* * STTSTCS N OCUS Population and social conditions eurostat U SSN 0 PRTTM WORK N TH UROPN UNON When asked whether they are working parttime, % of all employed persons in the uropean Union answer yes. Parttime work varies considerably across Member states: from less than 0% in Greece, taly, uxembourg, Spain and Portugal to over 0% in Denmark, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. or % of the parttimers aged and over, a parttime job is not the kind of work they preferred but they could not find fulltime work. n Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands and inland, parttime work is relatively more frequent among young people: 0% to % of those aged to have a parttime job. Parttime work is also more frequent among women and in economic activities, such as distribution, education, health, social and personal services, etc. n Belgium, Spain and taly, educational attainment is similar for parttimers and fulltimers. n the other Member states, relatively more parttimers than fulltimers have not completed upper secondary education. These less qualified parttimers are mainly under in Denmark, the Netherlands, inland and Sweden and years and over in most other Member states. Parttimers in the U are usually working less than hours a week but 0% are working more. n Denmark, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, about % of the parttime jobs are jobs of less than hours. n these Member states and also in Sweden, rance and Portugal, 0% of the parttimers have a second job. These are the results from an analysis of the data from the Community labour force survey for Germany, the data refer to. Parttime work varies from % in Greece to % in the Netherlands Parttime work is often seen as a policy measure to increase the number of employed persons by promoting worksharing. t can be also an efficient tool for firms to respond to peaks in demand for goods or services in a particular period or to extend the opening hours. inally, parttime work meets the specific conditions of labour supply for people who like to combine it with an education or their family care. When asked whether they are working parttime, % of all employed persons in the U answer yes. Parttime work in Greece, taly, uxembourg, Spain and Portugal is less than 0%. n Denmark, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, parttime work is more common. n these Member states, almost one quarter of employed persons are working parttime, in the Netherlands it is even more than one third. The proportion of parttime work does not vary much by age except in Denmark, inland, the Netherlands and Sweden. n these Member states, 0% to % of those aged to have a parttime job. Of the employed persons of years and over in several Member states, 0% and more are also working parttime but the share of these older employed persons in total employment is only % or % (figure ). Manuscript completed on =.0. or further information please contact:. Van Bastelaer urostat, 0 uxembourg, tel. 0 ax: 0 Price (excl. VT) in uxembourg: Subscription 'Statistics in focus' of all themes: CU 0 Subscription 'Statistics in focus' of Theme 'Population and social conditions': CU Single copy: CU Catalogue number: CNK0NC
Part time work is more prevalent among women than among men. emale part time employment in the U is % in contrast to male part time employment, being only %. n Belgium, Germany and uxembourg, the female part time employment is about 0 times the male part time employment. The gender imbalance is smaller in the other Member states (figure ). igure : Parttime work as % of total employment by age, 00 DK D R N S UR years [] years [] 0 years and over [ //J Data for Germany refer to igure : Parttime work as % of total employment by sex, 00 DK D' R N S UR Data for Germany refer to Male emale ζά//\
% of the parttimers aged and over could not find fulltime work n the U, for % of the parttimers aged and over, a parttime job is not the kind of work they preferred but they could not find fulltime work (table ). Parttime work in Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom is less often involuntary than the uropean average. urthermore, % of the parttimers aged and over in Germany and over 0% in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom did not want a fulltime job. n the other Member states except Denmark, parttime workers aged and over say above uropean average that they could not find a fulltime job. Young parttimers under years consider parttime work relatively more involuntary. The distinction in the proportion of involuntary parttime work between the Member states, which is obvious for parttimers aged and over, remains. The most important reason for parttime work among young people under years in most Member states is being in education or training. The results for some Member states need to be interpreted with reserve due to the many other unspecified reasons. Relatively more parttime work in the distribution and in the "other services" Parttime work is relatively more frequent in the service sector: distribution, hotels and restaurants, business services and the "other services" (table ). mong these economic activities, distribution and the "other services" (education, health and social work, social and personal services and private households) are the most significant because they comprise more than one third of total employment. Parttime work is particularly widespread in the "other services": more than half of the employed persons in the "other services" in the