International Civil Aviation Organization on Pavement Management Systems Lima, Peru November 19-22, 2003 Boeing Aircraft and the Impact on Airports Orest Shepson Principal Engineer - Airport Technology - Boeing Commercial Airplanes 407816.1 Shepson
The Developing Boeing Airplane Family 600 500 400 747-400X Passengers 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Range, (1,000 nmi) 407816.2 Shepson
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General Arrangement 717-200 93.3 ft (28.44 m) 36.9 ft (11.25 m) 124.0 ft (37.80 m) 29.1 ft (8.87 m) 16.0 ft (4.9 m) 57.8 ft (17.6 m) ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code C/RFF Category 6 407816.4 Shepson
Range Capability From Lima, Peru Full Passenger Payload 717-200 110,000-lb (49,890-kg) MTOW 106 passengers 717-200* 121,000-lb (54,880-kg) TOGW* 106 passengers Conditions: Typical mission rules 85% annual winds Airways and traffic allowance included Two-class seating * With 730 USG auxiliary fuel 407816.5 Shepson
717-200 Aircraft Classification Number Rigid and Flexible Pavement 40 35 Subgrade codes C D Aircraft classification number (ACN) 30 25 A B 20 15 75 Legend: Flexible pavement Rigid pavement 10 34.1 36.3 38.6 40.9 43.1 45.5 47.7 50.0 52.2 54.5 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Gross weight, lb x 1,000 407816.6 Shepson
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FAA 737-600 Airplane Design Group III/ARFF Index B 737-700 Airplane Design Group III/ARFF Index B 737-800 Airplane Design Group III/ARFF Index C 737-900 Airplane Design Group III/ARFF Index C General Arrangement 737-600/-700/-800/-900 407816.8 Shepson
737-600/-700/-800/-900 With Winglets ICAO Size Comparison 737-600 Aerodrome Reference Code C/RFF Category 6 737-700 Aerodrome Reference Code C/RFF Category 6 737-800 Aerodrome Reference Code C/RFF Category 7 737-900 Aerodrome Reference Code C/RFF Category 7 407816.9 Shepson
Minimum Pavement Width For 180-Deg Turn Notes: 1. Maximum effective steering angle = 75 deg 2. Typical edge clearances are 10 ft (3 m) at each side of pavement turn area 407816.10 Shepson Airplane model 737-600 737-700 737-800 737-900 Dimension A 60.8 ft (18.5 m) 66.4 ft (20.3 m) 79.1 ft (24.1 m) 85.4 ft (26.0 m)
737-800/-900 Aircraft Classification 60 50 Subgrade codes C D B 40 Aircraft classification number (ACN) 30 A 20 0 0 34.1 45.5 56.8 68.2 79.5 90.9 0 75 100 125 150 175 200 Legend: Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Flexible pavement Rigid pavement Gross weight, lb x 1,000 407816.11 Shepson
Range Capability From Lima, Peru 737-600 143,500-lb (65,099-kg) MTOW 110 passengers 737-700* 154,500-lb (70,080-kg) MTOW 126 passengers 737-800* 174,200-lb (79,010-kg) MTOW 162 passengers 737-900* 174,200-lb (79,010-kg) MTOW 177 passengers Full Passenger Payload Conditions: Typical mission rules 85% annual winds Airways and traffic allowance included Two-class seating * With optional winglets 407816.12 Shepson
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General Arrangement 757-200/300 The 757-300 is 23 ft (7 m) longer than the 757-200 ICAO 757-200 Aerodrome Reference Code D/RFF Category 7 757-300 Aerodrome Reference Code D/RFF Category 8 407816.14 Shepson
757 Minimum Pavement Width For 180-Deg Turn Nosegear track A Notes: 1. Maximum effective steering angle = 75 deg 2. ICAO/FAA recommends 10 ft (3 m) minimum edge safety distance at each side of pavement turn area (dimension A) between the tire face and pavement edge. Airplane model 757-200 757-300 Dimension A 120 ft (36.6 m) 142 ft (43.3 m) 407816.15 Shepson
Runway Loading Comparison 55 50 45 Aircraft classification number (ACN) 40 737-700 737-400 737-800/-900 757-300 35 737-600 737-300 757-200 737-500 30 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Two-class seating Flexible pavement, subgrade B Airplanes at maximum takeoff weight Number of passengers 407816.16 Shepson
