Side Event - ITWG meeting on AnGR FAO Towards the conservation and sustainable use of animal genetic resources in Peru November 26, 2010 Rome Dr. H. William Vivanco-Mackie National Coordinator for Animal Genetic Resources of Peru
In Peru animal husbandry goes back to pre-inca times, more than three thousand years ago with the domestication of alpacas., llamas, cuyes (cavia porcellus) ) and Andean ducks During Spanish colonization other species were introduced (bovine, ovine, caprine,, porcine, equine, domestic chicken). All these species became naturalised to the different ecological environments of Peru (coast, sierra, amazonic jungle) and conform what is known today as the CRIOLLO breeds.
The agricultural sector in Peru contributes only 5.7 % of the total GDP. Livestock production is 20% of the total agricultural sector (2.3% GDP)but it uses 35% of the national land and employs 39% of the population. Contribution of the agricultural sector o the GNP, 2001-2009 (As % of the total GDP)
Main use of land in Peru is for Natural rangelands above 3500 meters elevation: 27.6 million Has (21% of the total national land area ) livestock production
Current situation of the animal genetic resources in Peru Livestock production in Peru is unique in the Americas since more than 85% of the cattle, sheep, goats, pigs horses and ducks populations are made of CRIOLLO BREEDS and is also based on the exploitation of native animals (alpacas, llamas and cuyes). The specialized international breeds (mainly dairy cattle and pigs) are relatively a minor population compared with the criollo but they contribute more than 60% of the milk and pork consumed. Poultry and egg production is almost 90% done by specialized international breeds. Duck meat is practically in total supplied by the criollo duck.
The CRIOLLO BREEDS have survived for five centuries and the NATIVE animals (Alpacas, Llamas and cuyes) ) have survived all the European colonization and are current today mainly due to the USE and CARE that was given by the Campesino Communities Currently however, all Criollo Breeds and the Alpacas are in risk due to: INDISCRIMINATE CROSSING
INDISCRIMINATE CROSSING
And DUE TO UPGRADING WITH EXOTIC BREEDS Criollo upgrading with Holstein Criollo upgrading with Brown Swiss
What has been done to diminish the risk and to promote the sustainable use of the AnGR The national institution responsible for the domestic animal genetic resources in Peru has been determined: INIA (Peruvian National Institute of Agricultural Innovation; national focal point for the AnGR) The breeders of Alpacas and Llamas have formed their Association: Society of Breeders of Registered Alpacas (SPAR, Sociedad Peruana de Criadores de Alpacas Registradas), but their genealogic registers have been interrupted since the closing of CONACS (a government institution conducting the registering).
What has been done The breeders of the Peruvian Paso Horse have their association and conduct their genealogic registers. All exotic breeds of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs have breeders associations and their genealogic registers are conducted by the National Agrarian University of La Molina, Lima Peru.
What has been done.. With technical assistance from a NGO (ARARIWA), a group of campesinos in Cusco have formed a Criollo Sheep Breeders Association, registering the animals and performing basic selection process.
What has been done.. In Cajamarca, northern Sierra of Peru, with support from CARITAS is now in progress a project for the registration and genetic selection Of Criollo cattle. In Arequipa the NGO DESCO has produced EBs for Alpacas In collaboration with a Private Alpaca breeding company
THE ROLL AND ACTION OF INIA INIA has the roll for promoting coordinating and implementing the identification, characterization, conservation and sustainable use of the animal genetic resources for food and agriculture in Peru Its current structural organization and its strategic plan (2010-2014) are in line with this roll.
INIA Programs in Animal Genetic Resources
I. ALPACAS PROGRAM
1. The national in vivo genetic bank for colour alpacas and llamas
The national in vivo genetic bank for colour alpacas and llamas Phase I: 1983-1997 (with support from the Swiss Gov.) Collection of colour alpacas of both breeds (Suri and Huacaya) ) and llamas (K ara( and Chak u) ) from the different regions of Peru Development of the conservation flocks Definition and development of the data base Achievement: At least 95% of the different natural colours, in both breeds and species, are represented with animals in the national bank at Quimsachata, Illpa Puno.
