SUFFOLK REVIEW INDEX. NEW SERIES Nos ( ) and. MILLENNIUM Issue

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1 SUFFOLK REVIEW INDEX NEW SERIES Nos ( ) and MILLENNIUM Issue SUFFOLK LOCAL HISTORY COUNCIL

2 Compiler s Note The material indexed comprises 80 articles on 638 pages. 15 issues average 4 articles each. The Millennium issue is different in several respects. It is twice as long; it contains 22 articles, substantially shorter, and celebrates societies and groups. About half the articles tell the story of those organisations, their named members being separately indexed (Section A, Persons 2). * The articles are first listed, and abstracts are offered in place of a Subject Index. The issue number (or M) is in bold type, followed by the pair of page numbers. * The Indexes that follow are on the `atlas` principle, not giving a single page number but the pair of page numbers of the article. (An exception is where a list of persons is given on a single page.) * Throughout, persons are not necessarily listed as individuals, for example when several family members appear in one article, such as the 20 or more Godballs of 33. Persons named only in end-notes and sources are not normally indexed. * Places do not normally include rivers, town parishes, streets or buildings. Michael Stone C O N T E N T S TITLES listed in published order 2 TITLES (shorter) - with ABSTRACTS (except Millenium section A) 3 INDEX of PERSONS 11 INDEX of PERSONS (2) 33 Millennium issue, contemporary and recent lives INDEX of PLACES in SUFFOLK 34 INDEX of PLACES outside SUFFOLK 40 AUTHOR INDEX 46 Page 1

3 TITLES listed in published order 31. Rev.Henry Sykes and the Restoration of Blythburgh Church: late Victorian Church Restoration Cycling in Suffolk The Sudbury Institute Museum Diverting Drama: the new road at Shrubland Park, The Ipswich Congregation of the (Catholic Apostolic) Church ( Irvingite ) Richard Hall Gower, his experimental ships and the Ipswich Lifeboat William Godball: a musical life Gainsborough s Earliest Portrait A Suffolk Miracle? The Sea Pea Harvest of Shopping for clothes and Accessories in Ipswich, Two Suffolk Artist Plantsmen 1. The Chadburn Irises Cedric Morris and Benton End: a memoir From Cheshire to Suffolk: the early 19th century removal of a Vagrant family Samuel Duncon of Ipswich s proposal for an Association of Counties in November Gainsborough`s Earliest Portrait and the Mystery of Tom Peartree: a Note and a Reply Thomas Fonnereau ( ) and the Inheritance to Christchurch Mansion The Language of the Herring Fishing; a special branch of the Suffolk dialect Anthony St George, Vicar of Bramford Thomas Barrett-Lennard and the 1820 Ipswich Election Millennium Articles in 2 sections : A. The story of a dozen societies and groups: their formation, activities, events and projects, publications, use of photography, researching and any archive or museum Bramford Local History Group M 3 Felixstowe Family History Society, The M Great Barton History Society M 12 Haverhill & District Local History Group, The M Long Melford Historical and Archaeological Society, The M Lowestoft Archaeological and Local History Society M 34 Southwold Archaeological & Natural History Society, The M Stutton Local History Group M 48 Suffolk Family History Society M Tostock Past & Present Society M Walsham le Willows Village History Group M 68 Wickhambrook & District Local History Society The M Wickham Market Local History Reference Centre M B. History Research Bramford The Population of Bramford, M 4-9 Great Barton A Century of Service - the story of the Village Institute M Long Melford The Inventory of Robert Smith, 1686 M Lowestoft Porcelain M Southwold A Grievous Night of Terror : Saturday January 31, 1953 M 46 Night of the Long Knives: June 17, 1987 M Stutton Surface Finds M Stutton Before 1066 M Stutton Changes over 1000 Years M Walsham le Willows Transported - never to return : two Walsham cases M Buckenham House, Southwold The Impact of War on one Suffolk Parish, in the mid-17th century: Cratfield The Nichols Murder Education in the Deanery of Lothingland in the 1840s: the role of the C of E in Educational provision for the Poor of Lowestoft and its environs

4 37. The Hadleigh-Bentley Railway and all that; a Methodist Mystery Of Railway Wagons and Delivery Vehicles A Suffolk Gentleman-Smuggler The Medical Recipe Book of the Spring Family The Bramford Rebels and the Uprising of A Census of the Poor: Barham in Suffolk and India Below Stairs, or the Servant Problem: the Vicarage at Coddenham in the early C19th Behind the façade: Domestic Discord in a Victorian Household - the Diaries of Isabella Brett of Ipswich The Stowmarket Navigation and its effect on the Economy of the Gipping Valley The Indian Summer of a Suffolk Regional Centre: Bury St Edmunds Peace at Last: Celebrations of Peace and Victory, during & after the Napoleonic Wars Little known Royal Functionary: brief career of John Ripon, Rector of Kedington A 15th century Inclosure: the Little Highfield in Monks Eleigh of Developments in Suffolk`s Rural Transport since War & Peace: Reflections on 3 First World War Images Where to be buried? A sequel: Sir William Middleton of Shrubland Park An investigation of the Printing Industry in 19th Century Ipswich War and Peace: Reflections on three First World War images - a correction Colonel George Tomline of Orwell Park William Goodwin`s Diaries The Suffolk Photographic Survey: a Progress Report Living in Bramford , as revealed by Court Rolls The Women`s Land Army in East Anglia, They also Served: a wartime selection from the Suffolk Photographic Surve Samuel Noller of Debenham, farmer, carrier and emigration agent Final Floods (part 1) Naval Operations off the Suffolk Coast, Some Comments on the Established Church in Suffolk Shottisham, Halgestou and Margaretstowe: a note on Place-Names Manor of Illegh Monachorum (Monks Eleigh, Suffolk): Lease of Demesne, 21 Nov Hadleigh during the Civil War, Commonwealth and Restoration A Daughter of Suffolk Final Floods (part 2): The Felixstowe Experience ABSTRACTS & Millenium section B (with short titles) 31. Restoration of Blythburgh Church Blythburgh Church was long in poor repair. In 1879 Henry Sykes new incumbent, replacing decayed fabric: `Restoration`. He used as architects the controversial G.E. and A.E. Street. His actions antagonised both the patron Sir John Blois and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB). SPAB advocated `Preservation`, merely stopping further decay. Superficially polite to SPAB, Sykes progressed his plans, informing them late, delaying their Report. The church was re-opened on Easter Day 1884, but with restoration short of Sykes` vision. Nor did Sykes cooperate with Sir John. When they both left the scene, SPAB persevered for another 20 years. 