Range Capability From Lima, Peru Full Passenger Payload 757-200 255,000-lb (115,660-kg) MTOW 200 passengers 757-300 273,000-lb (123,830-kg) MTOW 243 passengers Conditions: Typical mission rules 85% annual winds Airways and traffic allowance included Two-class seating 407816.17 Shepson
Twin-Aisle Airplanes 650 600 550 Legend: Long-range rules In service Launched Study 500 450 Passengers 400 777-300 747-100 747-300 747-200 747-400 777-300ER 747-400ER 350 580K 777-200 660K 777-200LR 300 250 506K 545K MD-11ER 656K 200 767-400ER 767-300ER 767-200ER 150 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 7,000 7,500 8,000 8,500 9,000 Range, nmi 407816.18 Shepson
Airport Compatibility 767-200/-300/-400ER 407816.19 Shepson
767-200/-300/-400ER General Arrangement ICAO 767-200 Aerodrome Reference Code D/RFF Category 7 767-300 Aerodrome Reference Code D/RFF Category 8 767-400ER Aerodrome Reference Code D/RFF Category 9 201 ft 4 in (61.37 m) 180 ft 3 in (54.94 m) 159 ft 2 in (48.51 m) 170 ft 4 in* (52 m) 156 ft 1 in (-200 & -300) (47.57 m) 61 ft 4 in (18.62 m) 55 ft 4 in (16.81 m) 52 ft 0 in (15.85 m) *Fully loaded is 170 ft 7 in (52 m) 30 ft 6 in (9.30 m) 74 ft 8 in (22.76 m) 85 ft 10 in (26.16 m) 407816.20 Shepson
Range Capability From Lima, Peru Full Passenger Payload 767-300ER 412,000-lb (186,880-kg) MTOW 218 passengers 767-400ER 450,000-lb (204,120-kg) MTOW 245 passengers Conditions: Typical mission rules 85% annual winds Airways and traffic allowance included Three-class seating 407816.21 Shepson
90 ACN Comparison Flexible Pavement 80 70 60 767-400ER 767-300 A340-300 ACN 50 40 30 A340-200 747-400 20 10 767-200 Subgrade - Code C 0 45.5 90.9 136.3 181.8 227.2 272.7 318.1 363.6 409.0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Aircraft weight, lb x 1,000 407816.22 Shepson
70 ACN Comparison 767-400ER Rigid Pavement 60 50 767-300 A340-300 40 ACN 747-400 30 A340-200 20 10 767-200 Subgrade - Code B 0 45.5 90.9 136.3 181.8 227.2 272.7 318.1 363.6 409.0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Aircraft weight, lb x 1,000 407816.23 Shepson
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General Arrangement 777-200/-300 ICAO 777-200 Aerodrome Reference Code E/RFF Category 9 777-300 Aerodrome Reference Code E/RFF Category 9 777-200 777-300 36 ft 0 in (11.0 m) 199 ft 11 in (60.9 m) 70 ft 7.5 in (21.5 m) 209 ft 1 in (63.7 m) 242 ft 4 in (73.8 m) 60 ft 9 in (18.5 m) 60 ft 8 in (18.5 m) 209 ft 1 in (63.7 m) 84 ft 11 in (25.9 m) 102 ft 5 in (31.2 m) 242 ft 4 in (73.8 m) 407816.25 Shepson
Range Capability From Lima, Peru 777-200 545,000-lb (247,210-kg) MTOW 305 passengers 777-200ER 656,000-lb (297,560-kg) MTOW 301 passengers 777-200LR* 766,000-lb (347,450-kg) MTOW 301 passengers 777-300 660,000-lb (299,370-kg) MTOW 368 passengers 777-300ER 759,600-lb (344,540-kg) MTOW 365 passengers Conditions: Typical mission rules 85% annual winds Airways and traffic allowance included Three-class seating * With 5,500 USG auxiliary fuel Full Passenger Payload 407816.26 Shepson
777 Minimum Pavement Width For 180-Degree Turn Nosegear track A Notes: 1. Maximum effective steering angle = 64 deg 2. FAA/ICAO recommends 15 ft (4.5 m) minimum edge safety distance at each side of pavement turn area (dimension A) between the tire face and pavement edge. Airplane model 777-200 777-300 Dimension A 156.0 ft (47.5 m) 182.0 ft (55.4 m) 407816.27 Shepson
100 80 777-200/-300 Aircraft Classification Number (ACN) Subgrade codes Characteristics C D ACN 60 40 A B 20 0 Legend: Flexible pavement Rigid pavement 407816.28 Shepson 45.5 90.9 136.3 181.8 227.2 272.7 318.1 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Aircraft weight, lb x 1,000
Airport Compatibility 777-200LR/-300ER 407816.29 Shepson
General Arrangement Longer-Range 777-200LR ICAO 777-200LR Aerodrome Reference Code E/RFF Category 9 407816.30 Shepson
