The economic importance of air cargo in the international trade Dominican Republic General information GDP (current US$ billion, 2016): 72.34 Merchandise trade (per cent GDP, 2016): 38 Human Development Index (HDI, 2015): 0.722 high human development category HDI rank: 99/188 Source: World Development Indicators Database, World Bank. Air cargo traffic data: Number of airports: 8 Number all cargo movements: 4 968 0.7 per cent (2016) Number of freight International tonnes: 102 725 0.9 per cent (2016) During 2017, Las Americas International Airport located in Santo Domingo city captured the 64 per cent of freight International tonnes. Source: ICAO&ACI Common Form I. Airports Traffic. Introduction Dominican Republic is a small island developing state (SIDS) in the Caribbean. It occupies the eastern twothirds of the island of Hispaniola, which is between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, and has its western border with Haiti. It is the second largest country in the Antilles, following Cuba. The country lies in the middle of the hurricane belt and is subject to severe storms along with occasional flooding and periodic droughts from June to October. As recently as September 2017, the island was impacted by two strong hurricanes Maria and Irma. These meteorological phenomena paralyzed economic activity for several days, decreasing labor productivity. Dominican Republic has an open economy and marketoriented policies, such as liberalized trade and private investment, particularly in tourism. Tourism contributed to the economy with USD 7 177.5 million at the end of 2017. According to the Central Bank the economy grew 4.6 per cent in 2017. The most dynamic sectors were: hotels, bars and restaurants (6.7 per cent); financial services (4.4 per cent); agriculture (5.8 per cent); dutyfree zone manufacture (4.6 per cent); transportation and storage (5.0 per cent); construction (4.1 per cent); trade (3.0 per cent) and local manufacture (2.9 per cent). Regarding exports of goods and services, these registered a growth rate of 4.7 per cent, explained by the expansion of exports of ferronickel and silver at 68 per cent and 20.9 per cent, respectively, and the growth of 12.4 per cent in national industrial exports. Similarly, there was also an increase of 6.8 per cent in income from tourism, as a result of a 4.3 per cent increase in the arrival of nonresident foreigners and 2.2 per cent in the average daily expense in US dollars of tourists. 1
Thousand of tonnes Million of US dollars Million of US dollars International trade and air cargo performance Graph 1 Breakdown of total trade by mode of transportation, 2017 78% 3% 19% Breakdown of total trade by mode of transportation, 2013 During 2017, total international trade of Dominican Republic grew 1.5 per cent, reaching USD 26 855 million. Air transport moved 19 per cent of total international trade, while maritime 78 per cent and road 3 per cent. Today s panorama differs from 5 years ago, when air transport caught the 15 per cent of total international trade, while maritime 81 per cent and road 4.0 per cent. In 2017, the total of international trade performed via air transport grew 2.3 per cent compared with 2016, while maritime and road grew 1.1 and 6.7 per cent, respectively. During the last five years (20132017) the annual average growth rate for air cargo was 6.3 per cent while maritime was 0.8 per cent and road had a negative growth rate of 3.1 per cent. This trend indicates the dynamic performance of air transport during this period. Graph 2 Graph 3 8 4% 15% 21,000 20,800 20,600 Dominican Republic: Total international trade performed by maritime transport, 20132017 Annual average growth rate (17/13): Maritime: +0.8 per cent 20,662 20,691 20,915 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,722 Dominican Republic: Total international trade performed by air and road transport, 20132017 Annual average growth rate (17/13): Air: Road: +6.3 per cent 3.1 per cent 4,371 Air 4,184 Road 4,952 5,063 20,400 20,200 20,128 20,251 3,000 20,000 19,800 1,000 1,023 1,129 1,172 821 876 19,600 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 Graph 4 3,722 87.0 Dominican Republic: international trade by air transport and air cargo traffic 20132017 4,371 95.1 International freight 97.0 4,184 International trade by air transport Annual average growth rate (17/13): international trade by air transport: +6.3 per cent international freight: +3.4 per cent 101.8 4,952 Air cargo has a considerable dependency to the variations of the gross domestic product (GDP) and international trade mainly in the import direction and the internal handling of cargo. Therefore, air cargo tends to present strong elasticity in periods of expansion and/or economic retraction. The following graph shows the correlation among the international freight and the international trade via air transport. In the last five years, the annual average growth rate for international freight was 3.4 per cent while for the international trade by air transport was 6.3 per cent. 102.7 5,063 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 1,000 Million of US dollars Note: International freight is measured in thousands of metric tonnes. International trade by air transport is measured in million of US dollars. Source: Dirección General de Aduanas (DGA). Departamento de Estadísticas and : ICAO&ACI. Air Transport Reporting Common Form I. 2