31. Cycling in Suffolk A treadle-worked velocipede in Norfolk,1819. More significantly, cranks fitted to axle of a `hobby horse` in Paris (1861). A pioneer racing cyclist (Paris 1868, 1874) was James Moore, born in Bury St Edmunds. A two-man 3-wheeler was designed and built in Suffolk (1869). Next advances were the`boneshaker`, the `penny-farthing` or `ordinary`, and in the 1880s the `safety bicycle`. Both sport and recreation cycling flourished. By 1908 there were in Suffolk 37 bicycles 3

5 manufacturers. Numerous clubs + social implications. Rules of the road necessary. Business uses proliferated. Then ( ) the military authorities formed bicycle units. In peacetime, cycling retained popularity. 31. Sudbury Museum In 1841, Sudbury opened the second Suffolk museum, formed by the Mechanics Institute in a new building in Friar Street. Specimens were donated. At first, opening hours limited, but evening opening followed, for the working class. Numerical high point 1845 with local press support, an events week and free for schools. Bury St Edmunds followed, but the peak soon passed. After later revival, came further dwindling of membership numbers and funds. In 1872, whole collection offered for sale by lots. Main purchasers: Saffron Walden Museum and a Cambridge professor. The Institute survives as a club in other premises. Later museums in Sudbury had shorter lives. 32. New road, Shrubland Park, Shrubland Park lies mainly in the parishes of Coddenham, Barham. Sir William F.F. Middleton, the second baronet, wished to extend the park by taking in land beyond Sandy Lane which led from Coddenham via Barham to Ipswich. He needed both to create an alternative lane (suitably `commodious`) about a mile long, and to obtain legal authority to close the old. He achieved his object by mid-1845, but only after conflict principally with the vicar of Coddenham the Revd Robert Longe. The story here told is not merely of engineering and legal achievement, but of social diplomacy in early Victorian society and its failure. 32. `Irvingite` Church Ipswich Within a small national church, part of the revivalist movement, this worshipping group was established in Ipswich before In the 1890s the congregation moved to a converted workshop in Wolsey Street. They later added supporting facilities, with a Gothic-style façade and gateway. They were remembered respectfully for committed devotional worship within the Christian faith. By 1901, however, ordinations having ceased nationally, they struggled to maintain services, and closure followed. In the 1950s the church trustees in London leased the premises to the Suffolk Mission to the Deaf. By 1983, structural problems forced closure, sale and demolition. 32. Richard Hall Gower - experimental ships R.H.Gower designed the Transit (1800) and by 1819 two other vessels, unconventional in form and rigging, fast and `sea-kindly`. Since Harwich Harbour lacked a lifeboat, a public meeting was held in Ipswich. Soon having 100 subscribers, the committee announced the Ipswich Lifeboat ready for use. She was `shaped like a Whale Boat after the plans and models of R.H.Gower esq and the proposals of Mr Jabez Bayley`. She was light and buoyant, double ended with two short masts. Launched on 4 April 1821 she was, however, not successful at Landguard Fort, perhaps due more to lack of organisation than to failure of design. Gower failed to enjoy the success he deserved. 33. William Godball: musical life William Godball ( ), shoe-maker, had a varied musical life in Suffolk. He performed on viola in a church concert in Ipswich in 1827 with his cellist brother James, and regular involvement in orchestral concerts continued. He was choirmaster at St Margarets Church. It was said he was `the originator and mainstay` of many musical societies`. His dance band offered traditional country dances, quadrilles, waltzes and the new polkas, undertaking engagements outside Ipswich. Godball`s family band survived through changing fashions. It was playing at the opening of the present Town Hall in Two of his musical sons kept the name `Godball` alive still longer. 33. Boer War Memorials of Suffolk Mostly in Suffolk churches for individuals, 44 war memorials date from before Of the further 43 of the Boer War, 30 relate to individuals, 9 are collective and 4 give thanks. The public desired to commemorate Reservists and Volunteers in that greater war. In both Ipswich and Bury St Edmunds, public memorials were sited centrally each of a single soldier in bronze. Neither was limited to men of the Suffolk Regiment, but that unit also erected a marble plaque in St Mary`s Church in Bury, and two houses in Out Risbygate became Memorial Homes. For an individual the most favoured memorial was a brass plaque. Also on a positive note was a Roll of Honour in Lowestoft. 33. Gainsborough`s Earliest Portrait Varied accounts survive of the young Thomas sketching so accurately a man looking over the garden wall that the man was apprehended as having previously stolen fruit. By contrast, Philip Thicknesse, later the painter`s patron, tells of the face above the wall, being in reality a painted wooden board mistaken as human. Both accounts located the story in Ipswich. A third version, placed in Sudbury, is of a sketch from which a finished painting was made later, given the name Tom Peartree. Since there really was a Thomas Peartree living there, Berry favours Sudbury as the locus, despite the tale having been much embroidered. 33. Sea Pea Harvest of A poor conventional harvest meant starvation even to death. In 1555 a new local source of sustenance was resorted to. The shingle beach at Orford Ness forms a habitat for a large colony of a wild plant: the Sea Pea. Once established, its roots extend deep into what seems barren. One plant may produce many seeds each year, edible and 4

