, 208f, 344t, 345t; Miyako port 279, 280, 284f, 336, 346t; Ofunato port 345t; Otsuchi port 264, 265f, 266f, 336, 345t; prevalence of 17; seismic design codes and standards 17 18, 328, 334; Sendai Port 336, 343t; Soma Main Port 49, 55, 56, 63f, 64f, 66f, 336, 343t; tie rod anchors 56, 64f, 280, 285f, 336; Uratononoshima 130, 134f; Uratosabusawa 130, 134f; Yamada port 267, 270f, 345t sheet pipe pile walls deadman anchors 95, 96f, 100, 105f, 112, 113f, 115, 116f; Hachinohe Port 313, 317f; Sendai Port 91t, 95, 96f, 112, 113f, 115, 116f, 343t; Soma Main Port 50, 343t Shiga prefecture 23t Shimanokoshi breakwaters 286, 287f; field investigation and data collection 272, 286, 346t; fishing activities 272; gravity walls 286, 287f; map of 272f; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t; tsunami inundation heights 274 Shinagawa ground motion recording station 31t, 352 53 Shiogama ground motion recording station 31t, 91, 92f, 128, 367 Shiogama tide gauge 37f Shiomi wharf 140f shipyard and cranes, Kesennuma port 185, 210f Shiramizu 57, 73f Shirogane District 305, 306f, 309t, 314, 322f, 323f, 346t Shizuoka prefecture 23t Showa earthquake-tsunami (1933) 35, 36f, 238 soil and subsoil conditions gravity walls and 334; ground improvement methods 350; Ishinomaki port 140; Kuji port 295f; liquefaction mitigation 328; liquefaction triggering evaluation 349 350; reclaimed land, Sendai Port 95, 97f, 99, 103f; seismic design codes and standards 18, 18e, 22t, 328; seismic performance of structures and 328 29; Sendai Port 95, 99, 114, 115; Soma Main Port 55, 58 Soma and Soma ports background and history of 45 46, 46f; deaths and earthquakes in area around 3; economic impact classification 20t, 45; estimated inundation height 43f; field investigation and data collection 3, 6t, 8t, 343t; location of 5f, 7f; map of 45f; performance of port structures at 3; population statistics 39t; shaking intensity 46; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 46 47, 47f, 363, 364; tsunami arrival times and wave heights 39t; tsunami height instrumentation and data 37f; tsunami inundation and damage area 47, 48f; tsunami inundation heights 43f, 47, 48f; tsunami run-up height 43f; tsunami wave height and time of occurrence 47, 49f, 55 Soma Fishery Port aerial photo 82f; background and history of 82; baffled gravity walls and wall blocks 82, 83, 86f; buildings at 82, 83, 84f, 85f, 86f; caisson wall 82; field investigation and data collection 83; gravity walls 82, 83; map of 45f; pier at 83, 87f; pile-supported pier 82; tanks 82, 83, 88f; vessels at 84f Soma Main Port baffled gravity walls and wall blocks 56, 67f; breakwaters 49, 52f, 55, 59f, 60f; buildings at 58, 79f; coal transfer pier, Wharf 5 50, 57, 58, 70f, 73f, 76f, 77f, 78f, 80f, 81f; cranes and lifting equipment 49, 56, 57, 65f, 72f, 73f; dolphins 50, 58; fender units 57, 58, 70f,

408 TOHOKU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 2011 80f; field investigation and data collection 55 58, 343t; fire monitors and fire pump 58, 79f; fire protection lines 58, 78f; gravity walls 49, 50, 55 57, 66f, 343t; map of 45f, 52f; MOT, Wharf 5 50, 57, 58, 71f, 74f, 75f, 76f, 77f, 80f, 339, 340; pile-supported structures 337, 343t; products transported through 45, 51t; ramps 50; roadways 58, 61f, 80f; sheet pile walls 49, 55, 56, 63f, 64f, 66f, 336, 343t; sheet pipe pile walls 50, 343t; soil and subsoil conditions 55, 58; steel pipe plumb pile pier 57, 70f, 71f; trestle concrete bridge 57, 71f; vessels at 57, 73f; Wharf 1 49, 51t, 52f, 53f, 55, 60f, 61f, 62f, 70f, 336; Wharf 2 49, 50, 51t, 52f, 53f, 55 56, 62f, 63f, 64f, 65f, 66f, 67f, 68f, 336; Wharf 3 49, 50, 52f, 54f, 56 57, 68f, 69f, 70f; Wharf 4 49, 52f; Wharf 5 49, 50, 51t, 52f, 54f, 57 58 spheres. see LPG storage spheres and rail cars steel pipe pile pier Ishinomaki port 144, 148f; Kamaishi port 239, 243f, 248, 250, 255f, 262f; Kesennuma port 182, 183, 184, 200f; Kuji port 291, 297, 299f; Ofunato port 214, 219f; Soma Main Port 57, 70f, 71f Suga area wharf 238, 239 240, 239t, 241f, 242f, 243f, 244f, 245f, 248, 251f, 252f, 253f, 254f, 255f, 345t, 349 Sugano, Takahiro investigation team member 6t, 10, 11f, 12, 13f; Ishinomaki port expertise 140; Sendai Port expertise 95, 99, 112 Suwashita area 290, 291, 292f, 293f, 295t, 296f, 297 98, 299f, 300f, 301f, 302f, 303f, 346t Tagajo 39t Taiheiyo cement factory 215f, 225, 226, 345t Takahama area 276, 277f, 278f, 279t, 280, 284f, 285f, 286f Takamatsu wharf 89, 90f, 115 18, 116f, 117f, 118f, 336 37, 343t, 349 Takasago wharf container terminal 89, 90f, 91t, 95 109, 96f, 97f, 98f, 102f, 103f, 104f, 105f, 106f, 107f, 108f, 109f, 343t Takasago wharf evacuation 94 95 Tamanowaki area 290, 291, 292f, 293f, 295t, 297, 298f, 299f, 346t Taneich (Taneichi) ground motion recording station 31t, 378 tanks and tank farms anchoring of 338; benefits and applicability of investigation