Airport II- Airport. II-1 Definitions System capacity: Ability efficiently process the transported units. Aircrafts Passengers Baggage cargo Public access facilitation Runway Taxiway Gate Terminal Building Balanced Design Car parking b- Factors affecting R/W 1. Environmental Factors: Visibility: In poor visibility, longer separation & R/W occupancy time also under marginal crosswinds R/W will not be used. VFR vs. IFR Ceiling <= 1000 ft &OR Visibility <= 3 miles Runway Surface Condition: In wet/slippery R/W: longer deceleration & R/W occupancy time. In case of snow, the R/W should be closed. Winds: Strong Cross/tail Winds. Noise Abatement Requirements: Use could be restricted for some R/Ws during certain periods of the day. Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 1
2. ATC Factors: Regulations for min VL, HL & lateral separation (Operation Safety) Arrival Arrival 2~5 nautical mile depending on ACFT size (2 Arrivals) Arrival Departure Departure Arrival 2 nautical mile between Departure and following Arrival T3.1 Departure Departure 60~120 sec. depending on ACFT Size. Example: Landing speed= 165 mph Min Separation= 3 nmi = 3*6076=18228 ft = 18228/(165*5280/3600) = 75 sec. R/W Occupancy time = 25 sec. Sequencing ( FIFO, Speed-Class, Size,.) 3. Demand Characteristics: AC Size, Speed, Maneuverability, Braking Distance, and Pilot Technique Vortex Approach Speed Fast Approach Slow Approach Landing time R/W Occupancy Time -150 knot for Heavy ACFT -100 knot for Small ACFT Landing time (Touchdown Speed) Touch-and-go operations (landing then T/O without complete stop) = 2 operations one AC doing touch & go, can produce 16 mov./hr -i.e. 1 T/O, 14 T&G, 1L -Seldom under IFR Conditions % Arrivals (% Arrival + % Departure = 100%) AC mix A,B,C,D Mix Index= %C+3%D T3-2 Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 2
4. Design Factors R/Ws number, Spacing, Length, Orientation & Configuration T/Ws number, Locations and Exit Design Ramp Entrances Runway Use Strategy (Mixed mode vs. Segregated) 1. Single 2. Parallel 3. Open V 4. Intersecting F3-1 TO & landing TO or Landing Runway Configuration Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 3
C- and Delay Avg. Delay/AC Avg. Delay/AC Acceptable Delay Level (1~4 min) Ultimate Practical (op/hr) Demand (op/hr) IFR VFR Peak Demand (op/hr) * Operation at Ultimate capacity Increase Delay Reduce Airport Competitively (Low LOS) * Demand should not be more than practical capacity for so long (e.g. 30hrs/yr) Avg. AC Delay (min) Peaked Schdl Moderatly Schdl Uniform Schdl Demand / Ratio d- Determination 1. Preliminary R/W - for Planning Purposes -for Comparing Airports - Airport Appraisal - Comparing Passenger Demand with capacity (evaluation) See Table 3.3 (Config., MI, VFR/IFR) Hourly & Annual capacity (considering delay) ASV Check demand < ASV (otherwise too much delay & low LOS) Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 4
Preliminary Runway - % Arrivals = % Departure - Enough T/W - Touch & Go 0~5% Preliminary Runway - % Arrivals = % Departure - Enough T/W - Touch & Go 0~5% Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 5
d- Determination 2. Ultimate (Airport Handbook, FAA 62 Charts Doesn't consider delay) capacity C=Cb * E * T Basic Exit adj. factor Touch &go adj. factor -for Operation Control (ATC) -for Evaluation of Operation Techniques 3. Queuing Theory and Space-Time Concept Ultimate Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 6
Ultimate Ultimate Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 7
Apron Gate Services (Typical Ground Equipment Service Layout) Apron Gate Services Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 8
Apron Gate Services (Gate Occupancy Time) II-3 Apron Gate GateTime Supply GateTime Demand µ. N K and K.60 T. gi mi C i C = min ( C ) = C g gk gk g 2 For all aircraft class i than t can use only gate type k or bigger Where : µ N T C C K gi m i K gk g = Number of gates of type k or bigger. = Gate utilization factor for gate type k. = Avg.gate occupancy time for aircraft class i. = % of aircraft class i in aircraft mix. = Gate capacity limited by gate type k. = Gate capacity for airport. Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 9
II-4 Taxiway Usually runway capacity is more critical. II-5 Terminal Building Considerations Runway configuration & TB location See fig 3.6 Shortest taxiing distance (both L & T/O) Gate taxiing & TB concepts See fig 4.12 a-linear b-pier (Finger) c-satellite d-transporter e-combination of concepts. Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 10
Runway configuration & TB location Gate Types Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 11
Gate Types Dr. Eng. Omar Osman 12