6 indeed nourishing for humans. There being no earth to promote it, in the context of that time this profusion was seen by local folk as miraculous providence. It was however more than folklore, long continuing in scholarly notice. 34. Clothes shopping, Ipswich During the first part of the eighteenth century most trade in the clothes-shops of Ipswich was in fairly basic commodities. Goods were made up in workshops on the premises. By the 1770s, however, customers were tempted by local advertising to purchase the `latest from London`. Fashionable luxury goods became available to supplement more general wares. An influx of nobility and gentry encouraged specialisation, more sophisticated presentation and the growth of a fashionable shopping area in the town. 34. Two Suffolk Artist Plantsmen Chadburn Irises George Haworthe Chadburn ( ), in addition to being an artist, successfully bred irises. From the 1920s to 1945 he lived in Middleton near Saxmundham. Renting additional garden ground, he raised four of the finest hybrid bearded yellow irises in the world. Of the seven he registered, several won national awards. 2. Cedric Morris and Benton End Cedric Morris bt ( ) was also both artist and breeder of irises, in his case of several colours. His greatest garden was at Benton End, Hadleigh, where he moved in He gathered around him a small community of former pupils and other like-minded artists and garden-lovers, several nationally known to this day. 34. Cheshire to Suffolk: removal of Vagrant family The old Poor Law system might require compulsory removal of a family from one parish to another. In an 1820 case a widow adjudged to qualify, was with her children (aged 14 and 10) obliged to make a journey of 9 days (including 2 rest days) averaging 23 miles a day. Accompanied by a series of constables, they were passed from one jurisdiction to the next until arriving in Haverhill where her late husband was considered to `belong`. 34. Samuel Duncon of Ipswich: Association of Counties, Early in the first English Civil War, the pro-parliament leadership in Ipswich feared that the town was vulnerable to attack by Royalist forces by both land and sea. To confer with neighbours for mutual defence, two representatives were sent to Colchester. Duncon, with a history of radical political activism, took a more aggressive position on the purpose of the mission. This led to a closer military association across the eastern counties that was to play a major role in the conflict. For some twenty years Duncon was notable in its organisation. 34. Gainsborough`s and Tom Peartree: Note and Reply Many questions remain unanswered on the artist`s early life in Suffolk. The story of the face over the wall, set in Ipswich or in Sudbury, has been told by four main `witnesses`. The author of this Note, responding to the article in issue 33, favoured the original Thicknesse version. He described the only portrait surviving: the one now in Christchurch Mansion (Ipswich). Berry agrees, but still considers possible an earlier sketch identifiable with a particular person. 35. Thomas Fonnereau ( ) and Christchurch Mansion Thomas was the eldest son of Claude Fonnereau, a first generation Huguenot immigrant. Having obtained naturalisation, Claude by then a prosperous merchant, in 1735 purchased the Christchurch estate in Ipswich from the Devereux family. For nominal rent to Claude, Thomas was enabled to qualify for Parliament, first for Sudbury and then for Aldeburgh. In the 1760s and 1770s Thomas twice mortgaged his interest in the Christchurch estate, first to a non-relative and then to one of his brothers, in a way that led to confusion and litigation. It was by court judgment in 1780 that the estate devolved to Claudius Fonnereau, another brother of Thomas, then in old age. 35. Language of the Herring Fishing: Suffolk dialect The herring fishermen of the Suffolk coast and their families had a language probably unique to them. It extended to preparation of nets and equipment and to processing the catch once ashore. It was a coastal variation of the East Anglian farmworkers` dialect. Many dialect words are here defined and their origins suggested. Academic researchers had not however investigated these before the industry became defunct and the language obsolete. 35. Anthony St George, Vicar of Bramford This cleric kept his parish registers of burials with fuller details than previous practice. Expelled from Cambridge shortly after the execution of Charles I, he became vicar of Bramford near Ipswich after the Restoration some 11 years later. When widowed, he remarried. The modern researcher learns from the burial register of epidemics, unusual causes of death, sometimes the status and occupation of deceased and where they lodged, together occasionally with personal attributes. Such details help to make history come alive. 35. Thomas Barrett-Lennard and 1820 Ipswich Election Mr Lennard, supporter of the liberal cause in Essex, was nominated with Haldimand to contest Ipswich for the Whig or `yellow` interest. In a hard-fought contest, with heavy expenses for candidates to meet, the initial result gave the two Whigs a narrow victory. The `blues` demanded a scrutiny. Both sides claimed tampering with records that affected 5