General Arrangement Longer-Range 777-300ER ICAO 777-300ERAerodrome Reference Code E/RFF Category 9 * Wing span measured at jig position ** Tail height measured at max weight 407816.31 Shepson
Range Capability From Los Angeles 777-200 545,000-lb (247,210-kg) MTOW 305 three-class passenger 777-200ER 656,000-lb (297,560-kg) MTOW 301 three-class passenger 777-200LR* 750,000-lb (340,200-kg) MTOW 301 three-class passenger 777-300 660,000-lb (299,370-kg) MTOW 368 three-class passenger 777-300ER 750,000-lb (340,200-kg) MTOW 365 three-class passenger Full Passenger Payload Conditions: Typical mission rules 85% annual winds Airways and traffic allowances included * Two auxiliary fuel tanks 407816.32 Shepson
100 ACN Comparison Flexible Pavement 90 80 70 60 A340-500 A340-600 ACN 50 40 30 777-200LR 777-300ER 20 10 Subgrade - Code C 0 181.8 227.2 272.7 318.1 363.6 409.0 400 500 600 700 800 900 Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Aircraft weight, lb x 1,000 407816.33 Shepson
ACN Comparison Rigid Pavement 90 80 70 60 777-200LR 777-300ER ACN 50 40 A340-600 30 20 10 A340-500 Subgrade - Code B 0 181.8 227.2 272.7 318.1 363.6 409.0 400 500 600 700 800 900 Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Aircraft weight, lb x 1,000 407816.34 Shepson
Airport Compatibility 747-400ER 407816.35 Shepson
General Arrangement 747-400ER (910K) ICAO 747-400ERAerodrome Reference Code E/RFF Category 9 407816.36 Shepson
Range Capability From Lima, Peru Full Passenger Payload 747-400* 875,000-lb (396,900-kg) MTOW 416 passengers 747-400ER 910,000-lb (412,770-kg) MTOW 416 passengers Conditions: Typical mission rules 85% annual winds Airways and traffic allowance included Three-class seating * With 3,300 USG auxiliary tail fuel 407816.37 Shepson
Aircraft Classification Number 747-400ER Rigid and Flexible Pavement (MTW-913K) ACN 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 Code A - CBR 15 (High) Code C - CBR 10 (Medium) Code C - CBR 6 (Low) Code D - CBR 3 (Ultra Low) Code D - K = 75 (Ultra Low) Code C - K = 150 (Low) Code B - K = 300 (Medium) Code A - K = 550 (High) 40 30 Legend: Flexible pavement Rigid pavement 407816.38 Shepson 20 250.0 272.7 295.4 318.1 340.9 363.6 386.3 409.0 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Aircraft weight, lb x 1,000
The Developing Boeing Airplane Family 600 500 400 747-400X Passengers 300 200 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Range, (1,000 nmi) 407816.39 Shepson
PRELIMINARY General Arrangement 747-400X Quiet Longer Ranger 407816.40 Shepson PRELIMINARY
100 ACN Comparison Flexible Pavement 90 80 747-400 70 60 747X Stretch ACN 50 40 30 20 10 Subgrade - Code C A380-800 0 227.2 272.7 318.1 363.6 409.0 454.5 500.0 545.4 590.9 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 Gross weight, kg x 1,000 Aircraft weight, lb x 1,000 407816.41 Shepson
Trends in Pavement Loading Trend in ACN FB 90 80 70 ACN 60 50 40 30 20 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Years in service 407816.42 Shepson
Trends in Pavement Loading Trend in ACN RB 90 80 70 ACN 60 50 40 30 20 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Years in service 407816.43 Shepson
Commercial Airplanes Product Development Creating Value for the Future Flexible and Standard Airplanes Advanced Concepts 407816.44 Shepson
Airport Planning Manuals Available at: http://www.boeing.com/airports Selecting airport technology data will produce a pop-up window Select planning manuals from pop-up window Select model from following screen to get Adobe Acrobat file 407816.45 Shepson
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ACN Basis Flexible pavement U.S. Corps of Engineers S-77-1 computer program Rigid pavement Portland Cement Association PDILB computer program Calculations are done for defined Standard conditions Four representative subgrade support levels (from very weak to strong) Typical pavement life (10,000 coverages for flexible pavements) 407816.48 Shepson
