CE 563 Airport Design Prevent aircraft collisions Prevent aircraft collisions with obstructions Expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic Air traffic control system command center Herndon, VA Monitors entire system Attempts to limit congestion in the system Manages flight plans 6-12 hours in the future Can implement ground delays if necessary 1
Air route traffic control centers 21 in the United States Controls in- route aircraft along airways and routes Each center broken into sectors, both horizontal and vertical Terminal approach control Controls aircraft from the airport boundary area up to 50 miles away and up to 17,000 ft Transfers control to tower at about 5 miles out Airport traffic control tower (ATCT) Monitors arrivals and departures within 5 miles of airport Controls aircraft ground movements Provides weather information Flight service stations (FSS) Informational services Briefings, weather, flight plans, notices to airmen (NOTAM) Visual flight rules (VFR) Visual meteorological conditions (VMC) At least 3 miles visibility, and Cloud ceiling at least 1,000 ft AGL Aircraft separation by visual means May request air traffic control assistance (flight following) May file a flight plan 2
Instrument flight rules (IFR) Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) Less than 3 miles visibility, and/or Cloud ceiling less than 1,000 ft AGL Air traffic control maintains separation Must file a flight plan Class A (positive control area) 18,000 ft AMSL up to and including 60,000 ft 12 nm off the coast IFR operations only Transponder with Mode C capability Radio Contact 3
Class B Around busiest airports Shape determined by airport needs IFR or VFR (flight following) Transponder with Mode C capability Radio Contact Class C Usually busy airports that are not Class B Up to 4,000 ft AGL at 5 nm; 1,200-4,000 ft AGL at 5-10 nm Transponder with Mode C capability Radio Contact Class D Airports with towers Up to 2,500 ft AGL at 5 nm Radio Contact Not active if tower is closed 4
Class E General controlled airspace Surface, 700 0r 1,200 ft AGL up to 14,500 ft AGL 3 nm surrounding airways Basic VFR minimums Class G Uncontrolled airspace Typically below 700 or 1,200 ft AGL Very rural, or low volume air traffic areas Must have sufficient visibility to see other aircraft Prohibited areas No civil aviation allowed Restricted areas Areas with regular, but not constant sensitive operations occur Military operations areas (MOA) Periodic military aviation operations Temporary flight restrictions (TFR) Areas where flight activities are temporarily prohibited or restricted 5
Highways in the sky Delineated by VOR stations Designated as V- 1, V- 2, etc. 1,200 ft AGL up to but not including 18,000 ft AMSL 4 mi either side of airway centerline Delineated by fewer VOR stations 18,000-45,000 ft AMSL Designated J- 1, J- 2, etc. Area navigation Must have proper equipment 6
1,000 ft vertical separation Ground up to and including 41,000 ft AMSL Flight altitudes IFR Easterly- odd 1,000 ft AMSL Westerly- even 1,000 ft AMSL VFR above 3,000 ft MSL Easterly- odd 1,000 ft plus 500 ft AMSL Westerly- even 1,000 ft plus 5oo ft AMSL Longitudinal Depends on aircraft size and speed, and radar control Lateral Below 18,000 ft MSL, 8 nm At or above 18,000 ft MSL, 20 nm Over the ocean, 60-120 nm Non- directional beacon (NDB) At least 100 ft from metal buildings, metal fences, and power lines 400-1020 Hz Automatic direction finder (ADF) in the aircraft points to the NBD 7
Very high frequency omnirange radio (VOR) Frequency just above FM radio stations Virtually static free 360 radials emitted from station Range normally less than 200 nm Provides for precision approaches Two radio transmitters on the airport Localizer Glide slope Markers indicate distance to the runway end Outer marker (3.5-5 miles) Middle marker (3,000 ft) Inner marker (1,000 ft) Lights illuminate and tone sounds 8
ILS Category Cloud Ceiling, ft Visibility, ft I 200 1,800-2,400 II 100 1,200 IIIa 0-100 700 IIIb 0-50 150 IIIc 0 0 Global positioning system (GPS) Unaffected by weather Three- dimensional position Speed Accuracy of 1-3 m Can be used for approaches Required navigation performance (RNP) 9