Netherlands are working parttime, nearly one half in Sweden and the United Kingdom and about one third in Denmark. Only in, e.g., Greece and taly are less than 0% of the employed persons working parttime in the "other services". Relatively more parttimers have not completed upper secondary education The working conditions and job tasks in parttime employment may be different from fulltime employment. The employers may set lower educational requirements for parttime jobs or the better educated job seekers may prefer fulltime jobs. The overall difference in educational attainment in the U between parttimers and fulltimers is small: % of the fulltimers have not completed upper secundan/ education in comparison with % of the parttimers. These differences are minor in Belgium, Spain and taly. But in the other Member states, relatively more parttimers than fulltimers have not completed upper secondary education (figure ). One reason may be young people who are still in education. n Denmark, the Netherlands, inland and Sweden, the parttimers who have not completed upper secondary education are mainly young people under. n the other Member states (Germany, Greece, rance, reland, uxembourg, ustria, Portugal), they are mainly years and over. n the United Kingdom, the fact that relatively more parttimers have not completed upper secondary education is independent of age (figure a and b). nother overall difference is whether third level education is completed. n the U, % of the parttimers have completed third level education in comparison with % fulltimers. These differences are minor in Belgium, Spain, taly, ustria and the Netherlands. The proportion of parttimers and fulltimers with a third level education is similar in two more Member States compared with the similarity at the level of secondary education in only three Member states. n the other Member states, relatively less parttimers than fulltimers have completed third level education (% of the parttimers in Germany and the United Kingdom compared with about % of the fulltimers, 0% of the parttimers in reland, Denmark and Sweden compared with 0% of the fulltimers). n reland, the United Kingdom and Sweden, relatively less parttimers have not completed third level education, independent of age. n Germany for example, it is mainly a characteristic of those aged and over.
igure : ducational attainment: less than upper secondary education (%) of parttimers and fulltimers, Data for Germany refer to igure a: ducational attainment (%) of parttimers and fulltimers, aged and over, Parttime jj ulltlm Data for Germany refer to igure b: ducational attainment (%) of parttimers and fulltimers, years, DK D' R RN S UR Parttim ulltim«^φ/ι Data for Germany refer to
Relatively more parttime employees have a temporary contract nother illustration of the specific labour conditions of part timers is the type of their labour contract, permanent employment or of a limited duration. % of the employees with a part time job in the U have a contract of a limited duration in contrast to 0% of the full time employees. n all other Member states except Germany and ustria, relatively more part time employees have a contract of a limited duration than full time employees. igure : Temporary contract (%) of parttime and fulltime employees, DK D' R Α N S UR part tim full tlm = / Data for Germany refer to Parttime work on Saturday or Sunday depends on Member state Part time work is more likely to involve work on Saturday and Sunday than full time work. n the U, the proportions of persons working on Saturday or on Sunday are not much different between part timers and full timers (% of part timers are usually working on Satuday compared with % full timers, % of part timers are usually working on Sunday compared with % full timers). The differences are larger within the Member states (table ). n Denmark, inland and Sweden, relatively more part timers are working on Saturday than full timers. On the other hand, in Spain, Greece, reland and taly, relatively more full timers are working on Saturday. Regarding work on Sunday, only in Denmark and Sweden, relatively more part timers are working on Sunday than full timers. 0% of the parttimers are usually working more than 0 hours a week Part time and full time work do not correspond with a fixed number of hours usually worked. Part time work as well as full time work covers a variety of number of hours worked. Most full timers in the U have a job of hours a week or more. Part timers in the U are usually working less than hours a week but % are working between and hours and % are working hours a week or more (table ). n Denmark, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, where part time employment is high, many part time jobs (between % and %) are jobs of less than hours but, in the Netherlands, many part timers are working more than 0 hours, too. n Sweden where part time work is also relatively high, few part timers are working less than hours, instead, % of the part timers are usually working between and 0 hours. The picture is the same when it is limited to part timers aged and over, except in Denmark. n Denmark, similar to Sweden, many part timers aged and over are working between and 0 hours. Young part timers, particularly in Denmark (%) and the Netherlands (%) have jobs of less than hours. n Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom, too, many young part timers (more than 0%) have jobs of less than hours but not to the same extent as in Denmark and the Netherlands.