The Standard U.S. Corps of Engineers Flexible Pavement Design Equation t (A) Log = α -0.0418-1.1562 Log CBR P CBR P 2 3-0.4730 Log CBR P -0.6414 The equation considers all loads as an equivalent single wheel load (P). Pavement longevity and the number of applied wheel loads are considered via the a factor. 407816.49 Shepson
View of the NAPTP Test Vehicle 407816.50 Shepson
Runway Loads - Takeoff / Landing Typical Jet Aircraft 100 Runway load % max taxi 80 60 40 LANDING TAKEOFF 20 0 Distance Runway pavements are designed for static load. The impact of landing is only about 38% of the takeoff static load. 407816.51 Shepson
Runway Roughness 407816.52 Shepson
What Kind of Roughness are We Concerned About? The kind that leads to: Excessive onboard vibration Instrument visibility Rudder and steering control Maximum oleo compression Landing gear fatigue life 407816.53 Shepson
Boeing Runway Roughness Criteria Bump height, cm 20 15 Unacceptable Excessive 10 Acceptable 5 L RUNWAY ROUGHNESS CRITERIA L L H H H 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Bump length, m 60 407816.54 Shepson
Airplane Load Exceedances for Fatigue Life Cumulative occurrences per 1,000 flight cycles 500,000 50,000 1,000 50 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Vertical acceleration at CG (g units) 0.7 407816.55 Shepson
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Sample Survey Results Frost Heave 5.05 Centerline 4C 5.00 4.95 South 4.90 2N North 3N 4.85 5+300 5+340 5+380 Runway station, m 4N 5+420 407816.57 Shepson
Roughness Analysis of a Sample Runway Bump height, cm 14 N = north C = center S = south 12 10 8 6 4 2 Unacceptable 1N 4S 4N 1C 4C 2N 2C Acceptable 0 0 5 10 15 20 Bump length, m 3S 3C 2S 3N Excessive 25 407816.58 Shepson
Boeing Runway Roughness Criteria Bump height, cm 20 15 Unacceptable Excessive 10 Acceptable 5 L RUNWAY ROUGHNESS CRITERIA L L H H H 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Bump length, m 60 407816.59 Shepson
Temporary Ramping Application of Boeing Criteria 4.0 10 Bump height, in 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 Bump height, cm 8 6 4 1/100 slope 1/200 slope Acceptable limit 1.0 2 0.5 0.0 0 0 5 10 15 20 Bump length, m 25 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Bump length, (ft) 407816.60 Shepson
Runway Ramping Recommendations A. Ramping prior to aircraft traffic Predominant direction of traffic Overlay thickness x Ramp Milled area Old surface Overlay thickness x B. Surface preparation prior to resumption of paving Overlay thickness x y Cut area to depth y Old surface Notes 1. When overlay thickness x < = 5 cm, then ramp slope = 1.0% 2. When overlay thickness x > 5 cm, then ramp slope = 0.5% 3. Depth y should be at least 2 times the maximum aggregate size 407816.61 Shepson
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Conclusions Runways may become intolerably rough due to The onset of pavement structural failure Adverse environmental conditions such as freezing and thawing cycles Airport operators are not usually aware of the impact of roughness on aircraft The Boeing criteria will enable the airport operator to Determine the extent of roughness Locate the source of roughness Make rational decisions as to the best course of action Nightime paving can be accomplished with a minimum of downtime by using the Boeing criteria 407816.63 Shepson
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FAA Advisory Circular 150/5380-6 Guidelines for Procedures for Maintenance of Airport Pavements Figure A-26. Airport pavement condition index (PCI) and rating Excellent Very Good Good Fair Poor Very Poor Failed 85-100 70-85 55-70 40-55 25-40 10-25 0-10 407816.68 Shepson
International Civil Aviation Organization on Pavement Management Systems Lima, Peru November 19-22, 2003 407816.69 Shepson