exports and imports (in million of US dollars) Nature of the international trade there is a trade superavit in air cargo transport Depending on their economic and trade policies, some economies may be import or export focused. Graph 5 Graph 6 Breakdown of exports by mode of transportation, 2017 Dominican Republic: exports and imports performed by air transport, 20132017 8% 3 6 Breakdown of imports by mode of transportation, 2017 13% 3,000 2,500 1,500 1,000 500 1,737 1,985 248 Imports Exports Balance trade 670 2,521 1,851 1,888 2,296 408 2,197 2,755 2,788 558 2,275 513 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 balance trade (in million of US dollars) 86% During 2017, in terms of international trade value, 31 per cent of the exports from Dominican Republic to the rest of the world were performed using air transport, while 61 per cent used maritime and 8 per cent by road. On the other hand, regarding the imports to Dominican Republic, 13 per cent were moved by air, 86 per cent by maritime and 1 per cent by road. This indicates that air cargo and road transport systems in Dominican Republic are exportfocused while maritime is importfocused. Graph 6 emphazises the exportfocused trend since 2013. As an annual average growth rate exports and imports have grown by 7.0 per cent and 5.5 per cent, respectively. Displaying superavit balances from USD 248 million in 2013 to USD 513 million in 2017, translated to annual average growth rate was +15.6 per cent during that period. As explained before, the export nature may be explained by the type of merchandise that Dominican Republic is carrying by air cargo from its territory to the rest of the world. In this case, the main exports are grouped in the chapters: 71 1, 85 2 and 90 3 that are considered as highvalue goods; only these three chapters account for 26.4 per cent of the total exports value. The main imports are grouped in the chapters: 85, 71 and 30 4 which account for 7.9 per cent of the total imports value. Graph 7 shows at the commodity level 5, the type of goods carried via air transport. Exports from Dominican Republic to the world are: gold, jewellery, mobiles and telecommunications and pharmaceuticals. On the other hand, the main imports coming to Dominican Republic are: medicines, jewellery, mobiles and plastics. 1 71: Natural, cultured pearls; precious, semiprecious stones; precious metals, metals clad with precious metal, and articles thereof; imitation jewellery; coin. 2 85: Electrical machinery and equipment and parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers; television image and sound recorders and reproducers, parts and accessories of such articles and; 3 90: Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; parts and accessories. 4 30: Pharmaceutical products 5 Harmonized System (H5) at 6 digits. 3
Graph 7 213 Imports: Top five Dominican Republic commodities, 2017 65 49 260 315 Jewellery of precious metal (excluding silver) Medicaments for therapeutic or prophylactic uses, packaged for retail sale Telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks Jewellery of silver, whether or not plated or clad with other precious metal Plastics Exports: Top five Dominican Republic commodities, 2017 260 65 49 213 315 Metals; gold, nonmonetary, unwrought (but not powder) Jewellery; of precious metal (excluding silver) whether or not plated or clad with precious metal, and parts thereof Telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks Jewellery; of silver, whether or not plated or clad with other precious metal, and parts thereof Metals; gold, semimanufactured Note: Figures are given in millions of USD dollars Graph 8 18,000 16,000 14,000 1 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 9,731 14,930 Dominican Republic: exports and imports performed by maritime, 20132017 Exports Imports Balance trade 15,500 14,958 15,231 5,199 5,162 5,294 5,459 5,432 10,338 9,664 9,772 15,483 10,051 9,200 9,400 9,600 9,800 10,000 10,200 10,400 The metal gold nonmonetary represents 17 per cent of the total exports equivalent to USD 1.5 billion and this item is moved only by the air. As the data shows, highvalue merchandise are moved by air, as well as