7 the franchise. Lennard was first excluded and then successful. Soon disillusioned with both Ipswich and the expense he had incurred, Lennard switched to Maldon as a less expensive alternative. He represented that Essex borough as ``an advanced and independent member of the Whig party, and a very regular attender at debates.`` Millennium Articles in 2 sections : A. The story of a dozen societies and groups: their formation, activities, events and projects, publications, use of photography, researching and any archive or museum Bramford Local History Group M 3 Felixstowe Family History Society, The M Great Barton History Society M 12 Haverhill & District Local History Group, The M Long Melford Historical and Archaeological Society, The M Lowestoft Archaeological and Local History Society M 34 Southwold Archaeological & Natural History Society, The M Stutton Local History Group M 48 Suffolk Family History Society M Tostock Past & Present Society M Walsham le Willows Village History Group M 68 Wickhambrook & District Local History Society The M Wickham Market Local History Reference Centre M B. History Research Bramford Population of Bramford, M 4-9 Analysis of Parish Registers, Compton Census (1603), and Hearth Tax Returns (1674), noting peaks (eg 1620s) and troughs (eg ), was supplemented by evidence of population movement, epidemics, and mortality both in childbirth and of children. Great Barton Century of Service - the story of the Village Institute M Fund-raising in 1903 for Parish Room, lease of land, stone-laying ceremony, exhibition, opening (1904). Limited to non-political C of E use: library, Working Men`s Club, C of E Men`s Society, Mothers Union and entertainments. In 1915 Sir Henry Bunbury donated the building to the community for which it has remained a centre. Long Melford Inventory of Robert Smith, 1686 M Probate listing of contents of grocer`s premises (after Introduction) room by room: Hall room, Buttery, Brewhouse, Chandle office, Parlour Chamber, Staircase, Shop Chamber, Little Chamber, Shop, Backhouse Chamber, Entry Chamber, Cellar, Warehouse. Lowestoft Porcelain M A large collection at Broad House Museum. Ware produced for sale from 1760 at local factory (now brush factory) with a London warehouse and export trade. In 1784 it employed workers, but closed by Southwold "A Grievous Night of Terror": Saturday January 31, 1953 M 46 Description by the then mayor of east coast floods. 5 drowned, havoc among properties, beach huts swept away, damage to pier. Worst destruction at Ferry Road. Rescue work by boat in snow- storm. Night of the Long Knives: June 17, 1987 M Harbour piers and dock wall in urgent need of repair. To provide funds, Waveney District Council proposed selling the town marshes to a private company for development. Attendance at the Public Meeting was so large that it had to be transferred to the Church. Stormy reception for councillors and heckling convinced them of strong opposition. Stutton Surface Finds M Finds by the writer over 10 years included fossilised animal remains and shells. Also found were Neolithic and Mesolithic tools; objects of Iron Age human activity; Romano-British pottery; Ipswich and other Saxon ware; medieval, Victorian and modern china. Stutton Before 1066 M Medieval parish churches often sited, perhaps at earlier holy places, at a distance from centres of settlement. St Peter`s Church lies near the parish boundary. Early boundaries at Stutton followed tributary streams, but wording in the Domesday Book is puzzling. Stutton Changes over 1000 Years M

8 After original settlement around the present church, a pattern of dispersal around manorial farmsteads was likely later. The core of the settlement then shifted to the present centre. Population numbers rose: by 70% between 1520 & 1600, and again by 50% between 1750 & Today, much land cultivated by non-resident contractors, with few workers. Walsham le Willows Transported - never to return : two cases M Robert Dew, an unemployed agricultural labourer in the parish, was in 1845 transported for arson. He died in old age in 1882 in what is now Tasmania. Zachariah Pamment ( ) after marrying a Walsham girl, was in 1832 transported for theft. On release, he worked as a plumber in Sydney. A widower, he re-married, and left 5 more children. 36. Buckenham House, Southwold The gracious appearance of this Tudor house results from a series of alterations meeting both fashion and changing requirements. It largely survived both civil war and the town fire. A probate inventory of 1685 shows the rooms from attics to cellar, stables and brewhouse. In the eighteenth century the jettied frontage of the timber framing was fashionably re-clad in brick. Then from 1929, after serving as the vicarage, new needs were met by changes of use, including a gentleman`s club, lock-up shops and office. After reverting for a while to single domestic occupation, it served multiple uses including a coffee house, art gallery and medical centre. 36. Impact of War: Cratfield Supported by a narrative introduction, extracts have been selected from Suffolk Records Society volume 42 edited by Lynn Botelho: Churchwardens` Accounts for Cratfield During the Civil Wars this Suffolk village was far from both the battle-front and the centre of national politics. Yet it was affected by that armed conflict. Changes within the church building mirrored national events. Extracts have focussed on the financial effects on this parish in these two respects. 