Some colours in alpacas, Suri breed NEGRO API CAFE CAFÉ ROJIZO GRIS BLANCO
. Phase II: 1998-2002 Consolidation of the flocks Development of mating systems Establishing genealogic registers, production data bases, forming colour family groups per breed. Research in Alpacas and llamas physiology, reproduction, reproductive technologies. Understanding colour inheritance and developing selection by colours.
Alpacas Suri of different colours, Quimsachata INIA Puno
Phase III: 2003 Present EBVs determination, selection of promissory lines within each breed and colour Maintenance of genetic variability in the conservation flock Formation of Genetic Elite Nucleus for genetic improvement of alpacas at communities Distribution of genetic material
2. Characterization of alpacas and llamas
characterization of alpacas and llamas Morfometric Molecular Biochemical
3. Genetic Improvement of alpacas of small breeders and communities Fibber diameter Fleece weight Growth Adaptation to climate changes
Between flocks genetic evaluation (EBVs) and selection. (FINCYT project) 884 19,30-1.16 1194 20,45-0.44 944 20,64-0.79 599 20,64-0.79 954 20,97-0.85 914 21,02-0.61 0.2295 21,14-0.37 934 21,30-0.62 844 21,30-0.38 1344 21,33-0.23 674 21,37-0.44 854 21,61-0.32 984 21,71-0.26 1184/3074 21,73-0.18 634 21,79-0.24 3224 21,84-0.21 654 21,94-0.16 614 22,11-0.04 1284 22,11-0.04 0P.140 22,13-0.1 3144 22,28 0 874 22,31 0.01 1P.174 22,34 0.04 747/1P195 22,79 0.25 0.2389 22,83 0.18 65910 23,41 0.55 554 23,58 0.63 1014 23,74 0.66 0.2558 23,83 0.75 1114 23,95 0.54 1024 24,28 0.48 574 24,51 1.08 0.2522 27,88 2,71 Order Tag EBV MDF (µm) 1 884-1.16 19,30
4. Dissemination of selected genetics (application of advanced reproductive technologies to produce genetically superior breeding animals)
Development of artificial insemination Laparoscopic insemination, Mallkini, Puno, Peru Transcervical inseminations in communal flocks, Puno, Peru
Development of embryo transfer
Crias obtained by ET, Mallkini, Vivanco 2008
Development of in vitro embryo production in alpacas
In vitro embryo production in alpacas
II. Cuyes
Cuy is probably the population with less risk INIA has, almost 30 years now, in vivo conservation collections of different types of cuy from different ecological environments Promissory lines have been selected Composite breeds have been generated: Andina,, Peru, Inca Research and development in nutrition, health, genetic improvement has been conducted Consumption of meat is more than 15,000 Tons/year PERÚ ANDINA
III. INIA actions in criollo cattle
Molecular characterization for functional traits Allelic variability for kappa casein and beta lacto globulins Determination of morfotypes to select possible breeds Elaboration of matrix base of molecular data
What is ahead
What is ahead Besides the efforts of INIA and some NGOs we need to have an harmonised national plan with participation of all stake holders, with clear national goals and the political compromise to achieve these goals. A first step towards this goal has been achieved : The Ministry of Agriculture has prioritised the conservation and sustainable use of AnGR in Peru. FAO has approved the Peruvian request for the development of the National Plan for the Conservation and sustainable use of the AnGR of Peru (project TCP/PER/3302). We have requested to the Ministry of Agriculture the conformation by Supreme Decree of the National Permanent Committee for the Animal Genetic Resources of Peru to be integrated by representatives of all stake holders and to provide the necessary budgetary allocations for the National Plan.
Final comments Peru has made some progress towards achieving the goals of the Global Plan of action for the AnGR Still there is much more to do but we are confident that with the current political support achieved we should progress more rapidly
Thank you for your kind attention