sensitive electronics and delicate medicines. It confirms what advocates of air freight expansion highlight about the economic benefits of highvalue exports. The trade superavit in terms of value for Dominican Republic is clear. Since 2013 and until 2017 maritime transport system has been importfocused as shown in graph 8. As an annual average growth rate, exports and imports have grown by 0.9 per cent and 0.7 per cent, respectively. Displaying deficit balances from USD 9 731 million in 2013 to USD 10 051 in 2017, translated to the annual average growth rate was +0.6 per cent. The main merchandise imported by maritime transport system are chapters 27 6,87 7 and 39 8, these three chapters capture 30.4 per cent of total imports value. Specifically, chapter 27 explains clearly why Dominican Republic is import focused. The imports of chapter 27, specifically the item 271012 9 (oil) accounts for 9.8 per cent (USD 1.8 billion) of total imports and the 61 per cent come from the United States, the equivalent to USD 1.1 billion. In the other hand, the main exports are grouped in the chapters: 90, 24 10 and 85 these three chapters account for 23.8 per cent of the total exports value. Road transportation is exportfocused. In 2017 the exports by road captured 8 per cent of total exports while imports captured 1 per cent. The main merchandise exported by road are chapters 52 11, 39, 72 12 these three chapters account for the 2.8 per cent of the total exports value. The only destination for exports is Haiti. The imports of chapters 62 13, 30 and 48 14 represents 0.4 per cent of total imports. 6 27: Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes. 7 87: Vehicles; other than railway or tramway rolling stock, and parts and accessories thereof. 8 39: Plastics and articles thereof. 9 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, not containing biodiesel, not crude, not waste oils; preparations n.e.c, containing by weight 70per cent or more of petroleum oils or oils from bituminous minerals; light oils and preparations 10 24: Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes 11 52: Cotton 12 72: Iron and steel 13 62: Apparel and clothing accessories; not knitted or crocheted 14 Paper and paperboard; articles of paper pulp, of paper or paperboard 4
International trade partners by air cargo When looked at by region, and at solely air cargo, the trade gap with North America is particularly salient. Graph 9 Dominican Republic: exports by region, 2017 2.0% 0. 0.02% Dominican Republic: imports by region, 2017 0.6% 0.3% 21.6% 11.6% 64.7% North America Asia Pacific Europe Latinamerica and Caribbean Middle East Africa 15.5% 24.3% 11.7% 47.6%, North America Asia Pacific Europe Latinamerica and Caribbean Middle East Africa As shown above in graph 9, international trade performed by air cargo of Dominican Republic is centralized in the North American region which is reasonable due to the geographical proximity and the economic synergy among the economies. As far as 2017, there is a superavit balance with the North American and Asia/Pacific regions that account USD 769.3 million, while there is a deficit with Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and Africa totaling USD 256.1 million. However, the superavit with the North American and the Asia/Pacific region compensates the deficit with the rest of the world. In 2017, the 64.7 per cent of Dominican Republic merchandise carried by air transport were exported to the North American region, followed by 21.6 per cent of Asia/Pacific, 11.5 per cent Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean 2.1 per cent and Middle East and Africa with 0.1 and 0.02 per cent, respectively. Regarding imports, the imported goods followed the before mentioned pattern. 47.6 per cent come from the North American region, 24.3 per cent from Asia/Pacific, 15.5 Europe, 11.7 Latin America and the Caribbean and 0.6 and 0.3 per cent, respectively. The following graphs show the top ten air cargo international trade partners, by country, of Dominican Republic. Graph 10 United States China Germany Mexico France Spain Switzeland Brazil Top ten countries for Dominican Republic imports, 2017 India Italy 46 43 42 38 35 35 68 87 396 1,070 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 United States Canada India Switzerland Hong Kong Italy Netherlands Top ten countries for Dominican Republic exports, 2017 Germany Spain France 18 14 13 10 10 51 231 525 761 1,044 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 Air transport moves the merchandise to and from different countries. During 2017, in terms of Dominican Republic s exports, the main destination countries are: United States, Canada, India, Switzerland and Hong Kong. In terms of imports, the merchandise mainly come from United States, China, Germany, Mexico and France. 5