36. Nichols Murder In 1793, Sarah Nichols (16) from Fakenham, returning home after dark, was murdered by her father John and brother Nathan (19). Her body was found next morning. The two men were held separately in Ipswich gaol. Nathan confessed to striking the blows, but under threat from his father. John maintained his innocence. The trial at Bury Assizes heard circumstantial evidence from 37 witnesses. Both were found guilty and sentenced to death. Nathan later supported John`s claim of innocence, but both were hanged before a large crowd outside Bury. Nathan`s body went for medical use. John`s corpse was displayed in an iron cage. 36. Education (1840s) for the Poor of Lowestoft A (C of E) National Society report (1839) concluded that more schools were needed in rural areas around Lowestoft, but not in the town itself. Lowestoft (with population noted as 4,832) had four schools, including girls` and infants`, totalling (including Sunday scholars) pupils. National Schools were inspected annually by two local clergy, with the aim that children gained a grounding at least in religious principles. The inspectors looked for genuine understanding, often absent with rote-learning. In Lowestoft in 1842, Wilde`s school (middle-class) was found `admirable`, contrasted with Arnott`s. The villages too had variation in standards. These efforts sufficed until Hadleigh-Bentley Railway After long preparations, physical construction was quickly achieved by 1847 of over 7 miles from the new Colchester/ Ipswich main line. One main purpose was freight, stimulating employment in an isolated area. There were three stations: the Hadleigh terminus, Raydon Wood and Capel. Passengers had some Sunday service, five weekday trains each way plus excursions. However convenient socially, the line was never very profitable, in the face of competition: from road traffic, not least in agricultural depression. Passenger service was withdrawn in Both wars had adverse effects. With most branch lines uneconomic, Dr Beeching`s Commission made `re-shaping` inevitable. In 1965 the line was closed ; Methodist Mystery After long discussion, the three Methodist Churches formally united nationally in In south-east Suffolk, overcoming reluctance took 21 years. The Wesleyan circuit based on Museum Street Ipswich had five other substantial churches: in Ipswich (3) Woodbridge and Felixstowe. Ipswich Primitive Methodist circuit, centred on Rope Walk Ipswich, had Clarkson Street, Trimley and villages to the west. The United Methodists had, in addition to two in the Felixstowe area, six churches in north-east Suffolk. Of these, five quickly united with the Wesleyan circuit in 1933, the sixth joining with the Wesleyan Leiston congregation. After long co-operation, the Primitive and Wesleyan circuits combined only in (Later, Framlingham Methodists joined with the United Reformed Church there.) 37 Railway Wagons and Delivery Vehicles The cover of Suffolk Review NS36 showed an old railway wagon by a hedge (between Wickham Market and Needham Market). Notes on the back, as the editor pointed out, provided a glimpse of life in the parish. In NS37, the daughter of the farmer at Shrubbery Farm Charsfield shared personal memories. The wagon was indeed used in the 7

9 1930s as a meal store, and then as a Home Guard post. George, who worked on the farm, became the village barber, probably to supplement his wages. The wagon was `the barber`s shop`. 37 Suffolk Gentleman-Smuggler Both George Parkyns ( ) and brig-sloop Merope had served in the Royal Navy. She was bought by him rather later. The ship`s log of the Merope records its life ( ). Trading, with a crew of 48 of mixed nationality under their skipper-owner, being armed she could protect that trade. She voyaged between the Bay of Bengal in the west, off the China coast through the East Indies to Hawaii and the coast of California and Mexico. Parkyns` link with Suffolk probably dates from 1833 when he purchased Chediston Hall (near Halesworth) with funds enough to enlarge the estate. 38 Medical Recipe Book: Spring Family An introduction naming associated ladies of nobility leads to a transcript of about forty medical recipes selected from a sixteenth century manuscript. Each is headed by the condition to be treated, from toothache to `frenzy`, from staunching blood to killing the worm in the ear. Full footnotes assist the modern reader. 38 Bramford Rebels - Uprising of After the plague of 1349 the Poll Tax and manorial labour services led to unrest, starting in Kent and Essex. Within a fortnight the uprising spread to West Suffolk and then to Ipswich and Melton and wider. Passages extracted from such of the Court Rolls of Bramford as have survived show over a dozen men of that parish near Ipswich involved. They seem to have survived disciplinary action. More generally, the uprising was a major factor in the decline of the manorial system. 38 Census of Poor: Barham The Rev William Kirby, 68 years parish priest at Barham near Ipswich, is famed for his natural history studies in entomology. He did not, however, neglect his duties as a clergyman. Over 55 years he carefully recorded the circumstances and needs of his poor parishioners, especially in the winter months. Here is transcribed a list of some 70 families in January 1830, with names and ages of both adults and children. Notes are made not only of literacy and ownership of Bible and Prayer-book. Frequent reference to bed-clothes gives further insight into rural conditions. 38 Suffolk and India After giving this archive`s background, the documents are summarised. First is material relating to the Suffolk Regiment from four periods of service in India between 1796 and 1947 including the second Afghan War. Then there are listed letters from sons in India to their father in the UK ( ). Over a wider span ( ) are other family letters describing military life in India, tension between the Sihks and the East India Company, the Indian Mutiny and the Chinese expedition. 