outcome 1 2; findings and recommendations 338 39, 348; Hachinohe Port 315, 316, 324f, 325f; Ishinomaki port 155 162, 157f, 158f, 159f, 160f, 161f, 162f; JX Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery 121, 122, 124f; Kamaishi port 250, 259f, 260f, 261f; Kesennuma port 181, 182, 187f, 188f, 194f, 195f, 339; Miyako port 279 280, 283f; Ofunato port 226, 228f; Onagawa port 167, 168, 173f, 174f, 175f; Soma Fishery Port 82, 83, 88f; Yamada port tank foundation and containment wall 267 68, 271f Taro field investigation and data collection 272, 286, 346t; fishing activities 272; gravity walls 286, 286f; map of 272f; tsunami inundation heights 274 Technical Standards and Commentaries of Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan 18, 19 tectonic plate movement findings and recommendations 341 42; gravity wall freeboard and 335; land subsidence and water elevation changes 3; main shock location and fault mechanism 24 27, 25f, 26f, 27f; thrust faulting along Pacific and North American plates 24 Terui, Mr. 50, 55 tide gauges 36, 37f, 39t, 41; Kamaishi port 236; Kuji port 289; Miyako port 274; Sendai Port 94; Shiogama port 129 Tochigi prefecture 23t Tohoku, Japan, Earthquake and Tsunami of 2011: Survey of Coastal Structures (ASCE-COPRI-PARI Coastal Structures Field Survey Team) 4 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Joint Survey Group 41 Tohoku region investigation of ports and

TOHOKU, JAPAN, EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI OF 2011 409 harbors in 3; Seismic Coefficient for 18, 21f; tsunami damage in 35; tsunami height instrumentation and data 37f Tokachi-oki earthquake (1968) 3, 213, 213t, 273t, 289, 305, 305t Tokawa port deaths and disappearances related to tsunami 39t; economic impact classification 20t; field investigation and data collection 8t; population statistics 39t; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t Tokushima prefecture 23t Tokyo earthquake damage in 1; investigation of ports and harbors in 3, 4; itineraries for teams 3, 6t, 8t; location of 7f; regional seismic coefficient and seismic design code 21t, 23t; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t, 352 55 Tokyo Port economic impact classification 17, 20t; field investigation and data collection 3, 8t; petroleum refining and handling facilities 339; strong ground motion instruments and records 354 55 Tokyo University, Earthquake Research Institute (ERI) 29, 333 Toni port economic impact classification 20t; fishing wharf 231, 231f, 345t; map of region 212f; strong ground motion instruments and records 31t; tsunami inundation heights 224f Toyosato ground motion recording station 31t, 137f, 371 truck loading rack area JX Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery 121, 122, 127f; Kamaishi port 251; Kesennuma port 181, 188f tsunami, Tohoku arrival times 38, 39t; cost of damage from 35; deaths and disappearances related to 1, 24, 35, 39t; early warning system and wave-height predictions 38, 332; evaluation of impacts of 1; extent of damage from 1, 24, 35, 330 32; height instrumentation and data 36 37, 37f, 39t, 41 43, 42f, 43f; initial wave heights 38, 39t; inundation and damage area 35, 42, 43f; inundation depths 42, 43f; inundation heights 35 37, 36f, 38, 39t, 41 43, 43f, 331; investigation of port and harbor structure damage from 1 4; maximum wave heights 38, 39t, 41; offshore wave height 36, 40 41, 40f, 41t, 333; run-up height 35 37, 36f, 41 43, 43f; sequence and mode of failures from 2, 9, 327; timing of investigation of damage 2 3; vertical deformations responsible for 26 27, 27f; wave loading during 9 tsunamis buoyancy loading 330 31; deaths and disappearances related to 1, 24, 35, 38; design codes for 330 32; history of in Japan 35, 36f; impact loading 331; instrumentation to measure 333; port protocols and action plans to prevent damage from 44; research on prediction of inundation heights 42 tunnels, seismic design codes and standards for 18, 22t Ueda, Kyohei 12, 13f United States Geological Survey (USGS) Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) 29; Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data (CESMD) 29, 351; National Strong Motion Project 29 Uratononoshima 130, 134f, 344t Uratosabusawa 130, 134f, 344t vessels crane damage and 341; damage from 330; Hachinohe Port 314, 315 16, 322f, 323f; JX Nippon Oil Sendai Refinery 121, 122; Kamaishi port 249, 257f, 258f; Kesennuma port 181, 183, 185, 187f, 196f, 203f, 205f, 210f; port earthquake/tsunami protocols and action plans for 44; Sendai Port, emergency response vessels at 117; Soma Fishery Port 84f; Soma Main Port 57, 73f; statistics on stranded and damaged 44; tracking histories of locations of 44 Wakayama prefecture 23t warning systems early warning system and wave-height predictions 38, 332; evaluation of performance of 1; findings and recommendations 331, 332, 347 48;