99% 25% 10% 5% 6% 2% 2% 92% 59% 16% 10% 2% 72% 25% 4% 68% 22% 12% 3% 4% 74% 84% 38% 8% 3% 2% 50% Connectivity Dominican Republic has eight international airports along the island. These airports attend various markets around the world. La Isabela IATA Code Airport name City AZS Aeropuerto Internacional de Samana Samaná BRX María Montez International Airport Barahona JBQ Aeropuerto Internacional La IsabelaDr. Joaquín Balaguer Santo Domingo LRM La Romana International Airport La Romana POP Aeropuerto Internacional Gregorio Luperón Puerto Plata PUJ Aeropuerto Internacional Punta Cana Punta Cana SDQ Aeropuerto Internacional Las Américas Santo Domingo STI Aeropuerto Internacional del Cibao Santiago de los Caballeros Source: Plan Nacional de Logística y Transporte de Carga PNLog, Dirección de Infraestructura y Logística. BID y Ministerio de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo (MEPyD). Las Americas International Airport, located in the capital Santo Domingo, is its busiest and most important air cargo airport. It captures the 94.2 per cent of the total value of international trade and the 64 per cent by tonnage. Graph 11 Dominican Republic: Breakdown of total international trade performed by airport, 2017 (by tonnage) Other airports Puerto Plata International Airport Punta Cana International Airport Cibao International Airport Las Américas International Airport 0.2% 0.4% 1.6% 3.6% Dominican Republic: Breakdown of international freight performed by airport, 2017 (by tonnage) Puerto Plata International Airport Punta Cana International Airport 3% Cibao International Airport Las Américas International Airport 1 94.2% 64% 22% 6% imports 26% 67% exports 2% 2% 13% 47% 38% 6% 3% 3% 93% La Isabela 12% 15% 47% 24% 24% 27% 42% 3% 3% 95% Source: Plan Nacional de Logística y Transporte de Carga PNLog, Dirección de Infraestructura y Logística. BID y Ministerio de Economía, Planificación y Desarrollo (MEPyD). 6
The map shows the airport location and the origin and destination by region from the merchandise entering and exiting Dominican Republic. In terms of exports, the main exit airports for Dominican Republic goods to the North American region are: Las Americas (Santo Domingo) (64 per cent); Cibao (Santiago de los Caballeros) (91 per cent); Punta Cana (48 per cent) and Samaná (97 per cent). Puerto Plata (62 per cent) and La Romana (67 per cent) are the exits to Europe. La Isabela (Santo Domingo) dispatches 95 per cent of the exports to Latin America and the Caribbean. In the other hand, the main entry airports for Dominican Republic imported goods from North America are: Las Americas (47 per cent); Cibao (Santiago de los Caballeros) (59 per cent); Puerto Plata (67 per cent) and La Isabela (93 per cent). Punta Cana (42 per cent) and La Romana (95 per cent) takes in the merchandise coming from Europe. Finally, Samaná airport (47 per cent) welcomes the goods coming from the Asia Pacific. Conclusion Today, air cargo retains its central role in the economic expansion, with emphasis on developing markets. As a trade facilitator, air cargo increases the global reach of businesses, allowing them to bring goods and products to distant markets in a more convenient and faster way. As Dominican Republic is a SIDS, it has faced various challenges in order to access the global market. During 2017, total international trade for the Dominican Republic grew 1.5 per cent, reaching USD 26,855 million a good year. Air cargo yielded a better result because it grew 2.3 per cent compared to 2016. This was a positive result of the improved of global economic conditions. In the last five years, the annual average growth rate was 6.3 per cent. Air transport caught the 19 per cent of total international trade, while maritime 78 per cent and road 3.0 per cent. Air transport is playing a key role in Dominican international trade, allowing the country to connect to distant markets and to be part of the global supply chain. The Dominican air cargo transport network was exportfocused from 2013 to 2017, displaying superavit balances that translated into an annual average growth rate of +15.6 per cent. Air cargo reliability is one of the key factors for the transportation of high value and sensitive merchandise as the ones described before. The Dominican airports dispatch and receive goods coming from all over the world. Las Americas airport located in Santo Domingo is its busiest air cargo airport, capturing 94.2 per cent of the total value of international trade. Finally, air cargo is playing a role as a trader facilitator for SIDS, offering an opportunity to link remote markets and to connect them across continents and oceans, as Dominican Republic show with its reach to faraway markets like Hong Kong and India, as well as several European markets. 7