o> Table : Reasons for parttime work (%) of people aged and over and of people younger than, m DK D' R N S UR People aged and over ducation or training Could not find fulltime job Did not want fulltime job Other reasons, no reason given Total (X000) People younger than ducation or training Could not find fulltime job Did not want fulltime job Other reasons, no reason given Total (x000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table : Parttime work as % of total employment by economic activity, m griculture Mining and quarrying Manufacturing nergy supply Construction Distribution Hotels&Restaurants Transport&Communication inancial ntermediation Business Services Public dministration Other services Total employment DK 0 0 D' 0 (0) (0) 0 0 R () () () () () () () () 0 0 0 0 N 0 0 S 0 0 UR 0 Relative share of employment 0 Table : Work on Saturday or Sunday (%) of fulltimers and parttimers, m ulltimers Usually work on Saturday Usually work on Sunday ulltime employment (x 000) 0 DK 0 D' R 00 0 N s 0 0 UR Parttimers Usually work on Saturday Usually work on Sunday Parttime employment (x 000) 0 0 0 () 0
Table : Parttime employed persons by number of hours usually worked (%), gg DK D' R N S UR Variable 0 hours 0 hours 0 hours hours + hours () d) (). (0) 0. 0 () (0) () () 0. 0 0 0 Part time (x 000) 0 0 Of which younger than Variable 0 hours 0 hours 0 hours hours + hours 0 " 0 " 0 0 () () 0 () () Part time (x 000) 0 ) 0 Table : Parttime employed persons by number of hours actually worked in the second job (%), ] Æ OK D R N s UR No second job Has second job but did not work 0 hours + hours,,0 (0.) 0,,, 0,, 0,, 0,,,,,, 0, 0,,,,,,, 0,,, 0,, 0,, (0.),,0 0, (0.),,,,,,,0 0, 0,,, 0,, 0,, 0, Part time (x 000) 0 0 Data refer to Note: % do not necessarily add to 00 due to missing values
Parttime work and a second job % of the parttimers have a second job. They are usually working less than hours in their second job although a few parttimers are working hours and more in their second job (table ). Particularly in Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom where parttime employment is high, but also in rance and Portugal, is the combination of parttime work with a second job above uropean average. The combination of a parttime job with a second job may be considered as a substitute for fulltime employment. When the parttimers with a second job are excluded regardless of the number of hours worked in both jobs, the proportion of parttime employment decreases by to points in the Member states with relatively many persons with a second job. The classification by parttime or fulltime employment in the labour force survey The classification by parttime or fulltime job depends on a direct question in the labour force survey, except for ustria and the Netherlands where it depends on a threshold on the basis of the number of hours usually worked. When people are asked whether their job is a parttime job, they compare the number of hours in their job to the normal working hours in their occupation and branch of economic activity and they take into account the institutional context in a Member state (e.g., requirement of a formal agreement with the employer). The extent to which a job of a particular number of hours is considered as parttime varies considerably across Member states. n Germany and the United Kingdom for example, most people working between and 0 hours a week consider their job as parttime work, but, in reland and taly, only in persons consider it as parttime (figure ). igure : Share of parttime work in total employment by number of hours usually worked, 00 0 0 0 Z. i l,,, i il i_ i ι ι DK D R N S UR Data for Germany refer to 0 hours [] 0 hours [] hours =}//j urostat Directorate : Social and regional statistics and geographical information system or further nformation you may contact:. CorselliNordblad or Dr. Van Bastelaer Tel.:()00 ax.: () 0 ORGN: NGSH