39 Below Stairs, or the Servant Problem - Coddenham The employer`s task of running an efficient household was eased when domestic servants` lived amicably with their fellow employees, often in close confinement. This record of staff arrangements in a Georgian vicarage household ( ) illustrates the range of difficulties faced. Clashes of temperament and inappropriate behaviour led to more trouble than did lack of skill. Cooks in particular, however, fell short of expected skills. In all, nearly fifty men women and youngsters arrived and left in a decade or so. Yet the housekeeper stayed 22 years and both coachman and gamekeeper served long-term. 39 Domestic Diaries: Isabella Brett of Ipswich The second wife of a boot and shoe-maker, Mrs Brett found some relief from her experience of family difficulties in her personal diary. The role of step-mother brought conflict with several of her husband`s children. She was moreover aggrieved by her husband`s deteriorating behaviour which she found deceitful, as he frequented a notorious district within Ipswich. With advancing years, ill-health became a problem for them both. 39 Stowmarket Navigation - Economy of Gipping Valley As the making of canals approached peak levels, Ipswich interests were no longer able to resist the desire of Stowmarket to `improve` the river Gipping downstream. The 16-mile length with its 15 locks was opened in Despite flooding and other problems, Stowmarket trade in malt, corn, coal and timber was much stimulated. However, the angle of the entrance to the new Ipswich dock (completed 1842) and the opening of the railway in 1846 presented the navigation trustees with a fresh situation. Trade declined. Soon, only Packards` fleet of barges between Ipswich and their fertiliser works were operating. The navigation, little used from 1922, was finally closed in Indian Summer - Bury St Edmunds Bury was in population the sixth largest town in East Anglia. Hardly a regional centre, its greatest asset was its status as a provider of services and a healthy social centre for West Suffolk. It had a thriving section of society of professional men, public officials and support services as well as `gentlefolk`. The town processed and distributed at market the products of the region rather than farming itself. In economic life, in all except textile trades it survived industrial change to 1830, and 8

10 haltingly to about Thereafter there was distinct slackening, the arrival of the railway being one weakening factor. 40 Celebrations during & after the Napoleonic Wars In 1802 the Treaty of Amiens, thought to have permanently ended the long war, was celebrated enthusiastically in every Suffolk community. Most did so on 1 June, appointed for General Thanksgiving. Some majored on illuminations but many preferred a massive `street party` for the poor. However, it proved to be a fragile peace of only a year. In 1814, on Napoleon`s banishment to Elba, renewed celebration was general across Suffolk in triumphant spirit. When he escaped, the focus was on the battle of Waterloo and his final defeat. `In the distress of the time` in the countryside, however, the prevailing mood was of relief. Celebration was restrained. 40 John Ripon of Kedington , Royal Functionary John Ripon`s career shows the rise and fall of a fourteenth century Suffolk cleric, largely from his legal knowledge. Having accompanied the Earl of Oxford on Richard II`s Scottish campaign, Ripon advanced within the royal service both in England and as representative to the Papal court. His time as a figure of national importance was brief, for political animosity against the king and his advisers rendered him vulnerable. In 1387, Ripon was among those royalists accused by the victorious opposition and consigned to the Tower of London. Deprived of his Suffolk living, he was not finally released until th century Inclosure: Monks Eleigh This study of a single parish in medieval times includes the suggestion that one area of nearly 20 acres near the north-west boundary was newly enclosed out of the manorial demesne. A document from 1450 supports this exception from the general pattern. The lordship was vested in an Augustinian community from Canterbury. Both natural and manmade features are described. The newly formed enclosure was let to the Cloptons of Long Melford. Some detail is added of the named farmer who took it on and the three named `contractors` who dealt with hedging and ditching this unit. The account to the landlord is given as an appendix. 40 Suffolk`s Rural Transport since In 1919, two entrepreneurs named Wolsey, using a fleet of motor-buses, put together in rural Suffolk a network of passenger routes. Regulation in 1931 led four operators to amalgamate to serve all East Anglia. Then, in the years after 1945, `Eastern Counties` was wholly owned by government. Its growth was first checked by rising private-car ownership, and then encouraged by rail closures. Loss-making services withdrawn in 1968 on nationalisation, were only partly replaced by independent operators. The new county councils were given powers to provide financial support. Then in 1984/5 began a process of de-nationalising and de-regulating, and the mini-bus became popular. Publicly-funded support to meet social need replaced both unregulated competition and near-monopoly. 40/41 War & Peace: First World War Images , A Note reflects on three photos ( ). The cover records the damage in a Woodbridge street inflicted in a Zeppelin raid in 1915, marking where two civilian residents died, a shocking new development. By contrast, in another photograph a posed group of ladies in a tree-lined garden are quietly and formally enjoying `Peace Day 19 July The third photograph, originally thought also to mark the coming of peace, is found to record the earlier optimistic departure of young men in civilian clothes to the war, from Walsham-le-Willows and Badwell Ash. 41 Where buried? Sir William Middleton Having in 1789 bought Shrubland Park, William Middleton moved to the new Hall (in Barham parish). He later demolished the former Hall (in Coddenham parish) leaving standing only its chapel. In 1827, nearing the end of life, he wanted to be buried in that chapel. On checking with the diocesan records, the Coddenham vicar found that he could not by law comply with this wish. After his death, Middleton`s son (the second baronet) was unwilling to accept this difficulty. The vicar wrote to the son in formal and convoluted terms. The interment was conducted at Barham parish church, the first in a vault presumably newly created there. 41 Printing Industry: 19th Century Ipswich By 1834, three printers had premises in the Buttermarket Ipswich: Stephen Piper (who lived there), the Pawsey/Haddock family and the Cowell family. At the `Ancient House` Frederick Pawsey`s widow, having married his assistant James Haddock, continued his business, followed by her son. The Cowell family, the largest business, extended into neighbouring property, adding new buildings and improvements. By 1888, under the first Cowell`s grandson, iron steam-powered machinery replaced hand and treadle operation. Fine results at fast speeds were claimed, using a range of machines for different types of work. Two colours became possible. The increased demand from a more literate society was being met. 41 Col.George Tomline of Orwell Park Honorary Militia Colonel, `Father of Felixstowe`, George Tomline MP ( ) was an eccentric bachelor gentleman of independent means. He built another mansion in his newly purchased estate at Nacton. By further land purchase he became the second largest landowner in Suffolk. Never concerned with the opinion of others, he did 9

11 charitable works in secret, and created jobs rather than making gifts. To develop Felixstowe within that philosophy he improved communications from Ipswich. He opened his single railway line to Felixstowe in 1877 from the existing system at Westerfield, north of Ipswich. Later he sold the railway to the Great Eastern. He completed Felixstowe dock after prolonged gestation in William Goodwin`s Diaries Goodwin, gentleman (and surgeon) farmed at Earl Soham and Ashfield, followed by two of his sons. He had the resources to experiment with new machinery such as the two-horse seed drill. This revolutionised practices, in preparation, speed and efficiency of yield, particularly on heavy land. Goodwin embraced the `new mode of.. hoeing corn`. He had his own rotation system, turning grassland over to arable crops, and remedied disease in his turnips, feed for over-wintering stock. Volatile prices affected him as farmer, rate-payer and local philanthropist. As well as cattle and sheep, Goodwin owned at least ten horses. He regularly advertised the services of a thoroughbred stallion. 42 Suffolk Photographic Survey: Progress Members of SLHC were engaged in cataloguing thousands of photographs, the collection set up by Bob Pratt, entering them on computer (K681) by subject and parish. Examples here given were a bi-plane partly submerged in a river, delivery wagons outside a thatched cider factory, uniformed staff of a Picture Palace, a group of maltsters, ladies of a cycling club, cabriolets awaiting hire, Halesworth railway station with staff and uniformed attendants from Melton Asylum. A Lowestoft saddler at work provides the cover illustration. 42 Bramford The article deals with less accessible material in medieval Latin on the everyday, rather than the better-known Acton/Loraine archives. Court Rolls record manorial matters, transfer of property and petty local crimes such as nuisance relating to sanitation, water and the highway. An inhabitant`s life is briefly traced, within the control exercised by the manor. Secondly, a 1568 Survey lists some 800 holdings, giving tenancy details and land-use. Over a dozen buildings can be identified with buildings today. Some history is given of the Angel Inn and Duckamere (land with pond once owned by Roger Duckle). 43 Women`s Land Army, young women shared memories of service in the Women`s Land Army in and after World War II. Despite both name and uniform this was a civilian organisation. Numbers rose to 80,000. Much depended on individual relationships within the farm for those employed privately. Those employed by the `War Ag` (Agricultural Executive Committees) often lived more regulated lives in hostels. Work was long and hard, pay modest and leisure activities varied. However, most seemed proud of their contribution to the war effort and the skills they learned. In 1942 a separate Women`s Timber Corps was formed. One general complaint was lack of status. However, most stayed in the WLA until the war was over or longer. Their lives had been changed. 43 Suffolk Photographic Survey: a wartime selection Supporting nine photographs selected off computer at Suffolk Record Office, the text considers life on the `Home Front`, where all had their part to play. The images remind us of bomb damage of houses, boys digging `for victory`, food rationing and coupons, fine buildings requisitioned, morale-boosting contributions to the war effort, prisoners-of-war. 43 Noller of Debenham, farmer, carrier and emigration agent In the 1830s, Noller operated a weekly service of wagons to London from Debenham. He was soon advertising `spring vans`, twice weekly to Colchester (then the rail terminus for London), and twice weekly overnight between Ipswich and Norwich. At the same time he was farming, and it was perhaps his knowledge both of the plight of `ag labs` and his experience of transport that led Noller to a new profession: arranging passage for those emigrating to North and Central America and Australia. Some were `sponsored` by Poor Law Guardians. In Spring 1836, at least three vessels took 667 emigrants from Wherstead on the Orwell. 44/45. Floods (parts 1 & 2) , Jan/1 Feb 1953 : hurricane-force winds drove waves southward through North Sea. Lincolnshire to Kent: exceptional inundation, extensive damage and deaths. Two `political` weaknesses : underfunded sea defences and organisational divide. Met Office produced weather/wind charts, 6-hourly. Admiralty predicted normal tide height only. Tiny emergency force (RAF).// 29th January : Met Office routine warning: developing depression in North Atlantic; then at 11.30am Sat 31st, of gales `severe in many places`. Neither referred to exceptional surge (`wall of water`). Only Scotland Yard was warned of flooding. The midday tide (Saturday), prevented from ebbing by surge, raised by 6 feet plus. Suffolk reached after dark: Lowestoft, Southwold, Felixstowe, also Harwich, Jaywick and south to Thames.// Common factors * unwarned wall of water * loss of power and telephone * communications breakdown * chaos and confusion * poor quality dwellings * inundation from unprotected rear.// Felixstowe: fishermen`s early forecast of flooding not acted on. Surge from Orwell estuary hit un-warned pre-fab.dwellers after midnight. Tide height 232% prediction.// Brave rescue stories and voluntary support. Hotel as survivors rest centre. Other positives: some sound defences; local knowledge/ personal contacts enabling timely alert.// Canvey Island (Essex) & north Kent hit. London Uniquely pre-warned, police cars gave loud-speaker warning.// Official death toll nationally ,000 people evacuated, 24,000 houses flooded/damaged. Livestock lost. Afterwards, Government funding: sea defences repaired/ heightened, pumps/ drainage, 10

12 but not concave sea-wall.// Current Situation (2005) * flood-plain building continues * better forecasting & warning * Thames Barrier 1983 * Climate change. Increasing financial implications * Use of large rocks. Changes affect elsewhere * 1953 height exceeded: 1978, 1990 *present policy (`re-alignment`). * 1953 could happen again. 44 Naval Operations off Suffolk, Felixstowe was both naval air station and base for the Harwich Force, soon in action opposing German minelaying. Further afield some naval successes boosted morale. A German battle-fleet tried to raid Gt Yarmouth. The Auxiliary Patrol (civil craft manned by amateur crews) contributed to the defensive effort. Also, fishing smacks armed with a concealed 13 pdr gun opposed U-boats. Harwich Force attempted an air-strike from converted vessels against the Zeppelin base. At Felixstowe, newly created (hybrid) flying-boats (F1s) caused disruption and some sinkings of both U- boats and Zeppelins. to extend their operational range aircraft were mounted on makeshift carriers : lighters towed by destroyers. Finally, Harwich Force received the surrender of the U-boat fleet, escorting 170 from near Lowestoft to moor off Shotley. 44 Some Comments on the Established Church in Suffolk Great variation in the income of rural church benefices was revealed in a Parliamentary Report of Unless a parish had been endowed with a generous past benefaction, the main income came (by way of tithes and glebe) from the land. Only the very poorest qualified for a grant from outside : Queen Anne`s Bounty. 71% of Suffolk country benefices yielded 400 or less per year (though a typical agricultural cash wage was only 26). A glossary of church words c.1800 defined those since fallen from general use or changed in meaning. 44 Shottisham, Halgestou and Margaretstowe: a note on Place-Names Two place-names in Shottisham, south-east Suffolk, (Hagestou and Stowe Blessed Margaret) though disappeared, raise the question of what made the place holy. Both place-names are at least medieval: Domesday Book and thirteenth century. Indeed, there is also nearby a `Holy Stile`. It is speculated that the holy place was a pre-christian burial site at a barrow group discernible today. 45 The Manor of Monks Eleigh: Lease of Demesne, , The lease of the manorial demesne of Monks Elleigh dated 21 Nov 1400 made between (1) Prior of Christ Church Canterbury (2) John North & Andrew King of 41 acres was for 3 42 p.a.rent. It included horses, oxen and livestock. It included kitchen (equipped), hall (furnished) and granary (with contents). It excluded timber, but not underwood. The landlord was to maintain buildings, with materials furnished by tenants. The tenants had manuring responsibility, but access to the corn-mill. They were to pay for twice-annual inspection, and to run the Manorial Court. They needed consent to sub-let but had sub-tenants` rents (cash having replaced service). They supplied a bond of 100 and were liable to distraint/re-possession for arrears. This 1400 Lease was part of the landlord`s new policy of farming out. Supervision from the priory continued. 45 Hadleigh during & after the Civil War War has always been expensive. In C17 Civil War, Hadleigh not surprisingly supported the Parliamentary side. At first, contribution was voluntary, but soon a compulsory tax collection was made by the local committee and paid in at Bury. Even in this Puritan town there were others with Royalist sympathies who contributed to the Royal Subsidy, and other signs of their support. Substantial assessments were also met after the Restoration. These payments indicate the considerable financial cost to the nation of the Civil War and its aftermath. 45 A Daughter of Suffolk Matilda Betham Edwards was born (1836) and brought up on a farm near Ipswich. She became a travel-writer, an authority on France and a novelist. Between 1899 and 1906 she published a series of six novels based on the rural Suffolk of her youth. These contained a sharp commentary on the hardships and narrowness of farming life. She was no admirer of the Wessex novels of Thomas Hardy, and modelled her work on the Suffolk agriculturalist Arthur Young ( ). Her Suffolk novels deserve to be better known. INDEX of PERSONS For contemporary and recent lives in Millennium issue, and authors of all articles: see relevant sections Abbo of Fleury Acton, family , M 4-9 Acton, Nat. Lee, Mrs C Adair, Mr Adams , Addison, Joseph Aelfgar of Essex Aggis, George & Amy Akester Albemarle, Earl of

13 Albert, Prince Albro, Lord Alcock, J Alderton, Thomas 34 9 Aldous, William Aldred, Obadiah M Aldrich, Henry 32 28, M Alexander family , , Alfred the Great Allard Alldiss, Amy Allen, Robert M Alliott, Isabel Almack Amyce, Israel M Andrew, Bartholomew, William, John Andrews, C.F Anne of Bohemia Anne, Queen Annott, Thomas Anstruther, Sir John Arben, John Arcedeckne, Andrew Argent, John Arkell, Tom M 4-9 Armiston, Lillie Elliot Armley, John Armstrong, Sir Walter Armstrong, W.A Arnott, W.G Artis, Thomas Arundel, Lord & Lady Ashurst, Sir William Henry Atkinson, Samuel 34 9 Atton Babington, the Rev.Churchill Bacon family , , , , , , , Badham, the Rev.Charles Bailey Baker, George Baker, Simon 32 28, 34 9 Bakester, Thomas Bakewell, Robert Baldwin Baldwin, Henry Ball, Squire Ballam, Pte.James Ballard, June & son Banham, Mr Banks, Mr Bantoft, Thomas 34 9 Barber, Billy Bardi, Thomas Barker 34 9 Barker, Mrs Barker, Simon Barker, Thomas Barne, Capt.Miles Barnes, Stephen 34 9 Barrell, Samuel Barrell, Sarah Barrett-Lennard Sir Thomas Barrett-Lennard Thomas Barrington, Henry Bartlet, A